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24 results for “long-tailed macaques”
Data from: Cooperation with closely bonded individuals reduces cortisol levels in long-tailed macaques
<p><span>Many animal species cooperate with conspecifics in various social contexts. While ultimate causes of cooperation are being studied extensively, its proximate causes, particularly endocrine mechanisms, have received comparatively little attention. Here, we present a study investigating the link between the hormone cortisol, cooperation and social bonds in long-tailed macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>). We tested 14 macaques in a dyadic cooperation task (loose-string paradigm), each with two partners of different social bond strength and measured their salivary cortisol before and after the task. We found no strong link between the macaques' cortisol level before the task and subsequent cooperative success. In contrast, we did find that the act of cooperating in itself led to a subsequent decrease in cortisol levels, but only when cooperating with closely bonded individuals. Two control conditions showed that this effect was not due to the mere presence of such an individual or the pulling task itself. Consequently, our study shows an intricate way in which the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is involved in cooperation. Future studies should reveal whether and how our findings are driven by the anxiolytic effect of oxytocin, which has been associated with social bonding.</span></p>
Plate 1 in Population status and distribution assessment of Nicobar Long-Tailed Macaque Macaca Fascicularis Umbrosus (Miller, 1902) in Nicobar Group of Islands
Plate 1. Nicobar Long tailed Macaque in its natural forested habitat.
Data from: Social disappointment and partner presence affect long-tailed macaque refusal behaviour in an "inequity aversion" experiment
<p><span>Protest in response to unequal reward distribution is thought to have played a central role in the evolution of human cooperation. Some animals refuse food and become demotivated when rewarded more poorly than a conspecific, and this has been taken as evidence that non-human animals, like humans, protest in the face of inequity. An alternative explanation - social disappointment – shifts the cause of this discontent away from the unequal reward, to the human experimenter who could – but elects not to – treat the subject well. This study investigates whether social disappointment could explain frustration behaviour in long-tailed macaques, <em>Macaca</em> <em>fascicularis</em>. We tested 12 monkeys in a novel `inequity aversion' paradigm. Subjects had to pull a lever and were rewarded with low-value food; in half of the trials, a partner worked alongside the subjects receiving high-value food. Rewards were distributed either by a human or a machine. In line with the social disappointment hypothesis, monkeys rewarded by the human refused food more often than monkeys rewarded by the machine. </span>Our study extends previous findings in chimpanzees and suggests that social disappointment plus social facilitation or food competition effects drive food refusal patterns.</p>
Data from: Social disappointment and partner presence affect long-tailed macaque refusal behaviour in an "inequity aversion" experiment
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Data from: Cooperation with closely bonded individuals reduces cortisol levels in long-tailed macaques
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Assessing the sociodemographic factors associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection among free-ranging long-tailed Macaques in Thailand
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Acquisition of object-robbing and object/food-bartering behaviors: A culturally maintained token economy in free-ranging long-tailed macaques
<p>The token exchange paradigm shows that monkeys and great apes are able to use objects as symbolic tools to request specific food rewards. Such studies provide insights into the cognitive underpinnings of economic behavior in non-human primates. However, the ecological validity of these lab-based experimental situations tends to be limited. Our field research aims to address the need for a more ecologically valid primate model of trading systems in humans. Around the Uluwatu Temple in Bali, Indonesia, a large free-ranging population of long-tailed macaques spontaneously and routinely engage in token-mediated bartering interactions with humans. These interactions occur in two phases: after stealing inedible and more or less valuable objects from humans, the macaques appear to use them as tokens, by returning them to humans in exchange for food. Our field observational and experimental data showed (1) age differences in robbing/bartering success, indicative of experiential learning, and (2) clear behavioral associations between value-based token possession and quantity or quality of food rewards rejected and accepted by subadult and adult monkeys, suggestive of robbing/bartering payoff maximization and economic decision-making. This population-specific, prevalent, cross-generational, learned and socially influenced practice may be the first example of a culturally maintained token economy in free-ranging animals.</p>
On following pages: 16. Arunachal Macaque (Macaca munzala); 17. Tibetan Macaque (Macaca thibetana); 18. Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides); 19. Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis); 20. Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta); 21. Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata); 22. Taiwanese Macaque (Macaca cyclopis). in Cercopithecidae
On following pages: 16. Arunachal Macaque (Macaca munzala); 17. Tibetan Macaque (Macaca thibetana); 18. Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides); 19. Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis); 20. Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta); 21. Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata); 22. Taiwanese Macaque (Macaca cyclopis).
Data from: Estimating densities and spatial distribution of a commensal primate species, the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
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Acquisition of object-robbing and object/food-bartering behaviors: A culturally maintained token economy in free-ranging long-tailed macaques
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Data from: Secondary contact and genomic admixture between rhesus and long-tailed macaques in the Indochina Peninsula
Understanding the process and consequences of hybridization is one of the major challenges in evolutionary biology. A growing body of literature has reported evidence of ancient hybridization events or natural hybrid zones in primates, including humans; however, we still have relatively limited knowledge about the pattern and history of admixture because there have been little studies that simultaneously achieved genome-scale analysis and a geographically extensive sampling of wild populations. Our study applied double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing to samples from the six localities in and around the provisional hybrid zone of rhesus and long-tailed macaques and evaluated population structure, phylogenetic relationships, demographic history, and geographic clines of morphology and allele frequencies. A latitudinal gradient of genetic components was observed, highlighting the transition from rhesus (north) to long-tailed macaque distribution (south) as well as the presence of one northern population of long-tailed macaques exhibiting unique genetic structure. Interspecific gene flow was estimated to have recently occurred after an isolation period, and the migration rate from rhesus to long-tailed macaques was slightly greater than in the opposite direction. Although some rhesus macaque-biased alleles have widely introgressed into long-tailed macaque-populations, the inflection points of allele frequencies have been observed as concentrated around the traditionally recognized interspecific boundary where morphology discontinuously changed; this pattern was more pronounced in the X-chromosome than in autosomes. Thus, due to geographic separation before secondary contact, reproductive isolation could have evolved, contributing to the maintenance of an interspecific boundary and species-specific morphological characteristics.
Data from: Competition is crucial for social comparison processes in long-tailed macaques
Humans modulate their self-evaluations and behaviour as a function of conspecific presence and performance. In this study we tested for the presence of human-like social comparison effects in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). The monkeys' task was to extract food from an apparatus by pulling drawers within reach and we measured latency between drawer-pulls. Subjects either worked on the task with a partner who could access the apparatus from an adjacent cage, worked in the absence of a conspecific but with food moving towards the partner's side or worked next to a partner who was denied apparatus access. We further manipulated partner performance and competitiveness of the setup. We found no indication that long-tailed macaques compare their performance to the performance of conspecifics. They were not affected by the mere presence of the partner but they paid close attention to the partner's actions when they were consequential for food availability. If social comparison processes are present in long-tailed macaques, the present study suggests they may only manifest in situations involving direct competition and would thus be different from social comparisons in humans, which manifest also in the absence of direct competition, for example in evaluative contexts.
Data from: Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) can use simple heuristics but fail at drawing statistical inferences from populations to samples
Human infants, apes, and capuchin monkeys engage in intuitive statistics: they generate predictions from populations of objects to samples based on proportional information. This suggests that statistical reasoning might depend on some core knowledge that humans share with other primate species. To aid the reconstruction of the evolution of this capacity, we investigated whether intuitive statistical reasoning is also present in a species of Old World monkey. In a series of 4 experiments, 11 long-tailed macaques were offered different pairs of populations containing varying proportions of preferred vs. neutral food items. One population always contained a higher proportion of preferred items than the other. An experimenter simultaneously drew one item out of each population, hid them in her fists and presented them to the monkeys to choose. Although some individuals performed well across most experiments, our results imply that long-tailed macaques as a group did not make statistical inferences from populations of food items to samples but rather relied on heuristics. These findings suggest that there may have been convergent evolution of this ability in New World monkeys and apes (including humans).
Figure 1 in Population status and distribution assessment of Nicobar Long-Tailed Macaque Macaca Fascicularis Umbrosus (Miller, 1902) in Nicobar Group of Islands
Figure 1. Forest cover map of study area. Showing the different forest types across the Nicobar group of Islands. Forest cover map has been classified in to open-forest, moderate-dense forest, very dense forest, Scrubland, no forest and water bodies.
Figure 2 in Population status and distribution assessment of Nicobar Long-Tailed Macaque Macaca Fascicularis Umbrosus (Miller, 1902) in Nicobar Group of Islands
Figure 2. Elevation map of study area. SRTM 1-Arc Sec. Global data sets depicting elevation profiles across the Nicobar group of Islands. The colour ramp signifies the ranging from high to low elevation across the landscape, where red colour indicates the high elevation ranges and green showing the lower elevation ranges.
Figure 3 from: Md Zain B, Muhammad Abu Bakar A, Ruslin F, vui fui v, Abu M, Japning J, Abdul-Patah p, lakim m, Roos C, Yaakop S (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Malaysia's long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis, based on cytochrome b sequences. ZooKeys 407: 121-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.407.6982
Figure 3 - Neighbor joining phylogenetic tree using Kimura-2-Parameter algorithm with bootstrap values indicated on the branch.
Figure 1 from: Md Zain B, Muhammad Abu Bakar A, Ruslin F, vui fui v, Abu M, Japning J, Abdul-Patah p, lakim m, Roos C, Yaakop S (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Malaysia's long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis, based on cytochrome b sequences. ZooKeys 407: 121-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.407.6982
Figure 1 - Distribution of the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in Southeast Asia (Gumert et al. 2011).
Figure 4 from: Md Zain B, Muhammad Abu Bakar A, Ruslin F, vui fui v, Abu M, Japning J, Abdul-Patah p, lakim m, Roos C, Yaakop S (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Malaysia's long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis, based on cytochrome b sequences. ZooKeys 407: 121-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.407.6982
Figure 4 - The Bootstrap 50% majority rule consensus maximum parsimony tree of Macaca fascicularis populations. Bootstrap values are indicated on the branch.
Figure 5 from: Md Zain B, Muhammad Abu Bakar A, Ruslin F, vui fui v, Abu M, Japning J, Abdul-Patah p, lakim m, Roos C, Yaakop S (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Malaysia's long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis, based on cytochrome b sequences. ZooKeys 407: 121-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.407.6982
Figure 5 - Bayesian inference of the 50% majority rule consensus tree of Cyt b sequence of Macaca fascicularis populations with Bayesian posterior probability (PP) are accordingly indicated on the branch.
Data from: Secondary contact and genomic admixture between rhesus and long-tailed macaques in the Indochina Peninsula
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