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48 results for “larval dispersal”
Larval dispersal histogram data used for ATLAS deliverable D1.6: Biologically realistic Lagrangian dispersal and connectivity
<p>Larval dispersal histogram data for ATLAS deliverable D1.6 "Biologically realistic Lagrangian connectivity" (https://www.eu-atlas.org/resources/atlas-partners-document-area/atlas-deliverables/455-d1-6-biologically-realistic-lagrangian-connectivity/file). Tar archive files are ordered by ATLAS case study source region and with folders by larval behaviour type. The numbered behaviour types are described in deliverable D1.6. Each netcdf histogram file, e.g. hists_age_21.nc, contains the histogram for larvae of a single age in 5-day steps, from 00 (0 days) to 37 (185 days).</p> <p>Within each file histogram file, particle counts in each Viking20 model grid-cell are contained in a 4-d array with dimensions (launch month, lauch year, model gridsquare y index, model gridsquare x index). The Viking20 grid in the North Atlantic is the ORCA tripolar grid. Details of the model mesh are in the included file viking20_mesh_mask.tgz</p> <p>Histograms are in netcdf files:</p> <p>============================</p> <p>$ ncdump -h hists_age_00.nc<br> netcdf hists_age_00 {<br> dimensions:<br> coordinate = 4 ;<br> coordinate_1 = 50 ;<br> coordinate_2 = 1719 ;<br> coordinate_3 = 1784 ;<br> variables:<br> int64 coordinate(coordinate) ;<br> coordinate:units = "month" ;<br> coordinate:long_name = "Launch month" ;<br> int64 coordinate_1(coordinate_1) ;<br> coordinate_1:units = "year" ;<br> coordinate_1:long_name = "Launch year" ;<br> int64 coordinate_2(coordinate_2) ;<br> coordinate_2:units = "index" ;<br> coordinate_2:long_name = "J index" ;<br> int64 coordinate_3(coordinate_3) ;<br> coordinate_3:units = "index" ;<br> coordinate_3:long_name = "I index" ;<br> int64 data(coordinate, coordinate_1, coordinate_2, coordinate_3) ;<br> data :long_name = "particle count" ;</p> <p>// global attributes:<br> :Conventions = "CF-1.6" ;<br> }</p> <p>==========================================</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Larval dispersal patterns and connectivity of Acropora on Florida's Coral Reef and its implications for restoration
Since the 1980s, populations of Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata have experienced severe declines due to disease and anthropogenic stressors; resulting in their listing as threatened, and their need for restoration. In this study, larval survival and competency data were collected and used to calibrate a very high-resolution hydrodynamic model (up to 100m) to determine the dispersal patterns of Acropora species along the Florida's Coral Reef. The resulting connectivity matrices was incorporated into a metapopulation model to compare strategies for restoring Acropora populations. This study found that Florida's Coral Reef was historically a well-connected system, and that spatially selective restoration may be able to stimulate natural recovery. Acropora larvae are predominantly transported northward along the Florida's Coral Reef, however southward transport also occurs, driven by tides and baroclinic eddies. Local retention and self-recruitment processes were strong for a broadcast spawner with a long pelagic larval duration. Model simulations demonstrate that it is beneficial to spread restoration effort across more reefs, rather than focusing on a few reefs. Differences in population patchiness between the Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata drive the need for different approaches to their management plans. This model can be used as a tool to address the species-specific management to restore genotypically diverse Acropora populations on the Florida's Coral Reef, and its methods could be expanded to other vulnerable populations.
Larval dispersal patterns and connectivity of Acropora on Florida’s Coral Reef and its implications for restoration
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Data from: Host plant phenology drives risky larval dispersal in an outbreaking insect defoliator
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Individual variation in marine larval-fish swimming speed and the emergence of dispersal kernels
<p>Dispersal emerges as a consequence of how an individual's phenotype interacts with the environment. Not all dispersing individuals have the same phenotype, and variation among individuals can generate complex variation in the distribution of dispersal distances and directions. While active locomotion performance is an obvious candidate for a dispersal phenotype, its effects on dispersal are difficult to measure or predict, especially in small organisms dispersing in wind or currents. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of larval swimming on dispersal and settlement of coral-reef fish larvae using a high-resolution biophysical model. The model is, to date, the only biophysical model of marine larval dispersal that has been statistically validated against genetic parentage estimates of larval origin and destination, and incorporates empirically-estimated larval behaviors and their ontogeny. Larval swimming, in combination with depth, orientation, and navigation behaviors, actually reduced dispersal distances compared to those of passive larvae. Swimming had no consistent effects on long distance dispersal, but increased the spread of settlement locations. Swimming speed, in contrast, did not consistently affect median dispersal distances, but faster swimming larvae had greater mean and maximum dispersal distances than slower swimming larvae. Finally, faster larval swimming speeds consistently increased the probability of settlement. Our analysis shows how larval swimming differentially affects multiple properties of dispersal kernels. In doing so, it indicates how selection could favor faster larval swimming to increase settlement, which may actually result in longer dispersal distances as a by-product of larvae trying to locate habitat rather than to disperse greater distances.</p>
Isolation-by-distance and genetic parentage analysis provide similar larval dispersal estimates
<p>An R studio project that includes original SNP data files used to quantify dispersal in <em>Elacatinus lori</em> via the isolation-by-distance (IBD) method. Associated R-code used to generate IBD regression slopes, calculate sigma, and construct dispersal kernels. Includes output from NeEstimator, estimating effective population size. </p> <p>Folders 1-3 contain the code/data needed to obtain the slope of the IBD relationship, effective population size, and the standard deviation (sigma) of the dispersal distribution, respectively. Folder 4 contains the R code needed to construct Laplacian dispersal kernels. </p>
The Small World of Global Marine Fisheries: The Cross-Boundary Consequences of Larval Dispersal
<p>This dataset contains the key intermediate inputs and tabular results generated as part of the paper "The Small World of Global Marine Fisheries". The main directories are as follows:</p> <p> - transitions: Matrices describing the probability of particle transitions.</p> <p> - spawn: Collated information on spawning locations and larval dynamics.</p> <p> - spawn-transits: Species-level transition probabilities.</p> <p> - weights: Collated information on EEZs and on sovereign regions.</p> <p> - atrisk: Import and export flows, and corresponding risk factors.</p> <p> - economics: Data files to support economic calculations</p> <p> - saudata: Data from Sea Around Us.</p> <p> - shapefiles: Geospatial information.</p>
Population assignment tests uncover rare long-distance larval dispersal events
<p>Long-distance dispersal (LDD) is consequential to metapopulation ecology and evolution. In systems where dispersal is undertaken by small propagules, such as larvae in the ocean, documenting LDD is especially challenging. Genetic parentage analysis has gained traction as a method for measuring larval dispersal, but such studies are generally spatially limited, leaving LDD understudied in marine species. We addressed this knowledge gap by uncovering LDD with population assignment tests in the coral reef fish <i>Elacatinus lori</i>—a species whose short-distance dispersal has been well-characterized by parentage analysis. When adults (<i>n</i> = 931) collected throughout the species' range were categorized into three source populations, assignment accuracy exceeded 99%, demonstrating low rates of connectivity between populations in the adult generation. After establishing high assignment confidence, we assigned settlers (<i>n</i> = 3,828) to source populations. Within the settler cohort, < 0.1% of individuals were identified as long-distance dispersers from other populations. These results demonstrate an exceptionally low level of connectivity between <i>E. lori</i> populations, despite the potential for ocean currents to facilitate LDD. More broadly, these findings illustrate the value of combining genetic parentage analysis and population assignment tests to uncover short- and long-distance dispersal, respectively.</p>
Biophysical larval dispersal models of observed bonefish (Albula vulpes) spawning events in Abaco, The Bahamas: An assessment of population connectivity and ocean dynamics
<p>Biophysical models are a powerful tool for assessing population connectivity of marine organisms that broadcast spawn. <em>Albula</em> <em>vulpes</em> is a species of bonefish that is an economically and culturally important sportfish found throughout the Caribbean and that exhibits genetic connectivity among geographically distant populations. We created ontogenetically relevant biophysical models for bonefish larval dispersal based upon multiple observed spawning events in Abaco, The Bahamas in 2013, 2018, and 2019. Biological parameterizations were informed through active acoustic telemetry, CTD casts, captive larval rearing, and field collections of related albulids and anguillids. Ocean conditions were derived from the Regional Navy Coastal Ocean Model American Seas dataset. Each spawning event was simulated 100 times using the program Ichthyop. Ten thousand particles were released at observed and putative spawning locations and were allowed to disperse for the full 71-day pelagic larval duration for <em>A</em>. <em>vulpes</em>. Settlement densities in defined settlement zones were assessed along with interactions with oceanographic features. The prevailing Northern dispersal paradigm exhibited strong connectivity with Grand Bahama, the Berry Islands, Andros, and self-recruitment to lower and upper Abaco. Ephemeral gyres and flow direction within Northwest and Northeast Providence Channels were shown to have important roles in larval retention to the Bahamian Archipelago. Larval development environments for larvae settling upon different islands showed few differences and dispersal was closely associated with the thermocline. Settlement patterns informed the suggestion for expansion of conservation parks in Grand Bahama, Abaco, and Andros, and the creation of a park in Eleuthera and the Berry Islands to protect fisheries. Further observation of spawning events and the creation of biophysical models will help to maximize protection for bonefish spawning locations and nursery habitat, and may help to predict year-class strength for bonefish stocks throughout the Greater Caribbean.</p>
Larval and adult traits coevolve in response to asymmetric coastal currents to shape marine dispersal kernels
<p>Dispersal emerges as an outcome of organismal traits and external forcings. However, it remains unclear how the emergent dispersal kernel evolves as a by-product of selection on the underlying traits. This question is particularly compelling in coastal marine systems where dispersal is tied to development and reproduction, and where directional currents bias larval dispersal downstream causing selection for retention. We modelled the dynamics of a metapopulation along a finite coastline using an integral projection model and adaptive dynamics to understand how asymmetric coastal currents influence the evolution of larval (pelagic larval duration) and adult (spawning frequency) life history traits, which indirectly shape the evolution of marine dispersal kernels. Selection induced by alongshore currents favors the release of larvae over multiple time periods, allowing long pelagic larval durations and long-distance dispersal to be maintained in marine life cycles in situations where they were previously predicted to be selected against. Two evolutionary stable strategies emerged: one with a long pelagic larval duration and many spawning events resulting in a dispersal kernel with a larger mean and variance, and another with a short pelagic larval duration and few spawning events resulting in a dispersal kernel with a smaller mean and variance. Our theory shows how coastal ocean flows are important agents of selection that can generate multiple, often co-occurring, evolutionary outcomes for marine life history traits that affect dispersal.</p>
Larval and adult traits coevolve in response to asymmetric coastal currents to shape marine dispersal kernels
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Population assignment tests uncover rare long-distance larval dispersal events
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Biophysical larval dispersal models of observed bonefish (Albula vulpes) spawning events in Abaco, The Bahamas: An assessment of population connectivity and ocean dynamics
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Individual variation in marine larval-fish swimming speed and the emergence of dispersal kernels
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Evolution of interspecific variation in marine larval dispersal kernels: The role of larval navigation ability
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Data from: Geographic isolation and larval dispersal shape seascape genetic patterns differently according to spatial scale
Genetic variation, as a basis of evolutionary change, allows species to adapt and persist in different climates and environments. Yet, a comprehensive assessment of the drivers of genetic variation at different spatial scales is still missing in marine ecosystems. Here, we investigated the influence of environment, geographic isolation, and larval dispersal on the variation in allele frequencies, using an extensive spatial sampling (47 locations) of the striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus) in the Mediterranean Sea. Univariate multiple regressions were used to test the influence of environment (salinity and temperature), geographic isolation, and larval dispersal on Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) allele frequencies. We used Moran's Eigenvector Maps (db-MEMs) and Asymmetric Eigenvector Maps (AEMs) to decompose geographic and dispersal distances in predictors representing different spatial scales. We found that salinity and temperature had only a weak effect on the variation in allele frequencies. Our results revealed the predominance of geographic isolation to explain variation in allele frequencies at large spatial scale (> 1,000km) while larval dispersal was the major predictor at smaller spatial scale (< 1,000km). Our findings stress the importance of including spatial scales to understand the drivers of spatial genetic variation. We suggest that larval dispersal allows to maintain gene flows at small to intermediate scale, while at broad scale, genetic variation may be mostly shaped by adult mobility, demographic history or multi-generational stepping stone dispersal. These findings bring out important spatial scale considerations to account for in the design of a protected areas network that would efficiently enhance protection and persistence capacity of marine species.
Data from: Reduced genetic diversity and increased reproductive isolation follow population-level loss of larval dispersal in a marine gastropod
Population-level consequences of dispersal ability remain poorly understood, especially for marine animals in which dispersal is typically considered a species-level trait governed by oceanographic transport of microscopic larvae. Transitions from dispersive (planktotrophic) to non-dispersive, aplanktonic larvae are predicted to reduce connectivity, genetic diversity within populations, and the spatial scale at which reproductive isolation evolves. However, larval dimorphism within a species is rare, precluding population-level tests. We show the sea slug Costasiella ocellifera expresses both larval morphs in Florida and the Caribbean, regions with divergent mitochondrial lineages. Planktotrophy predominated at 11 sites, 10 of which formed a highly connected and genetically diverse Caribbean metapopulation. Four populations expressed mainly aplanktonic development and had markedly reduced connectivity, and lower genetic diversity at one mitochondrial and six nuclear loci. Aplanktonic dams showed partial post-zygotic isolation in most inter-population crosses, regardless of genetic or geographic distance to the sire's source, suggesting outbreeding depression affects fragmented populations. Dams from genetically isolated and neighboring populations also exhibited pre-mating isolation, consistent with reinforcement contingent on historical interaction. By increasing self-recruitment and genetic drift, the loss of dispersal may thus initiate a feedback loop resulting in the evolution of reproductive isolation over small spatial scales in the sea.
Data from: Gene flow by larval dispersal in the Antarctic notothenioid fish Gobionotothen gibberifrons
The diversification of the teleost suborder Notothenioidei (Perciformes) in Antarctic waters provides one of the most striking examples of a marine adaptive radiation. Along with a number of adaptations to the cold environment, such as the evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins, notothenioids diversified into eight families and at least 130 species. Here, we investigate the genetic population structure of the humped rockcod (Gobionotothen gibberifrons), a benthic notothenioid fish. Six populations were sampled at different locations around the Scotia Sea, comprising a large part of the species' distribution range (N=165). Our analyses based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data (352 bp) and eight microsatellite markers reveal a lack of genetic structuring over large geographic distances (ΦST≤0.058, F ST≤0.005, p-values nonsignificant). In order to test whether this was due to passive larval dispersal, we used GPS-tracked drifter trajectories, which approximate movement of passive surface particles with ocean currents. The drifter data indicate that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) connects the sampling locations in one direction only (West-East), and that passive transport is possible within the four-months larval period of G. gibberifrons. Indeed, when applying the isolation-with-migration model in IMA, strong unidirectional West-East migration rates are detected in the humped rockcod. This leads us to conclude that, in G. gibberifrons, genetic differentiation is prevented by gene flow via larval dispersal with the ACC.
Data from: Spatial and temporal patterns of larval dispersal in a coral-reef fish metapopulation: evidence of variable reproductive success
Many marine organisms can be transported hundreds of kilometers during their pelagic larval stage, yet little is known about spatial and temporal patterns of larval dispersal. Although traditional population-genetic tools can be applied to infer movement of larvae on an evolutionary time scale, large effective population sizes and high rates of gene-flow present serious challenges to documenting dispersal patterns over shorter, ecologically-relevant, time scales. Here, we address these challenges by combining direct parentage analysis and indirect genetic analyses over a four-year period to document spatial and temporal patterns of larval dispersal in a common coral-reef fish: the bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus). At four island locations surrounding Exuma Sound, Bahamas, including a long-established marine reserve, we collected 3,278 individuals and genotyped them at 10 microsatellite loci. Using Bayesian parentage analysis, we identified eight parent-offspring pairs, thereby directly documenting dispersal distances ranging from 0 km (i.e., self-recruitment) to 129 km (i.e., larval connectivity). Despite documenting substantial dispersal and gene-flow between islands, we observed more self-recruitment events than expected if the larvae were drawn from a common, well-mixed pool (i.e., a completely open population). Additionally, we detected both spatial and temporal variation in signatures of sweepstakes and Wahlund effects. The high variance in reproductive success (i.e., "sweepstakes") we observed may be influenced by seasonal mesoscale gyres present in the Exuma Sound, which play a prominent role in shaping local oceanographic patterns. This study documents the complex nature of larval dispersal in a coral-reef fish, and highlights the importance of sampling multiple cohorts and coupling both direct and indirect genetic methods in order disentangle patterns of dispersal, gene-flow, and variable reproductive success.
Data from: From global to local genetic structuring in the red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata: the interplay between oceanographic conditions and limited larval dispersal
Defining the scale of connectivity among marine populations and identifying the barriers to gene flow are tasks of fundamental importance for understanding the genetic structure of populations and for the design of marine reserves. Here we investigated the population genetic structure at three spatial scales of the red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) a key species dwelling in the coralligenous assemblages of the Mediterranean Sea. Colonies of P. clavata were collected from 39 locations across the Mediterranean Sea from Morocco to Turkey and analysed using microsatellite loci. Within three regions (Medes, Marseille and North Corsica) sampling was obtained from multiple locations and at different depths. Three different approaches (measures of genetic differentiation, Bayesian clustering and spatially explicit maximum-difference algorithm) were used to determine the pattern of genetic structure. We identified genetic breaks in the spatial distribution of genetic diversity which were concordant with oceanographic conditions in the Mediterranean Sea. We revealed a high level of genetic differentiation among populations and a pattern of isolation by distance across the studied area and within the three regions, underlining short effective larval dispersal in this species. We observed genetic differentiation among populations in the same locality dwelling at different depths which may be explained by local oceanographic conditions and which may allow a process of local adaptation of the populations to their environment. We discuss the implications of our results for the conservation of the species which is exposed to various threats.
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