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58 results for “life-history stages”
Time spent in distinct life-history stages has sex-specific effects on reproductive fitness in wild Atlantic salmon
<p><span>In species with complex life cycles, life history theory predicts that fitness is affected by conditions encountered in previous life history stages. Here, we use a four-year pedigree to investigate if time spent in two distinct life history stages has sex-specific reproductive fitness consequences in anadromous Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>). We determined the amount of years spent in fresh water as juveniles (freshwater age, FW, measured in years), and years spent in the marine environment as adults (sea age, SW, measured in sea winters) on 264 sexually mature adults collected on a river spawning ground. We then estimated reproductive fitness as the number of offspring (reproductive success) and the number of mates (mating success) using genetic parentage analysis (>5000 offspring). Sea age is significantly and positively correlated with reproductive and mating success of both sexes whereby older and larger individuals gained the highest reproductive fitness benefits (females: 62.2% increase in offspring/SW and 34.8% increase in mate number/SW; males: 201.9% offspring/SW and 60.3% mates/SW). Younger freshwater age was significantly related to older sea age and thus increased reproductive fitness, but only among females (females: -33.9% offspring/FW and -32.4% mates/FW). This result implies that females can obtain higher reproductive fitness by transitioning to the marine environment earlier. In contrast, male mating and reproductive success was unaffected by freshwater age and more males returned at a younger age than females despite the reproductive fitness advantage of later sea age maturation. Our results show that the timing of transitions between juvenile and adult phases has a sex-specific consequence on female reproductive fitness, demonstrating a life-history trade-off between maturation and reproduction in wild Atlantic salmon.</span></p>
Time spent in distinct life-history stages has sex-specific effects on reproductive fitness in wild Atlantic salmon
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FIGURE 9 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 9. Astrapogon juveniles: (A) Astrapogon puncticulatus, USNM 393404, 14 mm SL, 5488, reared specimen; (B) Astrapogon stellatus, USNM 393413, 10 mm SL, 6449, reared specimen; (C) Astrapogon stellatus, USNM 393413, 13 mm SL, 6450, reared specimen.
FIGURE 8 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 8. Astrapogon larvae: (A) Astrapogon alutus, 5 mm SL, 6041; (B) Astrapogon alutus, 6 mm SL, 6040; (C) Astrapogon stellatus, 7 mm SL, 6038; (D) Astrapogon puncticulatus, 9.5 mm SL, 4449; (E) Astrapogon puncticulatus, USNM 393909, 12 mm SL, 5396; (F) Astrapagon puncticulatus, USNM 393407, 13 mm SL, 7125; (G) Astrapagon puncticulatus, 8.5mm SL, 7262.
FIGURE 3 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 3. Phaeoptyx juveniles: (A) Phaeoptyx conklini, USNM 393373, 22 mm SL, 5144; (B) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393352, 19 mm SL, 6371; (C) Phaeoptyx xenus, USNM 393399, 21 mm SL, 7741.
FIGURE 2 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 2. Phaeoptyx larvae: (A) Phaeoptyx conklini, 12 mm SL, 5039; (B)Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393356, 15 mm SL, 7013, (C) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393358, 15.5 mm SL, 7080; (D) Phaeoptyx xenus, 8 mm SL, 6161.
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 sequences showing three genetically distinct lineages of Belizean Phaeoptyx.
FIGURE 7. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 7. Neighbor-joining tree derived from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 sequences showing three genetically distinct lineages of Belizean Astrapogon.
FIGURE 4 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 4. Phaeoptyx adults: (A) Phaeoptyx conklini, USNM 393372, 40 mm SL, 5143; (B) Phaeoptyx conklini, USNM 393376, 30 mm SL, 5303; (C) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393338, 30 mm SL, 5269; (D) Phaeoptyx pigmentaria, USNM 393327, 38 mm SL, 5052; (E) Phaeoptyx xenus, USNM 393395, 38 mm SL, 6298; (F) Phaeoptyx xenus, USNM 393393, 28 mm SL, 5465.
FIGURE 5 in Genetic identification and color descriptions of early life-history stages of Belizean Phaeoptyx and Astrapogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae) with Comments on identification of adult Phaeoptyx
FIGURE 5. Teeth of Phaeoptyx conklini (A), USNM 365171, 38 mm SL, and Phaeoptyx pigmentaria (B), USNM 347318, 19 mm SL.
Life-history stage and the population genetics of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus at a fine spatial scale
<p>As a widespread vector of disease, the mosquito species <em>Aedes albopictus </em>Skuse<em> </em>(Diptera: Culicidae) is a high priority for both public health and invasive species research and management. Like all mosquitoes, <em>A. albopictus </em>has a complex life history with aquatic egg, larval, and pupal stages and a terrestrial adult stage. This requires targeted management strategies for each life stage, coordinated across time and space. Researchers use population genetics to inform control of <em>A. albopictus</em>. However, these studies do not consider the impact on life stage on population genetic characteristics and subsequent conclusions. Our objective was to examine whether the life stage impacted patterns of <em>A. albopictus </em>genetic diversity and differentiation at a spatial scale relevant to management efforts. We first conducted a literature review of field-caught <em>A. albopictus </em>population genetic papers and identified 74 peer-reviewed publications, none of which compared results between life stages.<em> </em>We them examined population genetic patterns of egg and adult <em>A. albopictus </em>at five sites in Wake County, North Carolina USA using 8,425 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found that level of genetic diversity and connectivity between sites varied between adults and eggs. This warrants further study and is critical for research aimed at informing local management.</p>
Data from: Winter territory prospecting is associated with life-history stage but not activity in a passerine
Finding a high quality territory is essential for many animals to reproduce successfully. Despite its importance for fitness, we know little about the process of territory prospecting in wild birds, and whether individual traits and behaviours, such as personality, co-vary with territory prospecting. Here, we use long-term data from a wild, insular house sparrow Passer domesticus population to test three hypotheses about territory fidelity and prospecting: (1) House sparrows show high territory fidelity between years and also during winter. (2) Individuals will prospect for a breeding territory during their first winter whereas older, more experienced individuals will keep a territory from previous years and will, therefore, show no or reduced winter territory prospecting. (3) More active behavioural types will prospect more than less active behavioural types. We use data from four winters from automatically, daily recorded nest-box visits of 188 birds of known age. The number of nest-boxes that each individual visited within each winter was used as a proxy of winter territory prospecting. We show that house sparrows visit multiple nest-boxes during their first winter, whereas older individuals keep territories year-round and, potentially because of this, indeed show reduced winter territory prospecting. Activity was not associated with the number of nest-boxes visited. Further research is needed to investigate whether time of territory and mate acquisition differs among individuals and the possible effect on lifetime fitness.
Greater Prairie-chicken data used in "Responses to land cover and grassland management vary across life-history stages for a grassland specialist"
<p>Grassland birds have exhibited dramatic and widespread declines since the mid-20th century. Greater Prairie-Chickens (<i>Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus</i>) are considered an umbrella species for grassland conservation and are frequent targets of management, but their responses to land use and management can be quite variable. We used data collected during 2007-2009 and 2014-2015 to investigate effects of land use and grassland management practices on habitat selection and survival rates of Greater Prairie-Chickens in central Wisconsin, USA. We examined habitat, nest-site, and brood-rearing site selection by hens and modeled effects of land cover and management on survival rates of hens, nests, and broods. Prairie-chickens consistently selected grassland over other cover types, but selection or avoidance of management practices varied among life-history stages. Hen, nest, and brood survival rates were influenced by different land cover types and management practices. At the landscape scale, hens selected areas where brush and trees had been removed during the previous year, which increased hen survival. Hens selected nest sites in hay fields and brood-rearing sites in burned areas, but prescribed fire had a negative influence on hen survival. Brood survival rates were positively associated with grazing and were highest when home ranges contained ≈15-20% shrub/tree cover. The effects of landscape composition on nest survival were ambiguous. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of evaluating responses to management efforts across a range of life history stages, and suggest that a variety of management practices are likely necessary to provide structurally heterogeneous, high-quality habitat for Greater Prairie-Chickens. Brush and tree removal, grazing, hay cultivation, and prescribed fire may be especially beneficial for prairie-chickens in central Wisconsin, but trade-offs among life-history stages and the timing of management practices must be considered carefully.</p>
FIGURE 35. Apogon mosavi a in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding
FIGURE 35. Apogon mosavi a) juvenile, 15.5 mm SL, DNA # BLZ 7713, fresh specimen, photograph by C. Baldwin and L. Weigt; b) juvenile, 15.0 mm SL, DNA # BLZ 7122, photograph by J. Mounts.
FIGURE 28. Apogon quadrisquamatus Lineage A in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding
FIGURE 28. Apogon quadrisquamatus Lineage A, adult, 21.0 mm SL, DNA # BLZ 8291, photograph by C. Baldwin
FIGURE 22 in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding
FIGURE 22. Apogon maculatus, juvenile, 22.0 mm SL, DNA # BLZ 4551, photograph by J. Mounts and C. Baldwin.
FIGURE 18 in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding
FIGURE 18. Apogon pseudomaculatus, adult, 60.0 mm SL, DNA # CUR 11003, photograph by C. Castillo and C. Baldwin.
FIGURE 17 in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding
FIGURE 17. Apogon townsendi, larva, 11.0 mm SL, DNA # BLZ 6329, photograph by J. Mounts and C. Baldwin.
FIGURE 24 in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding
FIGURE 24. Apogon aurolineatus, adult, 30.0 mm SL, DNA # BLZ 6176, photograph by J. Mounts and C. Baldwin.
FIGURE 20 in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding
FIGURE 20. Apogon affinis, adult, 68.0 mm SL, DNA # CUR 11005, photograph by C. Castillo and C. Baldwin.
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