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25 results for “larval density”
Data from “Larval and juvenile Longfin Smelt diets as a function of fish size and prey density in the San Francisco Estuary”
This publication includes the raw data from the manuscript: Lojkovic Burris, Z. P., R. D. Baxter, and C. E. Burdi. 2022. Larval and juvenile Longfin Smelt diets as a function of fish size and prey density in the San Francisco Estuary. California Fish and Wildlife Journal 108:e11. http://www.doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.108.11 Data includes the diets of larval and juvenile Longfin Smelt in the San Francisco Estuary from 2005 to 2008 in the form of diet by number, diet by weight, macroinvertebrate prey lengths, prey length-weight equations, and prey weight conversions.
Modelled hydrodynamic profiles and salmon louse larval densities at Norwegian salmon farms
<p>Data compiled for use by the PreventLice web app, a decision support tool intended to help Norwegian salmon farmers avoid salmon louse infestations: <a href="https://havforskningsinstituttet.shinyapps.io/preventlice">https://havforskningsinstituttet.shinyapps.io/preventlice</a></p> <p>Each file contains the relevant data for a registered salmonid farm in Norway, identified by its locality number according to the Norwegian <a href="https://sikker.fiskeridir.no/akvakulturregisteret/web/sites">Aquaculture Registry</a>. A total of 1023 localities are included in version 1.0.0.</p> <p>The data are in long rectangular format, with each row corresponding to a single depth interval on a single date. Each row provides variables for locality number ("loc"), date ("date"), depth (m, "depth"), daily mean temperature (°C, "meanTemp"), daily mean salinity (ppt, "meanSal"), daily mean current speed (ms<sup>-1</sup>, "meanCurrSpd"), daily 95th percentile current speed (ms<sup>-1</sup>, "95PercCurrSpd"), daily salmon louse infestation pressure (copepodids m<sup>-3</sup>, "meanCopDensity"), and daily mean significant wave height (m, "SignWaveHeight").</p> <p>Temperature, salinity and current speeds are taken from the NorFjords-160 model (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.107028">Dalsøren et al. 2020</a>), a finer-scale update of the NorKyst-800 model (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01378-0">Asplin et al. 2020</a>). Wave height data are taken from the MyWaveWAM800m Norwegian coastal wave forecasting system (<a href="https://thredds.met.no/thredds/fou-hi/mywavewam800.html">Norwegian Meteorological Institute</a>). Salmon louse copepodid densities are estimated by coupling louse biology and behaviour parameters with hydrodynamic predictions from NorKyst-800 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201338">Myksvoll et al. 2018</a>).</p>
Fig. 6 in Fish larvae from the upper Paraná River: Do abiotic factors affect larval density?
Fig. 6. Conceptual model showing the relationships among abiotic factors, species larvae and areas (arrow directions on axis show increasing values of abiotic factors).
Fig. 3 in Fish larvae from the upper Paraná River: Do abiotic factors affect larval density?
Fig. 3. Mean scores (rectangles) and standard error (bars) (Axis 1=a and Axis 2=b of the Detrended Correspondence Analysis; DCA), derived from the larva density matrix for the different areas (AMA= Amambaí River, IVA= Ivaí River, PAR= Paraná River and RES= Itaipu Reservoir).
Impact of larval high density on the performance of Anastrepha ludens: competition or feeding facilitation?
<p>A critical point in diet management is maximizing density as a strategy for reducing costs. Artificial diets elaborated with large particle sizes have increased volume, possess high porosity and aeration capacity, are more penetrable and facilitate the movement of larvae, and increase the bioavailability of nutrients. The present experiment consisted in demonstrating that the bulking agent facilitates feeding and could have more capacity to support a high density of larvae with a minimal effect of competition on the life-history traits of <em>Anastrepha ludens</em>. The results indicate that density affected larval and pupal weight, but not pupation at 24 h, adult emergence, and flier percentage, which remained unchanged. However, there was an increase in yield and bioconversion. Larvae in high density conditions aggregated to increase the effect of regurgitation of amylases and proteases as a strategy to metabolize the food prior to ingestion through enzymes secreted in the saliva, contributing thus to feeding facilitation and the uptake of ingested food, which decreased the negative impact of competition in high density conditions. High density leads to an increase in food consumption and a consequent increase in digestive enzyme activity, contributing to the bioavailability of macronutrients ─ proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids ─ in the diet.</p> <p>Identifying the properties of bulking agents and other ingredients and their interaction under high-density conditions is essential to develop novel artificial diets and improve the mass-rearing strategies for the SIT.</p> <p> </p>
Influence of density and salinity on larval development of salt-adapted and salt-naïve frog populations
<p>Environmental change and habitat fragmentation will affect population densities for many species. For those species that have locally adapted to persist in changed or stressful habitats, it is uncertain how density dependence will affect adaptive responses. Anurans (frogs and toads) are typically freshwater organisms, but some coastal populations of green treefrogs (<i>Hyla cinerea</i>) have adapted to brackish, coastal wetlands. Tadpoles from coastal populations metamorphose sooner and demonstrate faster growth rates than inland populations when reared solitarily. Although saltwater exposure has adaptively reduced the duration of the larval period for coastal populations, increases in densities during larval development typically increase time to metamorphosis and reduce rates of growth and survival. We test how combined stressors of density and salinity affect larval development between salt-adapted ("coastal") and non-salt adapted ("inland") populations by measuring various developmental and metamorphic phenotypes. We found that increased tadpole density strongly affected coastal and inland tadpole populations similarly. In high-density treatments, both coastal and inland populations had reduced growth rates, greater exponential decay of growth, a smaller size at metamorphosis, took longer to reach metamorphosis, and had lower survivorship at metamorphosis. Salinity only exaggerated the effects of density on the time to reach metamorphosis and exponential decay of growth. Location of origin affected length at metamorphosis, with coastal tadpoles metamorphosing slightly longer than inland tadpoles across densities and salinities. These findings confirm that density has a strong and central influence on larval development even across divergent populations and habitat types and may mitigate the expression (and therefore detection) of locally adapted phenotypes.</p>
Data from: Egg mass polymorphism in Ambystoma maculatum is not associated with larval performance or survival, or with cell density of the algal symbiont Oophila amblystomatis
<p>These data are from a 2018 study of larval morphology, performance, and survival in the spotted salamander (<em>Ambystoma maculatum</em>). We examined larvae of two egg mass color morphs: clear and white. We also quantified the density of algal (<em>Oophila amblystomatis</em>) cells on the egg capsules of embryos. The data correspond to our publication in <em>Evolutionary Ecology</em>.</p>
Fig. 1 in Fish larvae from the upper Paraná River: Do abiotic factors affect larval density?
Fig. 1. Map of the upper Paraná River showing the location of the sampling stations.
Data from: Egg mass polymorphism in Ambystoma maculatum is not associated with larval performance or survival, or with cell density of the algal symbiont Oophila amblystomatis
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Influence of density and salinity on larval development of salt-adapted and salt-naïve frog populations
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Data from: Larval density mediates knockdown resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in adult Aedes aegypti
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Estimating densities of larval Salmonflies (Pteronarcys californica) through multiple pass removal of post-emergent exuvia in Colorado rivers
<p>Traditional methods of collecting, sorting, and identifying benthic macroinvertebrate samples are useful for stream biomonitoring and ecological studies, however, these methods are time consuming, expensive, and require taxonomic expertise. Estimating larval densities through collection of post-emergent exuvia can be a practical and time efficient alternative. We evaluated the use of multiple pass depletion techniques of the post-emergent exuvia of <em>Pteronarcys californica</em> to estimate larval densities at ten sites in three Colorado rivers. Exuvia density was highly correlated with both final-instar larval density (R2 = 0.90) and total larval density (R2 = 0.88) and the multiple pass removal technique performed well. Exuvia surveys found P. californica at three low density sites where benthic sampling failed to detect it. At moderate and high density sites the exuvia surveys always produced lower density estimates than benthic surveys. Multiple pass depletion estimates of exuvia proved to be an accurate and efficient technique at estimating larval densities and provided an effective alternative for traditional benthic sampling when objectives are detecting and monitoring P. californica, especially at low density sites.</p>
Data from: Effect of larval density and substrate quality on the wing geometry of Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)
Background: In insects, oviposition decisions may lead to egg deposition in substrates with different larval density and nutritional levels. Individuals developing in such substrates may present plasticity in their phenotype. Here, we investigated the effect of two factors related to oviposition decisions, namely larval density and substrate quality, on the wing size and wing shape of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Methods: We reared S. calcitrans larvae at different densities (5, 15 and 25) and on different substrates (camel, cow, donkey and sheep dung). For each fly that emerged, we recorded body weight, and detached, slide-mounted and photographed the right wing. Next, we collected 15 landmarks on each photographed wing, and applied geometric morphometric analysis to assess variation in wing size and wing shape of S. calcitrans across the different larval densities and substrate types. Results: We observed that wing size and wing shape of S. calcitrans were affected by larval density and the nature of the developmental substrate. Flies reared in a group of 5 had larger wing centroid size, wing length, wing width, wing area and wing loading compared with those reared in a group of 25. Also, flies developed in donkey and sheep dung had larger wing centroid size, wing length, wing width, wing area and wing loading in comparison with those grown in camel and cow dung. Canonical variate analysis followed by discriminant analysis revealed significant wing shape variation in S. calcitrans across the different densities and substrates. Wing size had a significant but weak positive effect on wing shape. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the high sensitivity of S. calcitrans wings to variation in larval density and developmental substrate, and that use of landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis could improve our understanding of how flies of veterinary importance respond to environmental variability.
Density-by-diet interactions during larval development shape adult life-history trait expression and fitness in a polyphagous fly
<p><span>Habitat quality early in life determines individual fitness, with possible long-term evolutionary effects on groups and populations. In holometabolous insects, larval ecology plays a major role in determining the expression of traits in adulthood, but how ecological conditions during larval stage interact to shape adult life-history and fitness, particularly in non-model organisms, remains subject to scrutiny. Consequently, our knowledge of the interactive effects of ecological factors on insect development is limited. Here, using the polyphagous fly <i>Bactrocera tryoni</i>, we conducted a fully-factorial design where we manipulated larval density and larval diet (protein-rich, standard, and sugar-rich) to gain insights into how these ecological factors interact to modulate adult fitness. As expected, a protein-rich diet resulted in faster larval development, heavier and leaner adults that were more fecund compared with standard and sugar-rich diets, irrespective of larval density. Females from the protein-rich larval diet had overall higher reproductive rate (i.e., eggs per day) than females from other diets, and reproductive rate decreased linearly with density for females from the protein-rich but non-linearly for females from the standard and sugar-rich diets over time. Surprisingly, adult lipid reserve increased with larval density for adults from the sugar-rich diet (as opposed to decreasing, as in other diets), possibly due to a stress-response to an extremely adverse condition during development (i.e., high intraspecific competition and poor nutrition). Together, our results provide insights into how ecological factors early in life interact and shape the fate of individuals through life-stages in holometabolous insects. </span></p>
Density-by-diet interactions during larval development shape adult life-history trait expression and fitness in a polyphagous fly
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Data from: Effect of larval density and substrate quality on the wing geometry of Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)
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Estimating densities of larval Salmonflies (Pteronarcys californica) through multiple pass removal of post-emergent exuvia in Colorado rivers
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Data from: Larval density, sex and allocation hierarchy affect life-history trait covariances in a bean beetle
<p class="CxSpFirst">Life-history theory aims to understand how different environments result in differential investment in fitness-related traits. While trade-offs between traits are expected, many studies show positive or no correlation between pairs of costly traits. One hypothesis that may explain the inconsistency of trade-offs in the literature is that trait investment may occur in a dichotomous hierarchy (the <i>tree model</i>), that allows for differential trait investment weighted by the traits' respective positions within the hierarchy. Previous mathematical models predict different covariances between traits depending on their position on the allocation tree. While hierarchical differential investment is often used to discuss findings in life-history theory, the role of an allocation hierarchy on trait covariances has not been directly tested. In turn, this study aims to identify trait covariances between behavioral and morphological phenotypes on different branches of an allocation tree in the bean beetle, <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i>. While trade-offs between copulatory behaviors and morphology were found for both males and females, only traits at the base and far from each other in the hierarchy negatively covaried. This study empirically shows that trade-offs may be the result of hierarchical investment.</p>
The effects of host plant species and larval density on immune function in the polyphagous moth Spodoptera littoralis
<p>Immune functions are costly and immune investment is usually dependent on the individual's condition and resource availability. For phytophagous insects, host plant quality has large effects on performance, e.g. growth and survival, and may also affect their immune function. Polyphagous insects often experience a large variation in quality among different host plant species, and their immune investment may thus vary depending on which host plant species they develop on. Larvae of the polyphagous moth <i>Spodoptera littoralis</i>have previously been found to exhibit density-dependent prophylaxis as they invest more in certain immune responses in high population densities. In addition, the immune response of <i>S. littoralis </i>has been shown to depend on nutrient quality in experiments with artificial diet. Here, I studied the effects of natural host plant diet and larval density on a number of immune responses to understand if host plant species affects immune investment in generalist insects, and if the density-dependent prophylaxis could be mediated by host plant species. While host plant species in general did not mediate the density-dependent immune expression, particular host plant species was found to increase larval investment in certain functions of the immune system. Interestingly, these results indicate that different host plants may provide a polyphagous species with protection against different kinds of antagonisms. This insight may contribute to our understanding of the relationship between preference and performance in generalists, as well as having applied consequences for sustainable pest management.</p>
Fig. 4 in Fish larvae from the upper Paraná River: Do abiotic factors affect larval density?
Fig. 4. Scatterplot between the first Detrended Correspon- dence Analysis axis (DCA1) scores and the Principal Components [PC1 (a) and PC2 (b)] retained for interpretation. (A=Amambaí River, I=Ivaí River, P=Paraná River and R= Itaipu Reservoir).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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