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100 results for “legacy effects”
WAT03 Climate legacy effects shape tallgrass prairie nitrogen cycling
Climate change is expected to shift precipitation regimes in the North American Central Plains with likely impacts on ecosystem functioning. In tallgrass prairies, water and nitrogen (N) can co-limit ecosystem processes, so changes in precipitation may have complex effects on carbon (C) and N cycling. Rates of N supply such as N mineralization and nitrification respond differently to short- and long-term patterns in water availability, and previous climate patterns may exert legacy effects on current N cycling that could alter ecosystem sensitivity to current precipitation regimes. We used a long-term precipitation manipulation at Konza Prairie (Kansas, USA) to assess how previous and current precipitation influence tallgrass prairie N cycling. Supplemental irrigation was applied across upland and lowland prairie for ~25 years to reduce water deficits; in 2017, we reversed some of these treatments and added a reduced rainfall treatment across both historic rainfall regimes, allowing us to assess how previous climate and current rainfall patterns interact to shape N cycling. In lowland prairie, previous irrigation doubled N mineralization and nitrification rates the year following cessation of irrigation. Reduced microbial C/N ratio and lower relative investment in N-acquiring enzymes in previously irrigated lowlands suggested that a wetter climate created a legacy of increased N availability for microbes. Internal plant N resorption increased under short-term irrigation but recovered to ambient levels following previous irrigation. Together, these results suggest that a history of wetter conditions prairie can create a legacy of accelerated N cycling and with consequences for both plant and microbial functioning.
Within- and transgenerational stress legacy effects of ocean acidification on red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) growth and survival
<p>Understanding the mechanisms by which individual organisms respond and populations adapt to global climate change is a critical challenge. The role of plasticity and acclimation, within and across generations, may be essential given the pace of change. We investigated plasticity across generations and life stages in response to ocean acidification (OA), which poses a growing threat to both wild populations and the sustainable aquaculture of shellfish. Most studies of OA on shellfish focus on acute effects, and less is known regarding the longer-term carryover effects that may manifest within or across generations. We assessed these longer-term effects in red abalone (<em>Haliotis</em> <em>rufescens</em>) using a multi-generational split-brood experiment. We spawned adults raised in ambient conditions to create offspring that we then exposed to high pCO<sub>2</sub> (1,180 μatm; simulating OA) or low pCO<sub>2</sub> (450 μatm; control or ambient conditions) during the first three months of life. We then allowed these animals to reach maturity in ambient common garden conditions for four years before returning the adults into high or low pCO<sub>2</sub> treatments for 11 months and measuring growth and reproductive potential. Early-life exposure to OA in the F1 generation decreased adult growth rate, even after 5 years, especially when abalone were re-exposed to OA as adults. Adult, but not early-life exposure, to OA negatively impacted fecundity. We then exposed the F2 offspring to high or low pCO<sub>2</sub> treatments for the first three months of life in a fully factorial, split-brood design. We found negative transgenerational effects of parental OA exposure on survival and growth of F2 offspring, in addition to significant direct effects of OA on F2 survival. These results show that the negative impacts of OA can last within and across generations, but that buffering against OA conditions at critical life-history windows can mitigate these effects.</p>
Limited legacy effects of extreme multi-year drought on carbon and nitrogen cycling in a mesic grassland
<p>The intensification of drought throughout the US Great Plains has the potential to have large impacts on grassland functioning, as has been shown with dramatic losses of plant productivity annually. Yet, we have a poor understanding of how grassland functioning responds after drought ends. This study examined how belowground nutrient cycling responds after drought and whether legacy effects persist post-drought. We assessed the two-year recovery of nutrient cycling processes following a four-year experimental drought in a mesic grassland by comparing two different growing season drought treatments - chronic (each rainfall event reduced by 66%) and intense (all rain eliminated until 45% of annual rainfall was achieved) – to the control (ambient precipitation) treatment. At the beginning of the first growing season post-drought, we found that in situ soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux and laboratory-based soil microbial respiration were reduced by 42% and 22% respectively in the intense drought treatment compared to the control, but both measures had recovered by mid-season (July) and remained similar to the control treatment in the second post-drought year. We also found that extractable soil ammonium and total inorganic N were elevated throughout the growing season in the first year after drought in the intense treatment. However, these differences in inorganic N pools did not persist during the growing season of the second year post-drought. The remaining measures of C and N cycling in both drought treatments showed no post-drought treatment effects. Thus, although we observed short-term legacy effects following the intense drought, C and N cycling returned to levels comparable to non-droughted grassland within a single growing season regardless of whether the drought was intense or chronic in nature. Overall, these results suggest that key aspects of C and N cycling in mesic tallgrass prairie do not exhibit persistent legacies from four years of experimentally-induced drought.</p>
Data for: Soil legacy effects of plants and drought on aboveground insects in native and range-expanding plant communities
<p><span>Soils contain biotic and abiotic legacies of previous conditions that may influence plant community biomass and associated aboveground biodiversity. However, little is known about the relative strengths and interactions of the various belowground legacies on aboveground plant-insect interactions. We used an outdoor mesocosm experiment to investigate the belowground legacy effects of range-expanding versus native plants, extreme drought, and their interactions on plants, aphids, and pollinators. We show that plant biomass was influenced more strongly by the previous plant community than by a previous summer drought. Plant communities consisted of four congeneric pairs of natives and range expanders, and their responses were not unanimous. </span><span>Legacy effects affected the abundance of aphids more strongly than pollinators</span><span>. We conclude that historical climate warming-induced plant latitudinal range expansion and extreme drought contingencies can be contained as soil 'memories' that influence plant performance and aboveground community interactions in the next growing season.</span></p>
Data from: Rhizosphere bacterial community composition depends on plant species identity and soil legacy effects
<p>This record contains supplementary information for the article "Rhizosphere bacterial community composition depends on plant diversity legacy in soil and plant species identity".</p> <p><strong>Supplemental Table S1.</strong> The table contains the annotation for all the samples sequenced and analyzed.</p> <p><strong>Supplemental Table S2. </strong>The table contains all primer sequences used in the study.</p> <p><strong>Supplemental Table S3.</strong> The zip-file contains a table with the taxonomic annotation of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified in the study.</p> <p><strong>Supplemental Table S4. </strong> The zip-file contains a table with sequence counts of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified in the study.</p> <p><strong>Supplemental Table S5. </strong>The workbook contains a sheet with the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) exhibiting differential abundance in any of the contrasts tested in this study. Note that “down/up” indicates whether the OTU was less (“down”) or more (“up”) abundant in the first group of the contrast. For example, given the contrast “PH_mix_vs_mon_”, “down” corresponds to higher abundance in the pots from the monoculture plant history. Conversely, “up” refers to higher abundance in the pots from the mixed culture plant history. In addition, the workbook contains one sheet per contrast with the logBaseMean (log2 of the average normalized abundance across all samples), the logFC (log2 of the fold-change), the <em>P</em>-value, and the adjusted <em>P</em>-value (FDR). Only OTUs with a <em>P</em>-value <= 0.05 or an adjusted <em>P</em>-value (FDR) <= 0.1 are given.</p> <p><strong>Supplemental Table S6. </strong>The table contains the number of bacterial OTUs annotated with a given bacterial phylum.</p> <p><strong>Supplemental Table S7. </strong>The table contains all phyla tested for enrichment/depletion in the set of OTUs with an increased abundance in monoculture and mixed culture soils respectively. “Total counts (all OTUs)” corresponds to the total number of all OTUs annotated with a given phyla (reference set). “Observed” corresponds to the number of OTUs annotated with a given phyla in the set OTUs with increased abundance in monoculture/mixed culture soils (test set). "Expected" gives the number of OTUs which would be expected to be annotated with a given phyla if the test set were randomly sampled from the reference set.</p> <p><strong>Supplemental File S1.</strong> The zip-file contains a fasta file with the 10'205 OTU sequences identified in the study.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Alpine range by species input to simulations that reveal climate and legacy effects
<p>Whether the distribution and assembly of plant species are adapted to current climates or legacy effects poses a problem for their conservation during ongoing climate change. The alpine regions of southern and central Europe (SACEU) are compared to those of the western US and Canada (WUSAC) because they differ in their geographies and histories. Individual-based simulation experiments disentangled the role of geography in species adaptations and legacy effects in four combinations: approximations of observed alpine geographies vs. regular lattices with the same number of regions (realistic and null representations), and virtual species with responses to either climatic or simple spatial gradients (adaptations or legacy effects). Additionally, dispersal distances were varied using five Gaussian kernels. Because the similarity of pairs of regional species pools indicated the processes of assembly at extensive spatiotemporal scales and is a measure of beta diversity, this output of the simulations was correlated to observed similarity for Europe and North America. In North America, correlations were highest for simulations with approximated geography and location-adapted species; those in Europe had their highest correlation with the lattice pattern and climate-adapted species. Only SACEU correlations were sensitive to dispersal limitation. The southern and central European alpine areas are more isolated and with more distinct climates to which species are adapted. In the western US and Canada, less isolation and more mixing of species from refugia have caused location to mask climate adaptation. Among continents, the balance of explanatory factors for the assembly of regional species pools will vary with their unique historical biogeographies, with isolation lessening disequilibria.</p>
Dataset to Schiedung et al (2023): Soil carbon losses due to priming moderated by adaptation and legacy effects
<p>Data set to: Schiedung et al. (2023) Soil carbon losses due to priming moderated by adaptation and legacy effects, Nature Geoscience</p> <p>All file informations are presented in 0_Read_me_description.csv</p> <p>All .csv files are separated by ",". All .xlsx files contain the isotopic excess calculations condcuted in Microsoft Excel (Version 2301 Build 16.0.16026.20002).</p> <p>This repository contains all data of the soils and sites, incubation and fractionation presented in the above mentioned publication.</p> <p>For further questions and requests contact Marcus Schiedung (marcusschiedung@gmail.com)</p>
Data and code from: Soil decomposer can regulate the legacy effect of photodegradation on forest marcescent litter decomposition, but emerging microplastics disrupt this
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data for: Soil legacy effects of plants and drought on aboveground insects in native and range-expanding plant communities
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Limited legacy effects of extreme multi-year drought on carbon and nitrogen cycling in a mesic grassland
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Within- and transgenerational stress legacy effects of ocean acidification on red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) growth and survival
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Alpine range by species input to simulations that reveal climate and legacy effects
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Local soil legacy effects in a multi-species grassland community are underlain by root foraging and soil nutrient availability
<p>1. Plant soil legacies consisting of species-specific microbial communities are hypothesized to play a critical, structuring role in plant species co-existence processes. Plant species are thought to perform worse on soil conditioned by the same species compared to soil of other species, which serves as a self-limitation mechanism and averts mono-dominance of strong competitors. Here we test in a multi-species community setting, whether root colonisation and resource utilisation of soil patches with distinct soil legacies, are consistent with this hypothesis. 2. We grew eight grassland species together in an outdoor mesocosm setup in unconditioned soil and created soil patches in these communities conditioned by one of four plant species, or a soil mixture of all four. During two subsequent growing seasons, we tested the effect of these conditioned soil patches on belowground root colonisation into the patches of each surrounding plant species using a novel sequencing based approach. In addition, we tested the effect of soil conditioning on local root functioning by injecting tracers into the soil patches and measuring the recovery in aboveground biomass. 3. Against expectations, plant species did not place less roots in own soil patches compared to foreign soil patches, nor did species take up less tracer from own compared to foreign soil patches. Using structural equation modelling, we found that tracer uptake of the plant species was to a varying degree explained by root densities in the various soil patches and by differing soil nutrient availability of the soil patches. We conclude that soil legacy effects are inextricably connected to soil nutrient availability, which needs to be taken into account in plant-soil feedback research to understand the processes that shape plant communities. 4. Synthesis. We found that soil legacy effects in complex, multi-species semi-field conditions did not match expectations based on theory and experiments in controlled conditions. Among the many complicating factors that may modify or even overrule soil legacy effects in semi-field settings, we identified soil nutrient availability as a critical force that may, together with soil biota, shape plant species co-existence processes.</p>
Legacy effects of fish but not elevation influence lake ecosystem response to environmental change
<p>How communities reorganize during climate change depends on the distribution of diversity within ecosystems and across landscapes. Understanding how environmental and evolutionary history constrain community resilience is critical to predicting shifts in future ecosystem function. </p> <p>The goal of our study was to understand how communities with different histories respond to environmental change with regard to shifts in elevation (temperature, nutrients) and introduced predators. We hypothesized that community responses to the environment would differ in ways consistent with local adaptation and initial trait structure. </p> <p>We transplanted plankton communities from lakes at different elevations with and without fish in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California to mesocosms at different elevations with and without fish. We examined the relative importance of the historical and experimental environment on functional (size structure, effects on lower trophic levels), community (zooplankton composition, abundance, and biomass), and population (individual species abundance and biomass) responses.</p> <p>Communities originating from different elevations produced similar biomass at each elevation despite differences in species composition; that is, the experimental elevation, but not the elevation of origin, had a strong effect on biomass. Conversely, we detected a legacy effect of predators on plankton in the fishless environment. <em>Daphnia pulicaria</em> that historically coexisted with fish reached greater biomass under fishless conditions than those from fishless lakes, resulting in greater zooplankton community biomass and larger average size. </p> <p>Therefore, trait variation among lake populations determined the top-down effects of fish predators. In contrast, phenotypic plasticity and local diversity were sufficient to maintain food web structure in response to changing environmental conditions associated with elevation. </p>
Legacy effect of grazing intensity mediates the bottom-up controls of resource addition on soil food webs
<p>1. Large-scale studies have demonstrated that nitrogen (N) and water (W) availability greatly affect terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, and this is especially true for the resource-poor semi-arid grasslands. Yet, experimental evidence is lacking for how N and W availability affect soil food webs across historical grazing intensity-altered environments at a local scale.</p> <p>2. Here, we included N- and W-addition treatments in an 8-year grazing experiment (with four grazing intensities) to determine how the legacy effects of grazing intensity mediate the responses of key components of soil food webs (plants, microorganisms, and nematodes) to resource addition in a semi-arid grassland.</p> <p>3. After 4 years of N- and W-addition treatments (with no grazing during that 4-year period), we found that a legacy of grazing, even light grazing, had significant negative effects on the components of plant community and soil food webs. Both N and W addition increased above- and below-ground plant biomass, especially under moderate and heavy grazing. N addition had negative effects on the biomass of bacteria under no grazing, while W addition increased the biomass of actinomycetes under light grazing. N addition decreased the abundance of omnivorous + carnivorous nematodes under light and heavy grazing, while W addition increased their abundance under heavy grazing. Overall, the effects of resource addition on soil food webs progressively decreased from the lowest trophic level (primary producers, i.e., plants), to intermediate tropic levels (microorganisms and root-feeding nematodes), to higher trophic levels (microbial-feeding nematodes and omnivorous + carnivorous nematodes).</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications. Our results, which are the first data concerning the effects of resource addition on key components of soil food webs across a historical grazing-induced environmental gradient, show that the strong bottom-up controls of resource addition on soil food webs are mediated by the legacy of grazing intensity. These finding should be useful for predicting the responses of grassland ecosystems to future climate change and suggest that the recovery of degraded grasslands will require more than restoration measure of resource inputs alone.</p>
Data from: Indirect legacy effects of an extreme climactic event on a marine megafaunal community
While extreme climactic events (ECEs) are predicted to become more frequent, reliably predicting their impacts on consumers remains challenging– particularly for large consumers in marine environments. Many studies that do evaluate ECE effects focus primarily on direct effects, though indirect effects can be equally or more important. Here, we investigate the indirect impacts of the 2011 "Ningaloo Niño" marine heatwave ECE on a diverse megafauna community in Shark Bay, Western Australia. We use an 18 year community level dataset before (1998-2010) and after (2012-2015) the heatwave to assess the effects of seagrass loss on the abundance of seven consumer groups: sharks, sea snakes (multiple species), Indo-pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), dugongs (Dugong dugon), green turtles (Chelonia mydas), loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), and pied cormorants (Phalacrocorax spp.). We then assess whether seagrass loss influences patterns of habitat use by the latter five groups, which are under risk of shark predation. Sharks catch rates were dominated by the generalist tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) and changed little, resulting in constant apex predator density despite heavy seagrass degradation. Abundances of most other consumers declined markedly as food and refuge resources vanished, with the exception of generalist loggerhead turtles. Several consumer groups significantly modified their habitat use patterns in response to the die-off, but only bottlenose dolphins did so in a manner suggestive of a change in risk-taking behavior. We show that ECEs can have strong indirect effects on megafauna populations and habitat use patterns in the marine environment, even when direct effects are minimal. Our results also show that indirect impacts are not uniform across taxa or trophic levels and suggest that generalist marine consumers are less susceptible to indirect effects of ECEs than specialists. Such non-uniform changes in populations and habitat use patterns have implications for community dynamics, such as the relative strength of direct predation and predation risk. Attempts to predict ecological impacts of ECEs should recognize that direct and indirect effects often operate through different pathways and that taxa can be strongly impacted by one even if resilient to the other.
Data from: Legacy effects of developmental stages determine the functional role of predators
Predators are instrumental in structuring natural communities and ecosystem processes. The strong effects of predators are often attributed to their high trophic position in the food web. However, most predators have to grow and move up the food chain before reaching their final trophic position and during this developmental process, their traits, interactions, and abundances change. Here we show that this process of "moving up" the food chain during development strongly determines the ecological role of a predator. By experimentally manipulating the succession of developmental stages of a predatory salamander in seasonal aquatic ecosystem, we found that effects of this apex predator on the ecosystem typically declined with age and size. Furthermore, younger, smaller predator stages had long-lasting effects on community structure and ecosystem function that determined effects of subsequent older, larger stages. Consequently, legacy effects of early stages largely shaped the impact of the predator on the ecosystem, which could not simply be inferred from its final trophic position. Our results highlight that accounting for all life stages when managing natural populations is crucial to preserve functioning of natural ecosystems, especially given that early life stages of species are often particularly vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic disturbances.
Data from: Legacy effects of land use on soil nitrous oxide emissions in annual crop and perennial grassland ecosystems
Land use conversions into and out of agriculture may influence soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas fluxes for many years. We tested the legacy effects of land use on cumulative soil nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes for five years following conversion of 22 year-old Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands and conventionally tilled agricultural fields (AGR) to continuous no-till corn, switchgrass, and restored prairie. An unconverted CRP field served as a reference. We assessed the labile soil C pool of the upper 10 cm in 2009 (the conversion year) and in 2014 using short-term soil incubations. We also measured in situ soil N2O fluxes biweekly from 2009 through 2014 using static chambers except when soils were frozen. The labile C pool was ~2-fold higher in soils previously in CRP than in those formerly in tilled cropland. Five-year cumulative soil N2O emissions were ~3-fold higher in the corn system on former CRP than on former cropland despite similar fertilization rates (~184 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The lower cumulative emissions from corn on former cropland were similar to emissions from switchgrass that was fertilized less (~57 kg N ha-1 yr-1), regardless of former land use, and lowest emissions were observed from the unfertilized restored prairie and reference systems. Findings support the hypothesis that soil labile carbon levels modulate the response of soil N2O emissions to nitrogen inputs, with soils higher in labile carbon but otherwise similar – in this case reflecting land use history – responding more strongly to added nitrogen.
Legacy effects of four decades of insecticide applications on contemporary benthic macroinvertebrates in eastern Canadian rivers
<p>These files support the manuscript "Legacy effects of four decades of insecticide applications on contemporary riverine benthic macroinvertebrates," which has been published in <em>Environmental Pollution </em>(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126397). This manuscript evaluates the relative importance of historical insecticide applications and modern environmental variables in explaining benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages at 274 sites across the province of New Brunswick, Canada.</p> <p>No new data was generated for the work described in this manuscript. Historical insecticide application data for the province of New Brunswick were taken from Heartz et al. 2023 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4068">https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4068</a>), and benthic macroinvertebrate data were downloaded from the publicly available CABIN database (<a href="https://open.canada.ca/data">https://open.canada.ca/data</a>, record ID 13564ca4-e330-40a5-9521-bfb1be767147). The authors cannot make their compiled data set publicly available because the subset of CABIN data used for this analysis includes privately maintained data that are only available upon request from respective stakeholders. Please contact the corresponding author for guidance on obtaining these data directly from CABIN. </p> <p>The attached files include</p> <ul> <li><strong>analysis_R_scripts</strong>: All R codes required to reproduce our analysis. <ul> <li><em>01_cabin_prep_BMI_data</em> cleans the CABIN benthic macroinvertebrate data for analysis.</li> <li><em>02_cabin_prep_env_data</em> cleans the CABIN site-level environmental data for analysis.</li> <li><em>03_pesticide_etl_calculation</em> calculates the estimated toxicity load (ETL) in each reach and catchment we studied. </li> <li><em>04_ pesticide_apps_per_year</em> calculates the number of years each insecticide was applied in each reach and catchment we studied.</li> <li><em>05_site_year_selection_script</em> subsets the CABIN data to include only one observation per site and calculates univariate indices (e.g., %EPT) for each site.</li> <li><em>06_data_merge_for_analysis</em> compiles all data (insecticide applications and environmental variables at the reach and catchment scales + CABIN macroinvertebrate and site-level environmental data)</li> <li><em>07_univariate_analysis</em> performs multiple regression analysis with the merged data.</li> <li><em>08_mulivariate_analysis_familydata</em> performs PCA and RDA analysis with the merged data.</li> <li><em>09_misc_figures</em> renders figures used in the manuscript text.</li> <li><em>10_site_year_selection_100x</em> loops over script #5 100x to confirm that our results were robust to data subsetting and imputation.</li> <li><em>11_data_merge_100x</em> loops over script #6 100x to confirm that our results were robust to data subsetting and imputation.</li> <li><em>12_univariate_analysis_100x</em> loops over script #7 100x to confirm that our results were robust to data subsetting and imputation.</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Data from: Foliar herbivory creates subtle soil legacy effects that alter future herbivores via changes in plant community biomass allocation
<p>Plants leave legacy effects in the soil they grow in, which can drive important vegetation processes, including productivity, community dynamics and species turnover. Plants at the same time also face continuous pressure posed by insect herbivores. Given the intimate interactions between plants and herbivores in ecosystems, plant identity and herbivory are likely to interactively shape soil legacies. However, the mechanisms that drive such legacy effects on future generations of plants and associated herbivores are little known.<br> In a greenhouse study, we exposed ten common grasses and non-leguminous forbs individually to insect herbivory by two closely related noctuid caterpillars, <i>Mamestra brassicae</i> and <i>Trichoplusia ni</i> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) or kept them free of herbivores. We then used the soil legacies created by these plant individuals to grow a plant community composed of all ten plant species in each soil, and exposed these plant communities to <i>M. brassicae</i>. We measured conditioning plant biomass, soil respiration and chemistry of the conditioned soils, as well as individual plant, plant community and herbivore biomass responses.</p> <p>At the end of the conditioning phase, soils with herbivore legacies had higher soil respiration, but only significantly so for <i>M. brassicae</i>. Herbivore legacies had minimal impacts on community productivity. However, path models reveal that herbivore-induced soil legacies affected responding herbivores through changes in plant community shoot: root ratios. Soil legacy effect patterns differed between functional groups. We found strong plant species and functional group-specific effects on soil respiration parameters, which in turn led to plant community shifts in grass: forb biomass ratios. Soil legacies were negative for the growth of plants of the same functional group. </p> <p><strong>Synthesis:</strong><i> </i>We show that insect herbivory, plant species and their functional groups, all incur soil microbial responses that lead to subtle (herbivory) or strong (plants and their functional group) effects in response plant communities and associated polyphagous herbivores. Hence, even though typically ignored, our study emphasizes that legacies of previous insect herbivory in the soil can influence current soil-plant-insect community interactions.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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