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229 results for “latitudinal gradient”
Mass per tiller, nitrogen concentration, stable isotope ratios for carbon and nitrogen from the 1980-82 Eriophorum vaginatum reciprocal transplant experiment along a latitudinal gradient in interior Alaska collected in July, 2011
In 1980-1982, six transplant gardens were established along a latitudinal gradient in interior Alaska from Eagle Creek, AK in the south to Prudhoe Bay, AK in the north. Three sites, Toolik Lake (TL), Sagwon (SAG), and Prudhoe Bay (PB) are north of the continental divide and the remaining three, Eagle Creek (EC), No Name Creek (NN), and Coldfoot (CF), are south of the continental divide. Each garden consisted of 10 individual Eriophorum vaginatum tussocks transplanted back to their home-site, as well as 10 individuals from each of the other transplant sites. The gardens were harvested in 2011. Important variables are garden name, source population, mass per tiller, nitrogen concentration, and stable isotope ratios for Carbon and Nitrogen.
Environmental and physiochemical controls on coral calcification along a latitudinal temperature gradient in Western Australia
<p>Supplementary data for: Environmental and physiochemical controls on coral calcification along a latitudinal temperature gradient in Western Australia</p>
Infaunal mollusca in 4 fjord along a long latitudinal gradient
<p>5 files are included in the object:</p> <ol> <li>Abundance data of the infaunal communities collected from two depth zones in four fjords along a long latitudinal gradient</li> <li>Biomass data of the infaunal communities collected from two depth zones in four fjords along a long latitudinal gradient</li> <li>Biological trait data for the collected taxa. Modalities for three biological traits are included (feeding mode, maximum size, life span)</li> <li>Habitat clasification for the studied locations</li> <li>R code for conducting RLQ analyses using the provided data</li> </ol>
Data for 'Weak latitudinal gradients in insect herbivory for dominant rangeland grasses of North America'
Data for Kent et al. Accepted manuscript in Ecology and Evolution, with abstract: Patterns of insect herbivory may follow predictable geographical gradients, with greater herbivory at low latitudes. However, biogeographic studies of insect herbivory often do not account for multiple abiotic factors (e.g. precipitation, soil nutrients) that could underlie gradients. We tested for latitudinal clines in insect herbivory as well as climatic, edaphic, and trait-based drivers of herbivory. We quantified herbivory on five dominant grass species over 23 sites across the Great Plains, USA. We examined the importance of climate, edaphic factors, and traits as correlates of herbivory. Herbivory increased at low latitudes when all grass species were analysed together and for two grass species individually, while two other grasses trended in this direction. Higher precipitation was related to more herbivory for two species but less herbivory for a different species, while higher specific root length was related to more herbivory for one species and less herbivory for a different species. Taken together, results highlight that climate and trait-based correlates of herbivory can be highly contextual and species specific. Patterns of insect herbivory on dominant grasses supports the hypothesis that herbivory increases towards lower latitudes, though weakly, and indicates that climate change may have species-specific effects on plant-herbivore interactions.
Latitudinal gradient, MEND experiment, and BioGen experiment relating species richness and net primary productivity (NPP)
<p>Aboveground net primary productivity and species richness.</p>
Is there a latitudinal diversity gradient for symbiotic microbes? A case study with sensitive partridge peas
<p><span>Mutualism is thought to be more prevalent in the tropics than temperate zones and may therefore play an important role in generating and maintaining high species richness found at lower latitudes. However, results on the impact of mutualism on latitudinal diversity gradients are mixed, and few empirical studies sample both temperate and tropical regions. We investigated whether a latitudinal diversity gradient exists in the symbiotic microbial community associated with the legume <em>Chamaecrista</em> <em>nictitans</em>. We sampled bacteria DNA from nodules and the surrounding soil of plant roots across a latitudinal gradient (38.64 °N to 8.68 °N). Using 16S rRNA sequence data, we identified many non-rhizobial species within <em>C. nictitans </em>nodules that cannot form nodules or fix nitrogen. Species richness increased towards lower latitudes in the non-rhizobial portion of the nodule community but not in the rhizobial community. The microbe community in the soil did not effectively predict the non-rhizobia community inside nodules, indicating that host selection is important for structuring non-rhizobia communities in nodules. We next factorially manipulated the presence of three non-rhizobia strains in greenhouse experiments and found that co-inoculations of non-rhizobia strains with rhizobia had a marginal effect on nodule number and no effect on plant growth. Our results suggest that these non-rhizobia bacteria are likely commensals – species that benefit from associating with a host but are neutral for host fitness. Overall, our study suggests that temperate <em>C. nictitans</em> plants are more selective in their associations with the non-rhizobia community, potentially due to differences in soil nitrogen across latitude.</span></p>
Table 1 in Latitudinal Diversity Gradients in Free-living Microorganisms - Hoogenraadia a Key Genus in Testate Amoebae Biogeography
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Characters and distribution of six species of the genus <i>Hoogenraadia</i> (L – length, W – width). Many of the earlier papers do not report a sample size for number of tests measured – so it is possible that some of these data may be based on a very low sample size.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Species</th><th>Size <b>(</b>µm<b>)</b></th><th>Distribution regions and publication</th><th>Habitats</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>H. africana</i></th><td>L = 95–115, W = 47–60</td><td>Moyen-Congo (Gauthier-Lièvre and Thomas 1958), Guinea and Equatorial Guinea (Golemansky 1962), Brasil (Leiptniz <i>et al</i>. 2003), China (Qin <i>et al</i>. 2011)</td><td><i>Sphagnum</i>, water, river, forest marsh</td></tr><tr><th><i>H. asiatica</i></th><td>L = 95, W = 70</td><td>China (Wang and Min 1987)</td><td>Quaternary deposit</td></tr><tr><th><i>H. cryptostoma</i></th><td>L = 130–140, W = 105–110</td><td>Moyen-Congo (Gauthier-Lièvre and Thomas 1958), States of Parana, Mato Grosso du Sul, Brasil (Velho <i>et al</i>. 1996, 2000)</td><td>Swamp quite shady in the bed of a stream</td></tr><tr><th><i>H. humicola</i></th><td>L = 143–146, W = 96–100</td><td>Nepal, Himalayas (Bonnet 1977, 1978), Philippines (Bonnet 1980), Cote d’Ivoire, Africa (Bonnet 1976, 1978), Tonga and Western Samoa Islands (Korganova 1994), China (this paper)</td><td>Soils rich in organic debris in forest-gallery backwaters. The ground litter and sublitter horizons of white subtropical soils</td></tr><tr><th><i>H. ovata</i></th><td>L = 60–67, W = 36–39</td><td>Cote d’Ivoire, Africa (Bonnet 1976)</td><td>Soils rich in organic debris in forest-gallery backwaters</td></tr><tr><th><i>H. sylvatica</i></th><td>L = 82–93, W = 60–70</td><td>Punta Lara Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina (Vucetich 1974)</td><td>Moss in marginal forest</td></tr></tbody></table>
Exceptions to the rule: Relative roles of time, diversification rates and regional energy in shaping the inverse latitudinal diversity gradient
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Inverse latitudinal diversity gradients (i-LDG), whereby regional richness peaks outside the tropics, have rarely been investigated and their causes remain unclear. Here, we investigate three prominent explanations, postulating that species-rich regions have had (1) longer time to accumulate species, (2) faster diversification, and (3) more energy to support more diverse communities. These mechanisms have been shown to explain the tropical megadiversity, and we examine whether they can also explain i-LDG.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Global</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong>: Contemporary</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Amphibians, birds, mammals </p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We estimated the time for species accumulation, regional diversification rates, and regional energy for six tetrapod taxa (≈ 800 species). Then, we quantified the relative effects and interactions among these three classes of variables, using variance partitioning, and confirmed the results across alternative metrics for time (community phylometrics and BioGeoBEARS), diversification rates (BAMM and DR), and regional energy (past and current temperature, productivity).</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: While regional richness across each of the six taxa peaked in the temperate region, it varied markedly across hemispheres and continents. The effects of time, diversification rates, and regional energy varied greatly from one taxon to another, but high diversification rates generally emerged as the best predictor of high regional richness. The effects of time and regional energy were limited, with the exception of salamanders and cetaceans. </p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Together, our results indicate that the causes of i-LDG are highly taxon-specific. Consequently, large-scale richness gradients might not have a universal explanation and different causal pathways might converge on similar gradients. Moreover, regional diversification rates might vary dramatically between similar environments and, depending on the taxon, regional richness might or might not depend on the time for species accumulation. Together, these results underscore the complexity behind the formation of richness gradients, which might involve a symphony of variations on the interplay of time, diversification rates, and regional energy.</p>
Examining the diversity, stability and functioning of marine fish communities across a latitudinal gradient
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: As anthropogenic stressors on the biosphere intensify, understanding how communities respond to disturbances is critical. Biodiversity is often thought to promote the stability of communities over time and enhance ecosystem functioning. However, results have been inconsistent, and the multifaceted linkages among diversity, stability, and functioning under acute disturbances remain poorly understood. We experimentally tested the responses of marine fish communities to disturbance (i.e., acute habitat loss) across a diversity gradient spanning 35º degrees of latitude in the western Atlantic Ocean to assess the diversity-stability relationship and the interplay between diversity, stability, and fish biomass recovery (as a proxy for function) in marine fish communities.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Western Atlantic Ocean (Maine, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Florida [USA], Belize, and Panama).</p> <p><strong>Time</strong> <strong>period</strong>: 2016 – 2017</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Small, bottom-dwelling ('cryptobenthic') fishes</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Diversity showed a negative effect on community stability at both the regional (across docks) and local (within docks) scales. Similarly, local diversity was negatively correlated with ecosystem function. These effects are exacerbated by the habitat loss imposed via our experimental treatment.</p> <p><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>: Our results suggest that habitat loss may more intensively re-shuffle diverse, tropical communities, which impacts biomass recovery, our proxy of functioning. Contrary to ecological theory, in small-bodied, benthos-associated vertebrate communities, biodiversity may neither promote stability nor functioning, suggesting that human disturbances may be particularly impactful in tropical, high-diversity ecosystems.</p>
Twelve thousand recent limpets (Mollusca, Patellogastropoda) from a northeastern Pacific latitudinal gradient
<p>Provided here is an image and 2D shape library of 12,035 Recent patellogastropod limpet (Mollusca, Patellogastropoda) shells collected from the northeastern Pacific along a latitudinal gradient ranging from Alaska to Baja, California. 2D outline coordinate data and morphometric measurements were generated using macroscopic high-throughput imaging methods (<em>AutoMorph</em>: https://github.com/HullLab/AutoMorph) developed in P.M. Hull’s lab at Yale University.</p> <p>This dataset is composed of patellogastropoda from 1,256 University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) sample lots (metadata.tar.gz: Table 1). These lots represent multi-species assemblages collected from 353 unique localities along the western coast of North America (metadata.tar.gz: Table 2), ranging from Cape Yakataga, Alaska, United States (60°06’11N) to Cabo San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico (22°89’56N).</p> <p>Images and morphometric data are provided in 7 datasets:</p> <p><strong>1) boxed_full_images.zip: </strong>1,256 full-lot (overview) images with boxed object identified by the <em>segment</em> module.</p> <p><strong>2) zstacks.zip: </strong>image stacks for each of the 1,256 sample lots processed by <em>segment.</em> These image stacks may potentially be used to generate individual 3D height maps.</p> <p><strong>3) 2d_edfs_labeled.zip: </strong>12,035 individual extended-depth-of-focus (EDF) images produced by <em>focus</em>. A list of the individuals represented is provided in TableS1 in metadata.zip.</p> <p><strong>4) 2d_outlines.zip: </strong>12,035 EDF images with 2D outline overlays for quality control.</p> <p><strong>5) 2d_coordinates.zip: </strong>1,256 .csv files of the outline shape coordinates for all lots successfully processed with <em>AutoMorph</em>, including one file (all_coordinates_limpets.csv) with the coordinates for all 12,035 individuals extracted.</p> <p><strong>6) master_2d_measurements.csv: </strong>UCMP locality numbers, UCMP lot numbers, locality coordinates, object identification numbers output by AutoMorph, and morphometric data for all 12,035 individuals. Each individual has associated full-lot, individual EDF, 2D and outline images, as well as outline shape coordinates, all of which may be found in the .zip files listed above. Object identification numbers, which are used to link morphometric measurements with associated images, can be found in the column ‘object IDs’. Morphometric data provided includes major axis length, minor axis length, perimeter length, eccentricity, and rugosity, as well as aspect ratio and the height and width of the aspect rectangle. Locality coordinates are rounded to the nearest 0.1 degree to account for potential measurement uncertainty.</p> <p><strong>7) metadata.zip: </strong>A directory containing 5 tables in corresponding .xslx files. Table 1 provides UCMP specimen and locality numbers, site names, rounded coordinates, and the number of individuals per UCMP lot. Table 2 provides the number of species per site, with locality numbers and species names also provided. Table 3 provides information on the species’ range minima and maxima observed in the present dataset, as well as the number of individuals per species. Table 4 provides a comparison of hand measurements and AutoMorph outputs for 41 specimens, used for measurement validation. Table 5 provides locality information mismatches for three UCMP specimen lots. Table S1 provides a list of all objects included in the dataset, including an indication of which objects have known locality coordinates.</p> <p>The dataset provided accompanies the manuscript “Twelve thousand Recent limpets (Mollusca, Patellogastropoda) from a northeastern Pacific latitudinal gradient” submitted to <em>Scientific Data.</em> This manuscript describes methods of data collection and contains important usage notes, and should thus be consulted before attempting to use the data provided here.</p> <p>This work was funded by the American Chemical Society PRF Grant #55837-DNI8 and by support from Yale University.</p>
Investigating historical drivers of latitudinal gradients in polyploid plant biogeography: A multi-clade perspective
<p><em>Premise of the Study</em></p> <p>The proportion of polyploid plants in a community increases with latitude, and different hypotheses have been proposed about which factors drive this pattern. Here, we aim to understand the historical causes of the latitudinal polyploidy gradient using a combination of ancestral state reconstruction methods. Specifically, we assess whether (1) polyploidization enables movement to higher latitudes (i.e., polyploidization precedes occurrences in higher latitudes) or (2) higher latitudes facilitate polyploidization (i.e., occurrence in higher latitudes precedes polyploidization).</p> <p><em>Methods</em></p> <p>We reconstruct the ploidy states and ancestral niches of 1,032 angiosperm species at four paleoclimatic time slices ranging from 3.3 million years ago to the present, comprising taxa from four well-represented clades: Onagraceae, Primulaceae, <em>Solanum</em> (Solanaceae), and Pooideae (Poaceae). We use ancestral niche reconstruction models alongside a customized discrete character evolution model to allow reconstruction of states at specific time slices. Patterns of latitudinal movement are reconstructed and compared in relation to inferred ploidy shifts.</p> <p><em>Key Results</em></p> <p>We find that no single hypothesis applies equally well across all analyzed clades. While significant differences in median latitudinal occurrence were detected in the largest clade, Poaceae, no significant differences were detected in latitudinal movement in any clade.</p> <p><em>Conclusions</em></p> <p>Our preliminary study is the first to attempt to connect ploidy changes to continuous latitudinal movement, but we cannot favor one hypothesis over another. Given that patterns seem to be clade-specific, a larger number of clades must be analyzed in future studies for generalities to be drawn.</p>
Figura 2 in Estructura y composición de las bandadas mixtas de aves invernales a lo largo del gradiente latitudinal en las selvas montanas de las Yungas, Argentina
Figura 2. (A) Análisis multivariado de similitud Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling entre la riqueza y los diferentes sitios de estudio de las selvas montanas de las Yungas de Argentina. (B) Análisis multivariado de similitud Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling entre la abundancia relativa y los diferentes sitios de estudio de las selvas montanas de las Yungas de Argentina. Figure 2. (A) Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling multivariate similarity analysis between richness and the different study sites of the subtropical montane forests of the Yungas of Argentina. (B) Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling multivariate similarity analysis between relative abundance and the different study sites of the subtropical montane forests of the Yungas of Argentina.
Figura 1 in Estructura y composición de las bandadas mixtas de aves invernales a lo largo del gradiente latitudinal en las selvas montanas de las Yungas, Argentina
Figura 1. Distribución de las Yungas en Argentina y ubicación de los sitios de estudio. Las líneas indican los diferentes sectores de las Yungas. Figura modificada de Fundación ProYungas, http://siga. proyungas.org.ar/mapas/ Figure 1. Distribution of the Yungas in Argentina and location of study sites. The lines indicate the different sectors of the Yungas. Figure modified from Fundación ProYungas, http://siga.proyungas. org.ar/mapas/
Data for: Plasticity in mosquito size and thermal tolerance across a latitudinal climate gradient
<p>Variations in heat tolerance among populations can determine whether a species can cope with ongoing climate change. Such variation may be especially important for ectotherms whose body temperatures, and consequently, physiological processes, are regulated by external conditions. Additionally, differences in body size are often associated with latitudinal clines, thought to be driven by climate gradients. While studies have begun to explore variation in body size and heat tolerance within species, our understanding of these patterns across large spatial scales, particularly regarding the roles of plasticity and genetic differences, remains incomplete. Here, we examine body size, as measured by wing length, and thermal tolerance, as measured by the time to immobilization at high temperatures ("thermal knockdown"), in populations of the mosquito <em>Aedes sierrensis</em> collected from across a large latitudinal climate gradient spanning 1300 km (34-44 °N). We find that mosquitoes collected from lower latitudes and warmer climates were more tolerant of high temperatures than those collected from higher latitudes and colder climates. Moreover, body size increased with latitude and decreased with temperature, a pattern consistent with James' rule, which appears to be a result of plasticity rather than genetic variation. Our results suggest that warmer environments produce smaller and more thermally tolerant populations.</p>
Variation in successional dynamics shape biodiversity patterns over a tropical-temperate latitudinal gradient
<p>Successional dynamics can vary due to a range of ecological and environmental factors, but our understanding of biogeographic variation in succession, and the processes contributing to community development across ecosystems, is limited. The pattern and rate of recruitment of dispersive propagules likely differs over large spatial scales and can be an important predictor of successional trajectory. Over a 20-degree tropical-temperate latitudinal gradient, we measured sessile invertebrates over 12 months of community development and successive 3-month recruitment windows to understand succession and how it is influenced by recruitment. Succession and recruitment patterns varied over latitude. In the tropics, fast temporal turnover, fluctuating abundances, and lack of successional progression suggest that the contribution of stochastic processes was high. As latitude increased, successional progression became more apparent, characterized by increasing species richness and community cover, and a shift to more competitive taxa over time. At temperate locations, species identities were similar between older communities and recruiting assemblages, however community composition became more variable across space over time. Such divergence suggests an important role of early colonisers and species interactions on community structure. These findings demonstrate differences in the processes contributing to community development and biodiversity patterns over latitude. Understanding such biogeographic variation in community dynamics and identifying the prevalence of different processes can provide insights into how communities assemble and persist in response to environmental variability.</p>
Fig. 2 in Elucidating nematode diversity and prevalence in moose across a wide latitudinal gradient using DNA metabarcoding
Fig. 2. Nematode component community in winter with a) the number of nematode taxa detected at each study area and b) the number of nematode taxa shared among study areas.
Fig. 3 in Elucidating nematode diversity and prevalence in moose across a wide latitudinal gradient using DNA metabarcoding
Fig. 3. Prevalence in each study area of the six most common nematodes detected. Whiskers indicate 95% confidence intervals.
Fig. 1. A in Elucidating nematode diversity and prevalence in moose across a wide latitudinal gradient using DNA metabarcoding
Fig. 1. A map showing the distribution of the five study areas across Norway ranging from 59.6◦N to 70.5◦N.
Patterns of functional diversity along latitudinal gradients of species richness in eleven fish families
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: As we enter an era of major biodiversity shifts, understanding large-scale biodiversity patterns has become crucial for ecological and conservation purposes. Often, conservation priorities are based on concepts derived largely from species richness, yet recent works show that different facets of biodiversity are also critical for proper ecosystem continuity, function, and services. One facet of biodiversity increasingly relevant to conservation is functional diversity. Here, we aim to improve our understanding of large-scale patterns of biodiversity by testing the hypothesis that species richness can also accurately estimate functional diversity along the latitudinal gradient of species richness in fish.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Marine Environments.</p> <p><strong>Time</strong> <strong>Period</strong>: Contemporary Major taxa studied: 842 species within eleven fish families; Acanthuridae, Blenniidae, Chaetodontidae, Gobiidae, Labridae, Lutjanidae, Pleuronectidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Scombridae, Sparidae.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Using geometric morphometrics to calculate morphological diversity, a proxy for functional diversity, we estimated expected functional diversity for a given number of species and compared it to the observed functional diversity in fish families along latitudes. We then fit a brokenstick regression model with estimates of functional diversity over absolute degree of latitudes to locate latitudes where significant shifts in functional diversity occur.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: We found that species richness typically over- or under-estimated functional diversity along the latitudinal gradient of species richness in the evaluated fishes. We also show that for most families investigated, there is a pattern of stable functional diversity from the equator through the tropics that shifts with a mean inflection point occurring at absolute latitude 31.7° ± 10.1°. We suggest this pattern may be linked to changes in environmental factors such as global temperature and/or habitat availability beyond tropical latitudes, however, these concepts require more study.</p> <p><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusion</strong>: This analysis shows the importance of further considering functional diversity in combination with other biodiversity metrics when developing conservation priorities and policies.</p>
Activity of a freshwater turtle varies across a latitudinal gradient: implications for the success of assisted colonisation
<p>The value of assisted colonisation as a response to climate change can only be realised if focal species are well suited to their new habitats. For ectotherms, new habitats must offer microclimates that promote crucial behaviours such as thermoregulation and foraging.</p> <p>The Western Swamp Turtle (Pseudemydura umbrina), a Critically Endangered species from southwestern Australia, serves as a global case-study of assisted colonisation in action. Initial trials where juvenile P. umbrina were released into wetter and cooler climates found that individuals spent considerable time at body temperatures that apparently limited their growth.</p> <p>Using high-resolution biologging data (temperature and depth), here we tested if turtle activity is thermally constrained in cooler latitudes by releasing 48 juveniles into seasonal swamps at three sites. One site was core natural habitat, and the other sites were wetlands 380 km apart that offered either warmer or cooler microclimates. Generalised additive mixed models were used to evaluate behaviours and time spent at optimal temperatures for approximately one month following release, and growth rates were measured and analysed after release until the end of the hydroperiod 4-5 months later.</p> <p>We found that turtles released into the most poleward (southern) wetland spent significantly less time active and basking and grew significantly less compared to turtles released further north. When analysed together, behavioural and growth datasets showed that activity was positively correlated with growth rates.</p> <p>We conclude that poor growth of turtles in the southern wetland was likely a result of lower body temperatures, stemming from a reduced ability to thermoregulate in water. Consequently, for assisted colonisation of P. umbrina to be successful, recipient wetlands must offer aquatic microclimates that are sufficiently warm to promote foraging activity that leads to growth, and ultimately to maturation.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.