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65 results for “koala”
Figure 2 in Middle Miocene origins for tough-browse dietary specialisations in the koala (Marsupialia, Phascolarctidae) evolutionary tree: description of a new genus and species from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area
Figure 2. Stelakoala riversleighensis gen. et sp. nov. holotype (QM F57737) from Jim's Jaw Site, Riversleigh World Heritage Area, Qld. A-A', Occlusal stereopair; B, labelled occlusal view; C, lingual view; D, buccal view. Abbreviations: co, cristid obliqua; end, entoconid; esd, entostylid; er, entostylid ridge; hyd, hypoconid; lr, lingual ribs; med, metaconid; msd, metastylid; pad, paraconid; ppsd, preprotostylid cristid; prd, protoconid; psd, protostylid.
Figure 1 in Middle Miocene origins for tough-browse dietary specialisations in the koala (Marsupialia, Phascolarctidae) evolutionary tree: description of a new genus and species from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area
Figure 1. Map and regional schematic of the Riversleigh World Heritage Area (After Arena, 2005, and Megirian, 1992). The Type locality of Stelakoala riversleighensis gen. et sp. nov., Jim's Jaw Site, is located on the northern Gag Plateau (highlighted red).
Figure 3 in Middle Miocene origins for tough-browse dietary specialisations in the koala (Marsupialia, Phascolarctidae) evolutionary tree: description of a new genus and species from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area
Figure 3. The evolution of primary M1 trigonid cuspids (metaconid, protoconid and protostylid) in phascolarctids. A, Schematic diagram of a phascolarctid right M 1 illustrating how dimensions and percentages represented in Table 1 were obtained (adapted from Black et al., 2014a); B, Graphical representation of the relative positions and distance between the primary M 1 trigonid cuspids as a percentage of trigonid width; C, phylogenetic relationships of phascolarctids (from Black et al., 2012a). Abbreviations: end, entoconid; hyd, hypoconid; med, metaconid, prd, protoconid; psd, protostylid. Data for Madakoala, Perikoala, Litokoala, Nimiokoala and Phascolarctos, is based on M. devisi, Pe. robustus, L. kutjamarpensis, N. greystanesi and P. cinereus, respectively, with mean values used for the latter two species (Table 1).
Fig. 5 in A retrospective epidemiological study of sarcoptic mange in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) using wildlife carer admission records
Fig. 5. Frequency of sarcoptic mange infestation by body region recorded from 12 koalas that were reported with mange between September 2019 to March 2020. A) Total records. Sex specific features (pouch, testicles) were included as the stomach region. B) Male records (n = 10), C) Female records (n = 2).
Fig. 4 in A retrospective epidemiological study of sarcoptic mange in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) using wildlife carer admission records
Fig. 4. Koala sarcoptic mange admissions: a) Number of cases of koalas per month from 75 koala admission records affected by sarcoptic mange from January 2018 and December 2021. b) Number of koala sarcoptic mange admissions per season (n = 75). c) Rate of koala sarcoptic mange admissions per month for each koala breeding season (n = 82).
Fig. 3 in A retrospective epidemiological study of sarcoptic mange in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) using wildlife carer admission records
Fig. 3. Conscious state of koalas when located by wildlife carers from 12 admission records of sarcoptic mange affected individuals from Dutch Thunder Wildlife Shelter between September 2019 to March 2020. Percentages and sample sizes are provided for each category.
Fig. 2 in A retrospective epidemiological study of sarcoptic mange in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) using wildlife carer admission records
Fig. 2. Outcome of 82 records of koala admissions with sarcoptic mange into Dutch Thunder Wildlife Shelter between October 2017 to May 2022.
Fig. 2 in New Records of Plio-Pleistocene Koalas from Australia: Palaeoecological and Taxonomic Implications
Fig. 2. Phascolarctid gen et sp. indet. dentary (QMF52287) from site QML7, Chinchilla, eastern Australia. (A) External view, (B) Internal view, and (C) Occlusal view.
Fig. 3 in New Records of Plio-Pleistocene Koalas from Australia: Palaeoecological and Taxonomic Implications
Fig. 3. Morphometrics of fossil koala specimens. (A) Depth versus width of dentaries of modern Phascolarctos cinereus from eastern Queensland (Appendix), fossil Cundokoala (?Ph.) yorkensis (SAMP24904) from Corra Lynn Cave (South Australia), and phascolarctid gen et. sp. indet (QMF52287) from Chinchilla, eastern Australia. Note that the depth of the Chinchilla koala dentary is a minimum measurement because the specimen is broken along the alveolar border (Fig. 2). (B) Anterior versus posterior width of Phascolarctos spp. M2 (See Appendix for list of modern Ph. cinereus specimens examined).
Fig. 4 in New Records of Plio-Pleistocene Koalas from Australia: Palaeoecological and Taxonomic Implications
Fig. 4. Photographs of fossil koala teeth from eastern Australia. (A) QMF52288, LM2 of Phascolarctos sp., site QML1384, Mt. Etna. (B) QMF52289, RM1, 2 or 3 metacone fragment of Ph.?stirtoni, Chinchilla. (C) QMF52290, RM2 protocone fragment of Ph.?stirtoni, Marmor.
Fig. 1 in New Records of Plio-Pleistocene Koalas from Australia: Palaeoecological and Taxonomic Implications
Fig. 1. Oligocene-Pleistocene fossil localities where koalas have been recovered, including present study sites (Chinchilla, Marmor and Mt. Etna). Shaded area indicates historic (i.e., post-European settlement in Australia) geographic range of the modern Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus.
Data from: Koalas, friends, and foes – the application of airborne eDNA for the biomonitoring of threatened species
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Inbreeding and disease avoidance in a free‐ranging koala population
<p>Habitat destruction and fragmentation are increasing globally, forcing surviving species into small, isolated populations. Isolated populations typically experience heightened inbreeding risk, and associated inbreeding depression and population decline; although individuals in these populations may mitigate these risks through inbreeding avoidance strategies. For koalas, as dietary specialists already under threat in the northern parts of their range, increased habitat fragmentation and associated inbreeding costs are of great conservation concern. Koalas are known to display passive inbreeding avoidance through sex-biased dispersal, although population isolation will reduce dispersal pathways. We tested whether free-ranging koalas display active inbreeding avoidance behaviours. We used VHF tracking data, parentage reconstruction, and veterinary examination results to test whether female koalas make mate choices based on [1] relatedness, and [2] chlamydial disease in available mates. We found no evidence that female koalas based their mate choice on the relative relatedness of available mates. In fact, as the relatedness of potential mates increases, so did inbreeding events. We also found no evidence that female koalas based their mate choice on the chlamydial disease status of available mates. The absence of active inbreeding avoidance mechanisms in koalas is concerning from a conservation perspective, as small, isolated populations may be at even higher risk of inbreeding depression than expected. At-risk koala populations may require urgent conservation interventions to augment gene flow and reduce inbreeding risks. Similarly, if koalas are not avoiding mating with individuals with chlamydial disease, populations may be at higher risk from disease than anticipated, further impacting population viability.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary and phylogenetic insights from a nuclear genome sequence of the extinct, giant subfossil koala lemur Megaladapis edwardsi
<p><span>No endemic Madagascar animal with body mass >10 kg survived a relatively recent wave of extinction on the island. From morphological and isotopic analyses of skeletal 'subfossil' remains we can reconstruct some of the biology and behavioral ecology of giant lemurs (primates; up to ~160 kg), elephant birds (up to ~860 kg), and other extraordinary Malagasy megafauna that survived well into the past millennium. Yet much about the evolutionary biology of these now extinct species remains unknown, along with persistent phylogenetic uncertainty in some cases. Thankfully, despite the challenges of DNA preservation in tropical and sub-tropical environments, technical advances have enabled the recovery of ancient DNA from some Malagasy subfossil specimens. Here we present a nuclear genome sequence (~2X coverage) for one of the largest extinct lemurs, the koala lemur <i>Megaladapis edwardsi </i>(~85kg). To support the testing of key phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses we also generated new high-coverage complete nuclear genomes for two extant lemur species, <i>Eulemur rufifrons</i> and <i>Lepilemur mustelinus</i>, and we aligned these sequences with previously published genomes for three other extant lemur species and 47 non-lemur vertebrates. Our phylogenetic results confirm that <i>Megaladapis</i> is most closely related to the extant Lemuridae (typified in our analysis by <i>E. rufifrons</i>) to the exclusion of <i>L. mustelinus</i>, which contradicts morphology-based phylogenies. Our evolutionary analyses identified significant convergent evolution between <i>M. edwardsi</i> and extant folivorous primates (colobine monkeys) and ungulate herbivores (horses) in genes encoding protein products that function in the biodegradation of plant toxins and nutrient absorption. These results suggest that koala lemurs were highly adapted to a leaf-based diet, which may also explain their convergent craniodental morphology with the small-bodied folivore <i>Lepilemur</i>.</span></p>
Future-proofing the koala: synergizing genomic and environmental data for effective species management
<p><span>Climatic and evolutionary processes are inextricably linked to conservation. Avoiding extinction in rapidly changing environments often depends upon a species' capacity to adapt in the face of extreme selective pressures. Here, we employed exon capture and high-throughput next-generation sequencing to investigate the mechanisms underlying population structure and adaptive genetic variation in the koala (<em>Phascolarctos cinereus</em>), an iconic Australian marsupial that represents a unique conservation challenge because it is not uniformly threatened across its range.</span> <span>An examination of 250 specimens representing 91 wild source locations revealed that five major genetic clusters currently exist on a continental scale. The initial divergence of these clusters appears to have been concordant with the Mid-Brunhes Transition (</span><span>∼</span><span> 430–300 kya), a major climatic reorganization that increased the amplitude of Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles. While signatures of polygenic selection and environmental adaptation were detected, strong evidence for repeated, climate-associated range contractions and demographic bottleneck events suggests that geographically isolated refugia may have played a more significant role in the survival of the koala through the Pleistocene glaciation than <em>in situ</em> adaptation. Consequently, the conservation of genome-wide genetic variation must be aligned with the protection of core koala habitat to increase the resilience of threatened populations to accelerating anthropogenic threats. Finally, we propose that the five major genetic clusters identified in this study should be accounted for in future koala conservation efforts (e.g. guiding translocations), as existing management divisions in the states of Queensland and New South Wales do not reflect historic or contemporary population structure.</span></p>
Reversing the decline of threatened koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations in New South Wales: Using genomics to enhance conservation outcomes
<p>Genetic management is a critical component of threatened species conservation. Understanding spatial patterns of genetic diversity is essential for evaluating the resilience of fragmented populations to accelerating anthropogenic threats. Nowhere is this more relevant than on the Australian continent, which is experiencing an ongoing loss of biodiversity that exceeds any other developed nation. Using a proprietary genome complexity reduction-based method (DArTSeq), we generated a data set of 3,239 high quality Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) to investigate spatial patterns and indices of genetic diversity in the koala (<em>Phascolarctos cinereus</em>), a highly specialised folivorous marsupial that is experiencing rapid and widespread population declines across much of its former range.<strong> </strong>Our findings demonstrate that current management divisions across the state of New South Wales (NSW) do not fully represent the distribution of genetic diversity among extant koala populations, and that care must be taken to ensure that translocation paradigms based on these frameworks do not inadvertently restrict gene flow between populations and regions that were historically interconnected. We also recommend that koala populations should be prioritised for conservation action based on the scale and severity of the threatening processes that they are currently faced with, rather than placing too much emphasis on their perceived value (e.g., as reservoirs of potentially adaptive alleles), as our data indicate that existing genetic variation in koalas is primarily partitioned amongst individual animals. As such, the extirpation of koalas from any part of their range represents a potentially critical reduction of genetic diversity for this iconic Australian species.</p>
Fig. 1 in A retrospective epidemiological study of sarcoptic mange in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) using wildlife carer admission records
Fig. 1. Map of locations of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) admitted with sarcoptic mange.
Sample metadata and supplementary tables for "Genomics identifies koala populations at risk across Eastern Australia"
<p>All metadata for the koala genomes deposited on NCBI under BioProject <span>PRJNA940526. Runs of homozygosity size classes and Gene Ontology terms provided as excel files.</span></p>
Inbreeding and disease avoidance in a free‐ranging koala population
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Data from: Evolutionary and phylogenetic insights from a nuclear genome sequence of the extinct, giant subfossil koala lemur Megaladapis edwardsi
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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