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82 results for “krill”
Data from: Satellite-based Lagrangian model reveals how upwelling and oceanic circulation shape krill hotspots in the California Current System [updated]
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>In the California Current System, wind-driven nutrient supply and primary production, computed from satellite data, provide a synoptic view of how phytoplankton production is coupled to upwelling. In contrast, linking upwelling to zooplankton populations is difficult due to relatively scarce observations and the inherent patchiness of zooplankton. While phytoplankton respond quickly to environmental forcing, zooplankton grow slower and tend to aggregate into mesoscale “hotspot” regions spatially decoupled from upwelling centers. To better understand mechanisms controlling the formation of zooplankton hotspots, we use a satellite-based Lagrangian method where variables from a plankton model, forced by wind-driven nutrient supply, are advected by near-surface currents following upwelling events. Modeled zooplankton distribution reproduces published accounts of euphausiid (krill) hotspots, including the location of major hotspots and their interannual variability. This satellite-based modeling tool is used to analyze the variability and drivers of krill hotspots in the California Current System, and to investigate how water masses of different origin and history converge to form predictable biological hotspots. The Lagrangian framework suggests that two conditions are necessary for a hotspot to form: a convergence of coastal water masses, and above average nutrient supply where these water masses originated from. The results highlight the role of upwelling, oceanic circulation, and plankton temporal dynamics in shaping krill mesoscale distribution, seasonal northward propagation, and interannual variability.</p> <p><strong>Data set description</strong></p> <p>This data set includes 2 files:</p> <ul> <li>a satellite-based 1993-2023 monthly retrospective of krill concentrations (Zbig) modeled using the growth-advection method in the California Current upwelling system. Inputs include the nitrate supply product described below and GlobCurrent 15 m oceanic currents. This dataset is updated monthly (using NRT data) at https://www.mbari.org/science/upper-ocean-systems/biological-oceanography/krill-hotspots-in-the-california-current/.</li> <li>a satellite-based 1993-2023 monthly retrospective of wind-driven nitrate supply estimated in a 150 km coastal band at 0.125° latitudinal resolution. Nitrate supply was calculated based primarily on CCMP v3.1 winds, AVISO geostrophic currents, and a climatology of in situ nitrate at 60m. This dataset is updated monthly (using NRT data) at https://www.mbari.org/science/upper-ocean-systems/biological-oceanography/nitrate-supply-estimates-in-upwelling-systems/.</li> </ul> <p>See details regarding data sources and calculations in <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.835813">Messié et al. (2022)</a>.</p> <p>[IMPORTANT NOTE:] There is an error in the Ekman pumping fields (trans_pump, Nsupply_pump, Nsupply_total) that will be corrected soon (those fields are not used in publications where only coastal transport was considered). Please contact me if you need Ekman pumping fields before this is fixed.</p>
Adelie penguin diet composition, krill size frequency distribution, 1991-2024
The fundamental long-term objective of the seabird component of the Palmer LTER (PAL) has been to identify and understand the mechanistic processes that regulate the mean fitness (population growth rate) of regional penguin populations. Since the inception of PAL, Adélie penguin populations have effectively collapsed, gentoo penguin populations have increased dramatically and chinstrap penguin populations have remained relatively stable. These trends are spatially and temporally coherent with regional warming and decreasing sea ice duration. Adélie penguins are an ice-obligate polar species whose life history is intimately linked to the presence of sea ice, while chinstrap and gentoo penguins are ice-intolerant species whose life histories evolved in the sub-Antarctic, where sea ice is a less permanent feature of the marine ecosystem. The PAL study region includes five main islands on which Adélie penguin colonies have historically occurred, with each island containing a different number of spatially segregated sub-colonies. These colonies are censused to determine the total number of nests and chicks produced each year, and breeding success. Diet samples are acquired to understand diet composition (e.g., krill, fish) and krill length-frequencies. In general, krill constitute the most important component of the summer diets by mass of these three penguin species, but changes in PAL krill abundances have exhibited no long-term trends and thus far, have failed to explain the divergent patterns in penguin populations evident in our time series. Chick fledging masses are recorded as a cumulative measure of climate, weather, diet, and parental influences on chick health at the end of the breeding season. These data have provided valuable insights into the marine and terrestrial factors that influence Adélie penguin population fitness. No data were collected during the 2021-2022 season due to the Palmer Station pier rebuild.
Like-a-PRO: WP2:T2.2: Krill protein (Olypep) processing options and attempts
<p>The flow diagram provides an early stage overview of the processes to be further mapped in detail for the Techno-economic analysis (TEA) (WP2:T2.2) and True price method (WP7) in the Like-a-PRO project. The processes are a result of the ongoing work for krill optimization (WP2: T2.1)</p>
Fig. 5 in Phylogenetic placement and microthrix pattern of Paranybelinia otobothrioides Dollfus, 1966 (Trypanorhyncha) from krill Nyctiphanes simplex Hansen, 1911
Fig. 5. Maximum Likelihood tree under the General Time Reversible model of selected trypanorhynchs including Paranybelinia otobothrioides. Major families, superfamilies, and orders are indicated. Numbers on the branches show nodal support.
Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic placement and microthrix pattern of Paranybelinia otobothrioides Dollfus, 1966 (Trypanorhyncha) from krill Nyctiphanes simplex Hansen, 1911
Fig. 2. Surface ultrastructure of the scolex and tentacular armature of Pa. otobothrioides. (A) Dorso-ventral view of the scolex dissected from the blastocyst showing the distal bothrial surface without complete median separation. (B) Pedunculus scolecis showing 2 bothria with free lateral and posterior margins. (C) Apical view of the scolex bothrial surfaces. (D) Capilliform filitriches. (E) External tentacle surface, metabasal armature with solid uncinate hooks. (F) Distal bothrial surface showing (G) hamulate spinitriches and (H) lineate spinitriches. Scale bars: (A,C) 100 μm; (D–H) 50 μm.
Antarctic krill vertical migrations modulate seasonal carbon export
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An Adapted Brazilian Cardioprotective Diet, Phytosterols and Krill Oil in Familial Hypercholesterolemia (DICA-FH)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06331195. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Krill Oil for Pain in Elders
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06580912. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
Ecological vs. climate uncertainty in future marine ecosystems: lessons learned from krill in a major upwelling region
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Data from: The production of ‘food boluses’ by Antarctic krill and implications for organic matter transport
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Exome capture of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) for cost effective genotyping and population genetics with historical collections
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Data from: Bacterial epibiont communities of panmictic Antarctic krill are spatially structured
<p>Antarctic krill (<i>Euphausia superba</i>) are amongst the most abundant animals on Earth, with a circumpolar distribution in the Southern Ocean. Genetic and genomic studies have failed to detect any population structure for the species, suggesting a single panmictic population. However, the hyper-abundance of krill slows the rate of genetic differentiation, masking potential underlying structure. Here we use high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes to show that krill bacterial epibiont communities exhibit spatial structuring, driven mainly by distance rather than environmental factors, especially for strongly krill-associated bacteria. Estimating the ecological processes driving bacterial community turnover indicated this was driven by bacterial dispersal limitation increasing with geographic distance. Furthermore, divergent epibiont communities generated from a single krill swarm split between aquarium tanks under near identical conditions suggests physical isolation in itself can cause krill-associated bacterial communities to diverge. Our findings show that Antarctic krill-associated bacterial communities are geographically structured, in direct contrast with the lack of structure observed for krill genetic and genomic data.</p>
Data from: Antarctic krill population genomics: apparent panmixia, but genome complexity and large population size muddies the water
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba; hereafter krill) are an incredibly abundant pelagic crustacean which has a wide, but patchy, distribution in the Southern Ocean. Several studies have examined the potential for population genetic structuring in krill, but DNA-based analyses have focused on a limited number of markers and have covered only part of their circum-Antarctic range. We used mitochondrial DNA and restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to investigate genetic differences between krill from five sites, including two from East Antarctica. Our mtDNA results show no discernible genetic structuring between sites separated by thousands of kilometres, which is consistent with previous studies. Using standard RAD-seq methodology, we obtained over a billion sequences from >140 krill, and thousands of variable nucleotides were identified at hundreds of loci. However, downstream analysis found that markers with sufficient coverage were primarily from multicopy genomic regions. Careful examination of these data highlights the complexity of the RAD-seq approach in organisms with very large genomes. To characterize the multicopy markers, we recorded sequence counts from variable nucleotide sites rather than the derived genotypes; we also examined a small number of manually curated genotypes. Although these analyses effectively fingerprinted individuals, and uncovered a minor laboratory batch effect, no population structuring was observed. Overall, our results are consistent with panmixia of krill throughout their distribution. This result may indicate ongoing gene flow. However, krill's enormous population size creates substantial panmictic inertia, so genetic differentiation may not occur on an ecologically relevant timescale even if demographically separate populations exist.
Self-organization and information transfer in Antarctic krill swarms
<p>Antarctic krill swarms are one of the largest known animal aggregations, and yet, despite being the keystone species of the Southern Ocean, little is known about how swarms are formed and maintained. Understanding the local interactions between individuals that provide the basis for these swarms is fundamental to knowing how swarms arise in nature, and what potential factors might lead to their breakdown. Here we analyzed the trajectories of captive, wild-caught krill in 3D to determine individual level interaction rules and quantify patterns of information flow. Our results demonstrate that krill align with near neighbors and that they regulate both their direction and speed relative to the positions of groupmates. These results suggest social factors are vital to the formation and maintenance of swarms. Further, krill operate a novel form of collective organization, with measures of information flow and individual movement adjustments expressed most strongly in the vertical dimension, a finding not seen in other swarming species. This research represents a vital step in understanding the fundamentally important swarming behavior of krill.</p>
Using seabird and whale distribution models to estimate spatial consumption of krill to inform fishery management
<p>Ecosystem dynamics at the north-west Antarctic Peninsula are driven by interactions between physical and biological processes. For example, baleen whale populations are recovering from commercial harvesting against the backdrop of rapid climate change, including reduced sea-ice extent and changing ecosystem composition. Concurrently, the commercial harvesting of Antarctic krill is increasing, with the potential to increase the likelihood for competition with and between krill predators and the fishery. However, understanding the ecology, abundance, and spatial distribution of krill predators is often limited, outdated, or at spatial scales that do not match those desired for effective fisheries management. We update current knowledge of predator dependence on krill by integrating telemetry-based data, at-sea observational surveys, estimates of predator abundance, and physiological data to estimate the spatial distribution of krill consumption during the austral summer by three species of Pygoscelis penguin, 11 species of flying seabirds, one species of pinniped and two species of baleen whale. Our models show that the majority of important areas for krill-predator foraging are close to penguin breeding colonies in nearshore areas where humpback whales also regularly feed, and along the shelf-break, though we caution that not all known krill predators are included in these analyses. We show that krill consumption is highly variable across the region, and often concentrated at fine spatial scales, emphasising the need for management of the local krill fishery at relevant temporal and spatial scales. We also note that krill consumption by recovering populations of krill predators provides further evidence in support of the krill surplus hypothesis, and highlight that despite less than comprehensive data, cetaceans are likely to consume a significant proportion of the krill consumed by natural predators but are not currently considered directly in the management of the krill fishery. If management of the krill fishery is to be precautionary and operate in a way that minimises the risks to krill predator populations, it will be necessary in future analyses, to include up-to-date and precise abundance and consumption estimates for pack-ice seals, finfish, squid, and other baleen whale species not currently considered.</p>
Data from: Oceanic swarms of Antarctic krill perform satiation sinking
Antarctic krill form some of the highest concentrations of animal biomass observed in the world's ocean potentially due to their prolific ability to swarm. Determining the movement of Antarctic krill within swarms is important to identify drivers of their behaviour and their biogeochemical impact on their environment. We examined vertical velocity within approximately 2000 krill swarms through the combined use of a shipborne echosounder and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). We revealed a pronounced downward anomaly in vertical velocity within swarms of -0.6 cm.s-1 compared with vertical motion outside the swarm. The anomaly changed over the diel cycle, with smaller downward anomalies occurring at night. Swarms in regions of high phytoplankton concentrations (a proxy for food availability) also exhibited significantly smaller downward anomalies. We propose that the anomaly is the result of downward velocities generated by the action of krill beating their swimming appendages. During the night and in high phytoplankton availability, when krill are more likely to feed to the point of satiation, swimming activity is lowered and the anomaly is reduced. Our findings are consistent with laboratory work where krill ceased swimming and adopted a parachute posture when sated. Satiation sinking behaviour can substantially increase the efficiency of carbon transport to depth through depositing faecal pellets at the bottom of swarms, avoiding the reingestion and breakup of pellets by other swarm members.
In- and output files for krill growth models intercomparison (Bahlburg et al. 2023)
<p>These datasets are required to re-run the krill growth model simulations presented in Bahlburg et al. (2023)</p> <p>The code repository can be found under https://github.com/dbahlburg/krillGrowthModelsComparison</p> <p>The ZIP file contains two folders: One containing the input data including the climatologies which should be deposited into inputData/climatologies in the project</p> <p>The other folder contains the simulation results which should be copied into the "simulationResults"-folder in order to run the "10ManuscriptPlots.R"-Script.</p>
Omega-3 Replacement With Krill Oil in Disease Management of SLE
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03626311. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.
Krill Oil Study Compared to Fish Oil
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01323036. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Krill Oil Supplementation: Effects on Breast Milk Composition
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03583502. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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