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9 results for “juvenile breeding”
Рис. 4. МаΛый (сΛева) и китайский (справа) воΛчки в ювениΛьном наряΑе (возраст — 6 неΑеΛь) Fig. 4. Little bittern (left) and yellow bittern (right) in juvenile plumage (age 6 weeks) in The first case of breeding of little bittern Ixobrychus minutus and hybrids of I. minutus with I. sinensis in the Russian Far East
Рис. 4. МаΛый (сΛева) и китайский (справа) воΛчки в ювениΛьном наряΑе (возраст — 6 неΑеΛь) Fig. 4. Little bittern (left) and yellow bittern (right) in juvenile plumage (age 6 weeks)
Figure 10. Juvenile Staurois parvus performing a in The conservation breeding of two foot-flagging frog species from Borneo, Staurois parvus and Staurois guttatus
Figure 10. Juvenile Staurois parvus performing a foot-flagging behavior. Interdigital webbing are transparent grey and not white as observed in adults (see also Fig. 2). Image by N. Potensky.
Estimating survival for elusive juvenile pond‐breeding salamanders
<p>Juvenile vital rates have important effects on population dynamics for many species, but this demographic is often difficult to locate and track. As such, we frequently lack reliable estimates of juvenile survival, which are necessary for accurately assessing population stability and potential management approaches to conserve biodiversity. We empirically estimated survival rates for elusive juveniles of 3 complex lifecycle species of salamanders (ringed salamander [<i>Ambystoma annulatum</i>]<i>, </i>spotted slamander<i> </i>[<i>A. maculatum</i>]<i>, </i>and small-mouthed slamander [<i>A. texanum</i>]) using 2 approaches. First, we conducted an 11-month mark-recapture study within semi-natural enclosures and used Bayesian Cormack-Jolly-Seber models to estimate survival and recapture probabilities. Second, we inferred the expected annual juvenile survival rate given published vital rates for pre-metamorphic and adult ambystomatids assuming stable population growth. For all 3 species, juvenile survival probabilities were constant across recapture occasions, while recapture probability estimates were time-dependent. Further, survival and recapture probabilities among study species did not significantly differ. Post-study sampling revealed that the initial study period median estimate of annual survival probability (0.39) underestimated the number of salamanders known alive at 11 months. We therefore appended approximately 1 year of opportunistic data, which produced a median annual survival probability of 0.50, encompassing salamanders that we knew to have been alive. Calculation from literature values suggested a mean annual terrestrial juvenile ambystomatid survival probability of 0.45. Similar results among our approaches indicated that juvenile survival estimates for the study species were robust and likely comparable to rates in nature. These estimates can now be confidently applied to research, monitoring, and management efforts for the study species and ecologically similar taxa. Our data indicated that similarly robust vital rate estimates for subsets of ecologically and phylogenetically similar species can provide reasonable surrogate demographic information to advance conservation efforts for data-deficient species.</p>
The contributions of individual traits to survival among terrestrial juvenile pond-breeding salamanders
<p>Individual survival is influenced by interactions between local environmental conditions and an organism's morphological, behavioral, and physiological traits. Studies examining the effects of individual phenotypes on survival under variable conditions are relatively rare among early transitional life stages, though the vital rates of these life stages can importantly influence population dynamics. We experimentally examined the effects of initial body mass, movement, standard metabolic rate (SMR), and respiratory surface area water loss (RSAWL) on survival in the transitional juvenile life stage of two biphasic amphibian species (Ambystoma maculatum and A. opacum) in a seven-month mark-recapture study under semi-natural conditions. Juveniles with a larger initial body mass, lower initial SMR, and/or a lower tendency to change locations had a higher likelihood of known survival. In contrast, we found no significant effect of RSAWL on juvenile survival. The relationships between individual phenotypes and survival did not differ between species, but equivalent species-specific survival rates may have been attributed to larger initial body sizes in A. maculatum and lower SMR in A. opacum. Our results illuminate the complex ways in which individual traits influence survival during the early transitional life stage of two ambystomatid species under varying abiotic conditions. More generally, our findings illustrate potential advantages of simultaneously examining multiple traits to evaluate survival.</p>
Movement of juvenile migratory birds from settlement to adulthood across the non-breeding range
<p>Among migratory vertebrates, high levels of fidelity to non-breeding sites during adulthood are common. If occupied sites vary in quality, strong site-fidelity can have profound consequences for individual fitness and population demography. Given the prevalance of adult site-fidelity, the regions of the non-breeding range to which juveniles first migrate, and the scale of any subsequent movements, are likely to be pivotal in shaping distributions and demographic processes across population ranges. However, inherent difficulties in tracking migratory individuals through early life mean that opportunities to quantify juvenile settlement and movements across non-breeding ranges, and the mechanisms involved, are extremely rare.Through long-term, range-wide resightings of hundreds of colour-marked individuals from their first migration to adulthood, and application of state-space models, we quantify levels of juvenile and adult regional-scale movements and distances at different life stages across the whole non-breeding distribution range in a migratory shorebird, the Black-tailed Godwit (<em>Limosa limosa islandica</em>). We show that the probability of individuals changing non-breeding regions (seven historical wintering regions spanning the Western Europe range) at all ages are very low (mean movement probability = 10.9% from first to subsequent winter, and 8.3% from first adult winter to later winters). Movement between regions was also low between autumn and winter of the same year for both juveniles (mean movement probability = 17.0%) and adults (10.4%). The great majority of non-breeding movements from the first autumn to adulthood were within regions and less than 100 km. The scarcity of regional-scale non-breeding movements from the first autumn to adulthood means that the factors influencing where juveniles settle will be key determinants of non-breeding distributions and of the rate and direction of changes in distributions.</p>
Estimating survival for elusive juvenile pond‐breeding salamanders
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Movement of juvenile migratory birds from settlement to adulthood across the non-breeding range
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The contributions of individual traits to survival among terrestrial juvenile pond-breeding salamanders
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Age-related differences in fall migration timing and performance of juvenile and adult Wood Thrushes departing from a breeding site
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