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137 results for “land plants”
Cover and frequency of biological soil crust community types, moss species, vascular plants, and abiotic land surface features, on gypsum & non-gypsum soils from the Chihuahuan and Mojave Deserts in 2023
This dataset contains raw and calculated percent cover and frequency data for biological soil crust (hereafter biocrust) functional groups, vascular plant functional groups, and abiotic land surface features on and off gypsum soils in the northern Chihuahuan and eastern Mojave Deserts. Abundance data were obtained from 20 study sites total, 10 located on soils derived from gypsum parent material and 10 located on soils derived from non-gypsum parent materials. Sites were grouped into 10 pairs, in which every gypsum site was partnered with a non-gypsum site located in the same region. Apart from soil type, partnered-site characteristics (topography, climate, elevation, slope, aspect, and presence of biocrusts) were held relatively constant. At each site, cover and frequency assessments were made using the line-point intercept method (LPI) and frequency quadrats (1.0 m^2), respectively. Biocrust functional groups included the following crusts: lichen, moss, incipient algal, light algal, dark algal, unknown photosynthetic crust, and vagrant cyanobacteria. Vascular plant categories included: perennial forbs, perennial graminoids, annual forbs, annual graminoids, subshrub, shrub, Yucca, and cacti. Abiotic land surface features included: woody litter, herbaceous litter, bare soil, rock, bedrock, and animal feces. Moss crusts identified within cover and frequency analyses were sampled, and classified to species level via microscopy. The resulting percent cover and frequency data was used to understand differences in biocrust and moss species abundance and diversity on and off gypsum soils; furthermore, how biocrust and moss species abundance was associated with the measured environmental variables. Soil physical and chemical data from this study can be accessed at knb-lter-jrn.210616002. This study and dataset are complete.
Alignment used in "A phylogenomically informed five-order system for the closest relatives of land plants"
<p>Alignment that served as the basis for the phylogenomic analyses presented in "A phylogenomically informed five-order system for the closest relatives of land plants" — preprint on bioRxiv doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.06.499032</p>
Evolutionary dynamics of mycorrhizal symbiosis in land plant diversification - phylogenetic data
<p>This submission supplements the manuscript entitled <em>Evolutionary dynamics of mycorrhizal symbiosis in land plant diversification</em> by <strong>Frida A.A. Feijen, Rutger A. Vos, Jorinde Nuytinck & Vincent S.F.T. Merckx.</strong></p> <p>The contents of this submission are dating analysis results for rootings of the land plant topology. Contains the following files:</p> <ul> <li>*.log.gz BEAST logs</li> <li>*.trees.gz BEAST trees</li> <li>*.tiff screen dumps of tracer, showing the burn-in</li> <li>*.consensus.trees produced with treeannotator</li> </ul> <p><strong>For more information</strong>: https://github.com/naturalis/mycorrhiza/tree/v1.0.0</p>
Direct molecular evidence for an ancient, conserved developmental toolkit controlling post-transcriptional gene regulation in land plants
<p>In plants, miRNA production is orchestrated by a suite of proteins that control transcription of the pri-miRNA gene, post-transcriptional processing and nuclear export of the mature miRNA. Post-transcriptional processing of miRNAs is controlled by a pair of physically-interacting proteins, HYL1 and DCL1. However, the evolutionary history and structural basis of the HYL1-DCL1 interaction is unknown. Here we use ancestral sequence reconstruction and functional characterization of ancestral HYL1 <em>in vitro</em> and in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana </em>to better understand the origin and evolution of the HYL1-DCL1 interaction and its impact on miRNA production and plant development. We found the ancestral plant HYL1 evolved high affinity for both double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and its DCL1 partner before the divergence of mosses from seed plants (~500 Ma), and these high-affinity interactions remained largely conserved throughout plant evolutionary history. Structural modeling and molecular binding experiments suggest that the second of two double-stranded RNA-binding motifs (DSRMs) in HYL1 may interact tightly with the first of two C-terminal DCL1 DSRMs to mediate the HYL1-DCL1 physical interaction necessary for efficient miRNA production. Transgenic expression of the nearly 200 Ma-old ancestral flowering-plant HYL1 in <em>A. thaliana</em> was sufficient to rescue many key aspects of plant development disrupted by HYL1<sup>-</sup> knockout and restored near-native miRNA production, suggesting that the functional partnership of HYL1-DCL1 originated very early in and was strongly conserved throughout the evolutionary history of terrestrial plants. Overall, our results are consistent with a model in which miRNA-based gene regulation evolved as part of a conserved plant ‘developmental toolkit’.</p>
The effects of agricultural land-use history on non-native plant invasion in Bent Creek Experimental Forest in 2006
The researchers considered the effects of agricultural land-use legacies on the distribution of non-native invasive plants a century after abandonment in a watershed in western North Carolina, USA. The study was conducted at the Bent Creek Experimental Forest (BCEF) 15 km southwest of Asheville, North Carolina, USA, in the Pisgah National Forest. Forest sites that were previously in cultivation and abandoned ca. 1905 were compared with nearby reference sites that were never cultivated. The most common invasive plants were Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb., Microstegium vimineum Trin., and Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Kuhman, Pearson, and Turner 2011). Disentangling the cause–effect relationships between land-use history, the biotic community, and the abiotic template presents a challenge, but understanding the role of land-use legacies may provide important insights regarding the mechanisms underlying the establishment and spread of invasive plants in forest ecosystems (Kuhman, Pearson, and Turner 2011). A total of 86 plots were established at Bent Creek Experimental Forest during the summer of 2006. Specifically, the study was conducted between June and August 2006. Half of these were established in historic agricultural plots and half in reference plots that were not formerly used for agriculture (pasture or rowcrops) based on the 1941 Forest Service Report by William Nesbitt and the appended land-use history map (History of early settlement and land use on the Bent Creek Experimental Forest Buncombe County, NC. 1941). Historic agriculture and reference plots were paired based on similarities in topography and bedrock geology (typically in relatively close proximity to one another). Within sites, two plots were established, one adjacent to the road and one 50 m away from the road (labeled as "A" and "B", respectively, in the "Plot #").
Does land-use history facilitate non-native plant invasion? A field experiment with Celastrus orbiculatus in the Bent Creek Experimental Forest in the southern Appalachians from 2008 to 2009
Although historic land use is often implicated in non-native plant invasion of forests, little is known about how land-use legacies might actually facilitate invasion. The researchers conducted a 2-year field seeding experiment in western North Carolina, USA, to compare germination and first-year seedling survival of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. in stands that had been cultivated and abandoned a century earlier and were dominated by tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), and in paired stands that had never been cultivated and were dominated by oaks (Quercus spp.). Experiments were conducted at five sites with paired tulip poplar and oak stands by varying litter mass (none, low, or high) and litter type (tulip poplar or oak).
SBC LTER: Land: Hydrology: Santa Barbara County Flood Control District - Precipitation at Cater Water Treatment Plant (CaterWTP229)
Precipitation was collected by the Santa Barbara County Flood Control District at Cater Water Treatment Plant (CaterWTP229) in the Santa Barbara coastal area. Data are reported hourly, and times reflect the end of the each 1-hour interval. For more information, see https://www.countyofsb.org/pwd/hydrology.sbc
Dataset on: Land slugs in plant nurseries, a potential cause of dispersal in Argentina
<p>Commercial plant nurseries may serve as causes of dispersal of land snails and slugs (native and non-native) through the trade of plants and the related transport of eggs and small individuals that may pass unnoticed. Studies on the possible role of plant nurseries as a potential cause of dispersal of slugs in South America are lacking. To explore the role of garden centers, we collected and identified slugs in 12 commercial nurseries in two cities in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Eight species of slugs were found. Based on our findings we validate the existence of <em>Deroceras laeve</em> and <em>Belocaulus angustipes</em> for Argentina and confirm the existence of <em>Ambigolimax valentianus</em>, which was recently cited for Argentina. We recommend that plant nurseries be regularly monitored given that snail and slug species are accidentally spread through trade in plants.</p>
High-resolution analysis of power plant land requirements for GODEEEP
<p>This dataset contains data associated with Mongird et al. (under review). Files include output from the following three analyses found in the paper: (1) Projected power plant siting intersections with US Disadvantaged Communities (DACs), important farmland, and natural areas; (2) onshore wind and solar photovoltaic capacity factor availability under 27 different siting restriction cases, and (3) output from an analysis that determines how many DACs are projected to see both fossil fuel generation retirement and new renewable power plant development. Each of the files associated with these components are described below. </p> <p>For more detailed information please refer to Mongird et al. (under review), "High-resolution analysis of power plant land requirements for the evolving Western United States power grid indicates coordinated land use policies will be essential"</p> <p>Outputs included in this dataset are associated with two different scenarios. Summaries of each of the two scenarios included are provided below. For additional information, see <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egycc.2023.100117">Ou et al. 2023.</a></p> <h2>Scenario Descriptions</h2> <ul> <li><strong>business-as-usual</strong>: <ul> <li>This scenario does not include any long-term federal policies requiring decarbonization.</li> <li>It does include the US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) incentives.</li> <li>It assumes that CCS technologies are available.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>high renewables</strong>: <ul> <li>This scenario includes a clean electricity grid in the U.S. by 2035 and a net-zero economy by 2050.</li> <li>It does include US IRA incentives.</li> <li>It assumes that CCS technologies are available.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2>Data Descriptions</h2> <h3>1. Projected power plant siting intersections</h3> <p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>These files identify the intersection of projected power plant locations with three types of land: federall identified disadvantaged communities (DACs), important farmland, and land in close proximity to natural areas.</p> <p><strong>Scenario Files:</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>File Name</td> <td>File Description</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bau_dac_analysis_2050.csv</td> <td>Results from analysis identifying how many projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the busines-as-usual scenario intersect with federally identified US DACs by technology type and Western US state</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bau_env_analysis_2050.csv</td> <td>Results from analysis identifying how many projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the busines-as-usual scenario intersect with areas within 1 km, 5 km, and 10km of environmental areas by technology type and Western US state</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bau_farm_analysis_2050.csv</td> <td>Results from analysis identifying how many projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the busines-as-usual scenario intersect with important farmland by technology type and Western US state</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hr_dac_analysis_2050.csv</td> <td>Results from analysis identifying how many projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the high renewables scenario intersect with federally identified US DACs by technology type and Western US state</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hr_env_analysis_2050.csv</td> <td>Results from analysis identifying how many projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the high renewables scenario intersect with areas within 1 km, 5 km, and 10km of environmental areas by technology type and Western US state</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hr_farm_analysis_2050.csv</td> <td>Results from analysis identifying how many projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the high renewables scenario intersect with important farmland by technology type and Western US state</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data Dictionary:</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Column</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> <td><strong>Units</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>state</td> <td>Name of US state</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td>technology</td> <td>Power plant technology type inclusive of turbine type, presence of CCS, and cooling type (as applicable)</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td>technology_simple</td> <td>Power plant technology type excluding turbine type, presence of CCS, and cooling type (as applicable)</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td>layer_name</td> <td>Descriptive name of geospatial raster layer used for intersection analysis</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td>layer</td> <td>Name of geospatial raster layer used for intersection analysis</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td>total_plants</td> <td>Number of projected power plants of specified technology in specified state under given scenario</td> <td>#</td> </tr> <tr> <td>intersection</td> <td>Number of projected power plant intersections of specified technology in specified state with given layer under given scenario </td> <td>#</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fraction</td> <td>ratio of intersection and total_plants</td> <td>fraction</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><strong>Scenario Difference Analysis Files:</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>difference_dac_analysis_2050.csv</td> <td>Results from analysis identifying how many more projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the high renewables scenario intersect with federally identified US DACs by technology type and Western US state compared to projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the business-as-usual scenario. Negative results indicate that the business-as-usual scenario had a greater number of intersections.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>difference_env_analysis_2050.csv</td> <td>Results from analysis identifying how many more projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the high renewables scenario intersect with areas within 1 km, 5 km, and 10km of environmental areas by technology type and Western US state compared to projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the business-as-usual scenario. Negative results indicate that the business-as-usual scenario had a greater number of intersections.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>difference_farm_analysis_2050.csv</td> <td>Results from analysis identifying how many more projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the high renewables scenario intersect with important farmland by technology type and Western US state compared to projected power plant sitings through 2050 under the business-as-usual scenario. Negative results indicate that the business-as-usual scenario had a greater number of intersections.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data Dictionary:</strong></p> <table style="width: 85.255198%; height: 152px;"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 19px;"> <td style="width: 8.458634%; height: 19px;"><strong>Column</strong></td> <td style="width: 82.845413%; height: 19px;"><strong>Description</strong></td> <td style="width: 4.029241%; height: 19px;"><strong>Units</strong></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19px;"> <td style="width: 8.458634%; height: 19px;">state</td> <td style="width: 82.845413%; height: 19px;">Name of US state</td> <td style="width: 4.029241%; height: 19px;">N/A</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19px;"> <td style="width: 8.458634%; height: 19px;">technology</td> <td style="width: 82.845413%; height: 19px;">Power plant technology type</td> <td style="width: 4.029241%; height: 19px;">N/A</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19px;"> <td style="width: 8.458634%; height: 19px;">layer</td> <td style="width: 82.845413%; height: 19px;">Name of geospatial raster layer used for intersection analysis</td> <td style="width: 4.029241%; height: 19px;">N/A</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19px;"> <td style="width: 8.458634%; height: 19px;">hr</td> <td style="width: 82.845413%; height: 19px;">Number of projected power plant intersections with given layer under the high renewables scenario</td> <td style="width: 4.029241%; height: 19px;">#</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 19px;"> <td style="width: 8.458634%; height: 19px;">bau</td> <td style="width: 82.845413%; height: 19px;">Number of projected power plant intersections with given layer under the business-as-usual scenario</td> <td style="width: 4.029241%; height: 19px;">#</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 38px;"> <td style="width: 8.458634%; height: 38px;">intersection</td> <td style="width: 82.845413%; height: 38px;">Difference in projected power plant intersections between the high renewables scenario and the business-as-usual scenario</td> <td style="width: 4.029241%; height: 38px;">#</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3> </h3> <h3>2. Projected onshore wind and solar photovoltaic capacity factor availability under 27 siting restriction cases</h3> <p>Description:</p> <p>This file contains results from an analysis on the capability of reaching high renewables scenario solar and wind generation in 2050 under 27 different siting restriction cases.</p> <p><strong>Relevant File:</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>File Name</td> <td>File Description</td> </tr> <tr> <td>capacity_factor_analysis_2050.csv</td> <td>Amount of solar PV or onshore wind generation projected to be available in a given state under a specified siting restriction case </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Data Dictionary:</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Column</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> <td><strong>Units</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>region_name</td> <td>Name of US state</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td>technology</td> <td>Power plant technology type (either solar PV or Wind)</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td>capacity_density_mw</td> <td>Assumed MW per square-km</td> <td>MW</td> </tr> <tr> <td>case</td> <td>Name of siting exclusion case</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td>total_generation_mwh</td> <td>Projected total generation available given remaining available land after exclusions</td> <td>MWh</td> </tr> <tr> <td>target_generation_mwh</td> <td>Projected target annual generation in 2050 for technology type under high renewables scenario</td> <td>MWh</td> </tr> <tr> <td>gcam_trading_region</td> <td>Name of zonal representation of electricity trading regions as defined in the capacity expansion model</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3> </h3> <h3>3. US DACs that see both fossil fuel generation retirement and new renewable power plant development by 2050</h3> <p><strong>Description:</strong></p> <p>This data contains US census tract GEOIDs that see both new renewable sitings and the retirement of fossil generating resources.</p> <p><strong>Relevant File:</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>File Name</td> <td>File Description</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dac_fossil_retire_analysis_2050.csv</td> <td>List of US census tracts that see both fossil fuel generation retirement and new renewable generation siting by 2050 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Data Dictionary:</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Column</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> census_tract</td> <td> US census tract GEOID</td> </tr> <tr> <td>state_name</td> <td>Name of US state</td> </tr> <tr> <td>county_name</td> <td>Name of US county</td> </tr> <tr> <td>scenario</td> <td>scenario name</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h2>Funding statement</h2> <p>This research was supported by the Grid Operations, Decarbonization, Environmental and Energy Equity Platform (GODEEEP) Investment, under the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).</p> <p>PNNL is a multi-program national laboratory operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Changelog</h2> <p>v1.1</p> <p> The following updates were made following manuscript revision:</p> <ul> <li>"power_density_mw" variable name in `capacity_factor_analysis_2050.csv` file changed to "capacity_density_mw"</li> <li>More estimates are provided in `capacity_factor_analysis_2050.csv` reflecting additional capacity density and turbine hub height assumptions.</li> <li>Scenario naming adjusted to align with manuscript naming</li> </ul>
Supplementary dataset for "Phenylacetic acid metabolism in land plants: novel pathways and metabolites"
<p>Supplementary dataset with measured data for publication "Phenylacetic acid metabolism in land plants: novel pathways and metabolites"</p>
Data from: Plant richness, land use and temperature differently shape invertebrate leaf-chewing herbivory on plant functional groups
<p class="MsoNormal">Nutrient demands of leaf-chewing invertebrate herbivores change with temperature, which causes shifts in herbivores' diets. Temperature may act differently on herbivore species, so that factors shaping herbivore species richness may modulate temperature effects on invertebrate herbivory among plant functional groups with different nutrient composition (C:N ratio low to high: legumes, non-leguminous forbs, grasses). Global warming urges a deeper understanding of temperature effects on herbivory among plant functional groups in different habitats and landscapes. This study obtained measures on proportional leaf area loss to leaf-chewing invertebrate herbivores ('herbivory') on three plant functional groups on 80 plots of open herbaceous vegetation adjacent to different habitat types (forest, grassland, arable field, settlement) along climate and land-use gradients in Bavaria, Germany. Herbivory was analysed with regard to habitat characteristics (habitat type, plant richness at species and family level, local mean temperature), landscape characteristics (proportion of grassland, landscape diversity; 0.2–3.0-km), climate (multi-annual mean temperature, 'MAT') and interactive effects of plant functional group, temperature and habitat or landscape characteristics. Herbivory on plant functional groups changed differently in response to plant richness (family level only) and habitat type, but not to differences in landscape characteristics and temperature – only on grassland plots, multi-annual mean temperature differentially affected herbivory among plant functional groups. Thus, abiotic and biotic factors can differently affect leaf-chewing herbivory on plant functional groups. Under current conditions, plant richness and habitat type more strongly affected herbivory among legumes, forbs and grasses than temperature and landscape-scale land use.</p>
Derivation of plant functional type (PFT) maps from the ESA CCI Land Cover product
<p><em>This package supplements the following paper submitted to ESSD: <strong>Gross and net land cover changes of the main plant functional types derived from the annual ESA CCI land cover maps (1992-2015).</strong></em></p> <p><em>Li, W., MacBean, N., Ciais, P., Defourny, P., Lamarche, C., Bontemps, S., Houghton, R. A. and Peng, S.: Gross and net land cover changes based on plant functional types derived from the annual ESA CCI land cover maps, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 1–23, doi:10.5194/essd-2017-74, 2017.</em></p> <p><em>This package contains the protocol of converting the original annual ESA CCI Land Cover product into plant functional types (PFTs) that can be used by land surface models and the corresponding cross-walking table.</em></p> <p><em>The original ESA LC class data and translated PFTs in 2000 as an example are attached in the .zip file. The annual ESA CCI PFT maps from 1992 to 2015 at half degree resolution are also added in a .zip file.</em></p>
Рис. 7. 3D–диаграммы пространственного распределениЯ обилиЯ моллюска B. cylindrica (А), фитомассы (В), проективного покрытиЯ (С), твердости грунта на глубине 5–10 см (D) на участке № 1 в 2010 г. (единицы иЗмерениЯ осей Х и Y даны в метрах). Fig. 7. 3D–diagrams of the abundance spatial distribution of the snail B. cylindrica (A), phytomass (B), plants projective cover (C), 0–10 cm layer soil penetration resistance (D) at the site 1 in 2010. (axes X and Y presented in meters). in Analysis of the spatial distribution patterns of the land snail populations: a geostatistic method approach
Рис. 7. 3D–диаграммы пространственного распределениЯ обилиЯ моллюска B. cylindrica (А), фитомассы (В), проективного покрытиЯ (С), твердости грунта на глубине 5–10 см (D) на участке № 1 в 2010 г. (единицы иЗмерениЯ осей Х и Y даны в метрах). Fig. 7. 3D–diagrams of the abundance spatial distribution of the snail B. cylindrica (A), phytomass (B), plants projective cover (C), 0–10 cm layer soil penetration resistance (D) at the site 1 in 2010. (axes X and Y presented in meters).
Figure 1 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 1. Map of Victoria, Australia, showing the fossil locations within the Melbourne Zone. Location 1. Yea, Ghin Ghin Road, Limestone Road (37° 12.38' S, 145° 25.39' E). Location 2. Matlock, Frenchmans Spur (37° 25.82' S, 146° 77.24' E.), the type location of Salopella australis and S. caespitosa (Tims and Chambers, 1984). Source: adapted from Moore et al. (1998: fig. 2).
Figure 2. Salopella australis displaying parallel parent axes dichotomising into much shorter daughter axes that are terminated with elongate sporangia, delineated with a in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 2. Salopella australis displaying parallel parent axes dichotomising into much shorter daughter axes that are terminated with elongate sporangia, delineated with a constriction just above dark sporogeneous region. All from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, 10 km west of Matlock. A, erect parent axes parallel to each other, dichotomising into two elongate sporangia from Wilson Creek Shale. Re-photographed here; originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 32, fig. 4) and Tims (1980: fig. 4.1.9). Specimen NMV P50014. B, forked dichotomy terminated by sporangia from Wilson Creek Shale. And to the right hand side of the forked axis is another long axis, which based on its orientation may also be part of the same plant. Constriction at arrow, lower arrow at dichotomy and double arrow at two aligned axes. Specimen NMV P33219. C, close-up of fructification in A, sporangia barely extend beyond the confines of their subtending axes, with slight constriction present above sporogeneous region (at arrow). Specimen NMV P50014. D, E, holotype, part and counterpart. On part, constriction at arrow in sporangium. On counterpart, both parent axes are parallel to each other (at dotted arrow). Re-photographed here, originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 32, figs. 1, 2). Specimens NMV P50008.1 and NMV P50008.2, respectively. F, Gen. et sp. indet. – short daughter axes terminated in elongate sporangia. The cortex may be absent from subtending axes, with only the central line visible. The lack of cortex prevents assigning to S. australis as width of subtending axis to sporangial width is required. Originally photographed by Tims (1980: fig. 4.1.13). Specimen NMV P50010.2. G, S. australis, with two short daughter axes, with constriction at arrow of the sporangium, which is the same width as its subtending axis. Specimen NMV P202886.
Figure 6 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 6. Line-drawings of Victorian early land plants with longer than wider sporangia. A, Salopella australis from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, near Matlock. Specimen NMV P50014.B, Gen. et sp. indet. from Limestone Road, Yea. Originally placed in S. australis but branching architecture clearly differs. Specimen NMV P157323. C, Salopella laidae sp. nov. from Limestone Road, Yea. NMV P50011. D, Salopella caespitosa (holotype) from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, near Matlock. Specimen NMV P202987. E, Salopella caespitosa from Ghin Ghin Road, Yea. Specimen NMV P235941.
Figure 4. Salopella caespitosa NMV P235941 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 4. Salopella caespitosa NMV P235941 from Devil's Elbow on Ghin Ghin Road, northwest of Yea. A, overview of whole specimen. NMV P235941.1. B, arrow (Vt) at vascular trace entering base of oval presumed sporogenous body of sporangium four, and the subtending axis to sporangium four pinches slightly about 1 mm below the sporangium. Lower arrow at region where subtending axis is continuous with sporangial wall and upper arrow shows extent of sporangial body of sporangium three. Note, for both sporangia, the distal parts appear to be hidden in the matrix. NMV P235941.2. C, lower arrow (Vt) at vascular trace entering base of oval sporogenous body, with upper arrow at distal extent of sporogenous body on sporangium two on the counterpart. Note, no longitudinally oblique striations are evident in upper half of sporangium but are evident on the part specimen. NMV P235941.2. D, sporangium two at arrow longitudinal oblique striations on the upper half of the sporangium. NMV P235941.1. E, close-up of parent axis with longitudinal striations. NMV P235941.1.
Figure 3 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 3. Salopella caespitosa (holotype) from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, 10 km west of Matlock. A, B, part (NMV P202987.1) and counterpart (NMV P202987.2), respectively; numbering follows Tims and Chambers (1984, pl. 33, fig. 1). Counterpart images are reversed to be in the same orientation as the part specimen. A, on right-hand side of part specimen, double isotomous dichotomies lead to sporangia one–seven. Note, at the arrows, there is perpendicular branching that is suggestive of a rhizomatous system. C, sporangium 12; at the arrow there is another axis that is terminated in a sporangium that is partially visible. Specimen NMV P202987.1. D–F, Evidence of a slight constriction beneath sporangia at arrows. D, sporangia eight and nine (on the left). Widest part of each sporangium occurring approximately midway along their length. Note, rephotographed; originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 34, fig. 3). Specimen NMV P202987.1. E, sporangium 22 is c. 4.06 mm long and 1.4 mm wide. The axis decreases from 1.2 mm proximally to 0.5 mm just beneath the sporangium. Specimen = NMV P202987.2. F, sporangia four (right) and five, both sporangia are slightly wider in the lower quarter of each sporangia. Specimen = NMV P202987.2. G, sporangium 22, appears to be two immature sporangia juxtaposed. At arrow, the apex (rounded) of the smaller fusiform sporangium is apparent. Specimen NMV P202987.1. H, sporangium two, lower arrow at walls surrounding presumed oval sporogeneous area, which reaches approximately halfway the length of the sporangium to the upper arrow. Specimen NMV P202987.1. I, sporangium 13, arrows at walls surrounding sporangeneous area and upper arrow showing extent of oval sporogenous body. The walls does not recombine apically like in sporangium two, suggesting it may have been crushed, or hidden, beneath the matrix. Rephotographed; originally figured by Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 33, fig. 3). Specimen NMV P202987.2.
Figure 5 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella
Figure 5. Salopella laidae sp. nov. (holotype) NMV P50011.1 and NMV P50011.2, part and counterpart, respectively, with counterpart reversed to be in the same orientation as part specimen. From location 4 (Brackley's cutting) on Limestone Road, Yea. A, double isotomous dichotomy visible, terminated with eight elongate sporangia, five visible. At lower arrow central line and at F, folding of tissue. On sporangium seven?sporogenous region highlighted. Rephotographed; originally figured by Tims and Chambers, 1984: pl. 32, fig. 3 and text-fig. 2C. B, arrow at daughter axis missing on part present.
Fig. 1 in Successional patterns of carabid fauna (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in planted and natural regenerated pine forests growing on old arable land
Fig. 1: Principal components analysis (PCA) carried out with the dataset. Years of study are given in brackets behind the study areas/sites.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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