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125 results for “male dimorphism”
Differences in Chemo-signaling Compound-Evoked Brain Activity in Male and Female Young Adults: A Pilot Study in the Role of Sexual Dimorphism in Olfactory Chemo-Signaling
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Figure 4. Iporangaia pustulosa male twisting the right tarsus IV in Mode of use of sexually dimorphic glands in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) with paternal care
Figure 4. Iporangaia pustulosa male twisting the right tarsus IV, rubbing it against the substrate (seta).
Data from: The evolution of sex similarities in social signals: Climatic seasonality is associated with lower sexual dimorphism and greater elaboration of female and male signals in antbirds (Thamnophilidae)
<p>Selection on signals that mediate social competition varies with resource availability. Climate regulates resource availability, which may affect the strength of competition and selection on signals. Traditionally, this meant that more seasonal, colder, or dryer – overall harsher – environments should favor the elaboration of male signals under stronger male-male competition, increasing sexual dimorphism. However, females also use signals to compete; thus, harsher environments could strengthen competition and favor elaboration of signals in both sexes, decreasing sexual dimorphism. Alternatively, harsher environments could decrease sexual dimorphism due to scarcer resources to invest in signal elaboration in both sexes. We evaluated these contrasting hypotheses in antbirds, a family of Neotropical passerines that varies in female and male signals and occurs across diverse climatic regimes. We tested the association of sexual dimorphism of plumage coloration and songs with temperature, precipitation and their seasonality. We found that greater seasonality is associated with lower sexual dimorphism in plumage coloration and greater elaboration of visual signals in both sexes, but not acoustic signals. Our results suggest that greater seasonality may be associated with convergent elaboration of female and male visual signals, highlighting the role of signals of both sexes in the evolution of sexual dimorphism.</p>
Fig 2 in Sexual Size Dimorphism In Free-Living Populations Of Mus Musculus: Are Male House Mice Bigger?
Fig 2. Variation in SSD during the first five weeks of postnatal development in five mice populations. SSD is expressed as Lowich-Gibbons ratios of mean body weight (see under Material and Methods)
Fig. 1 in Sexual Size Dimorphism In Free-Living Populations Of Mus Musculus: Are Male House Mice Bigger?
Fig. 1. Map of the studied localities: 1 = Czech Republic, 2 = The Balkans, 3 = Iran, 4 = Jordan, 5 = hybrids. See Material and Methods for coordinates of the localities
Рис. 3. Изменение ΔΛины теΛа у Bufo sachalinensis с возрастом: A — самки; B — самцы Fig. 3. The von Bertalanffy growth models for Bufo sachalinensis: A — females; B — males in Age structure and sexual dimorphism of the Far Eastern toad, Bufo sachalinensis Nikolsky, 1905 in the Ussurisky Nature Reserve
Рис. 3. Изменение ΔΛины теΛа у Bufo sachalinensis с возрастом: A — самки; B — самцы Fig. 3. The von Bertalanffy growth models for Bufo sachalinensis: A — females; B — males
Рис. 4. Поперечные срезы фаΛанг паΛьцев особей Bufo sachalinensis максимаΛьного возраста: A — шестиΛетний самец (L = 69.0 мм); B — семиΛетняя самка (L = 90.6 мм) Fig. 4. Cross-section image of phalanges of Bufo sachalinensis individuals of maximum age: A — six year old male (SVL = 69.0 mm); B — seven year old female (SVL = 90.6 mm) in Age structure and sexual dimorphism of the Far Eastern toad, Bufo sachalinensis Nikolsky, 1905 in the Ussurisky Nature Reserve
Рис. 4. Поперечные срезы фаΛанг паΛьцев особей Bufo sachalinensis максимаΛьного возраста: A — шестиΛетний самец (L = 69.0 мм); B — семиΛетняя самка (L = 90.6 мм) Fig. 4. Cross-section image of phalanges of Bufo sachalinensis individuals of maximum age: A — six year old male (SVL = 69.0 mm); B — seven year old female (SVL = 90.6 mm)
Figures 7-12 in Couples in phoretic copulation, a tool for male-female association in highly dimorphic insects of the wasp genus Dissomphalus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
Figures 7-12. (7-9) Female of Dissomphalus firmus from Panama: (7) habitus in lateral view; (8) head in dorsal view; (9) mesosoma in dorsal view. (10-12) Female of Dissomphalus rettenmeyeri from Panama: (10) habitus in lateral view; (11) head in dorsal view; (12) mesosoma in dorsal view. Scale bars: 100 µm.
Figure 17-19. Sexual dimorphism and aedeagus images. 17a in Fifteen new species of Sonoma Casey from the eastern United States and a description of the male of Sonoma tolulae (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
Figure 17-19. Sexual dimorphism and aedeagus images. 17a) Ventral aspect of abdomen, male (redrawn from Park 1942). 17b) Ventral aspect of abdomen, female. 18) Sonoma cygnus, aedeagus (dorsal view). 19) Sonoma parkorum, aedeagus (dorsal view). Scale lines equal 0.1 mm. Right side of Fig. 17-19 is anatomical left.
Data for: Highly contiguous genome assembly of Drosophila prolongata – a model for evolution of sexual dimorphism and male-specific innovations
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Data from: The evolution of sex similarities in social signals: Climatic seasonality is associated with lower sexual dimorphism and greater elaboration of female and male signals in antbirds (Thamnophilidae)
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Figure 1. Iporangaia pustulosa male touching the metatarsal gland IV in Mode of use of sexually dimorphic glands in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) with paternal care
Figure 1. Iporangaia pustulosa male touching the metatarsal gland IV on a leaf (seta).
Figure 2. Iporangaia pustulosa male rubbing the right metatarsus IV in Mode of use of sexually dimorphic glands in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) with paternal care
Figure 2. Iporangaia pustulosa male rubbing the right metatarsus IV against the substrate (seta).
Data from: Testosterone activates sexual dimorphism including male-typical carotenoid but not melanin plumage pigmentation in a female bird
In males it is frequently testosterone (T) that activates the expression of sexually selected morphological and behavioral displays, but the role of T in regulating similar traits in females is less clear. Here we combine correlational data with results from T and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) manipulations in both sexes to assess the role of T in mediating sexually dimorphic coloration and morphology in the red-backed fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus). We show that (1) natural variation in female expression of ornamental traits (darkened bills and red back feathers) are positively associated with age and circulating androgen titres, (2) females have the capacity to express most male-typical traits in response to exogenous T, including carotenoid-pigmented body plumage, shorter feathers, darkened bill, and enlarged cloacal protuberance, but (3) appear constrained in production of male-typical melanin-pigmented plumage, and (4) low androgen levels during the pre-nuptial molt, probably due to low ovarian capacity for steroid production (or LH-sensitivity), prevent females from developing male-like ornamentation. Thus, females appear to retain molecular mechanism for hormonally regulated male-typical ornamentation, although these are rarely activated because of insufficient production of the hormonal signal.
Data from: The role of male coloration and ornamentation in potential alternative mating strategies of the dimorphic jumping spider, Maevia inclemens
Polymorphism can arise across taxa due to various selection pressures and potentially lead to alternative mating or antipredator strategies. For male jumping spiders, sexual selection and predation risk are often intertwined when courting cannibalistic females and may be a driving factor in the polymorphism of the jumping spider, Maevia inclemens. The dimorphic males of M. inclemens differ dramatically in their complex courtship behavior and display traits that may function as alternative mating strategies to reduce female aggression and maximize mating success. We hypothesized that males of the "tufted" morph honestly communicate condition or body size to females with three conspicuous tufts of setae on their head and males of the "striped" morph reduce female aggression with coloration commonly found in aposematic animals (here, yellow-orange pedipalps and striped legs). We examined correlations between tuft length and symmetry and metrics of body size and condition in field-collected spiders and conducted prey color choice tests (with live color-manipulated prey) to determine if yellow-orange and striped prey are avoided. Tuft length was variable and correlated with male size (but not condition). All prey color types were attacked at equal rates, but spiders oriented to striped prey more often, suggesting that male stripes may attract female attention without increasing predation. This study provides insight into the potential functions of the different courtship and visual displays of M. inclemens males. Using jumping spiders to study polymorphism can provide new insight into how multiple morphs can evolve, as males use mating strategies not only to impress females but also avoid getting eaten by their potential mates.
Females pay little attention to variation in male display traits in a jumping spider with dimorphic males
<p><span>Dimorphic male alternative reproductive strategies typically involve divergent suites of morphological and behavioral traits to maximize reproductive success. Most instances of these strategies typically follow similar patterns of a larger, territorial or aggressive male morph and a smaller, satellite male morph. The genetically determined male morphs of the jumping spider, <em>Maevia</em> <em>inclemens</em>, have evolved dramatically different secondary sexual traits and courtship behavior, but do not seem to fit the classic mold of male alternative reproductive strategies. In the past several decades, advances have been made to better understand the different reproductive strategies between the morphs and how females (or predators) perceive them differently. However, the specific information content and function of their dimorphic morphological traits, and whether female aggression is an important factor in their evolution, is still not clearly understood. We tested two hypotheses for alternative mating strategies in <em>M. inclemens</em>. Tufted males have three tufts of setae above their eyes that may signal their mate quality. Striped males have contrasting black-and-white striped legs that may function as an aggression deterrent. We manipulated tuft length and the presence/absence of leg stripes and paired a single male with an unmated female in no-choice mating behavior experiments to quantify mating success, female receptivity, female aggression, and reproductive output. We found little support for our focal hypotheses. However, our models suggested that male body condition is more likely to influence mating interactions than variation in the target traits we manipulated. Our robust negative results allow us to critically revise our hypotheses to better understand the unique and perplexing male dimorphism of <em>M. inclemens</em> that deviates from current theory.</span></p>
Reduced sexual size dimorphism in a pipefish population where males do not prefer larger females
<p><span>Within a species' distribution, populations are often exposed to diverse environments and may thus experience different sources of both natural and sexual selection. These differences are likely to impact the balance between costs and benefits to individuals seeking reproduction, thus entailing evolutionary repercussions. Here, we look into an unusual population (Baltic Sea) of the broadnosed pipefish, <i>Syngnathus typhle</i>, where males do not seem to select females based on size and hypothesise that this pattern may derive from a reduction of direct benefits to the male. We further hypothesise that if larger females do not persistently secure a higher reproductive success, either through pre- or post-copulatory sexual selection, a decrease in sexual size dimorphism in the Baltic population should be apparent, especially when contrasted with a well-studied population, inhabiting similar latitudes (Swedish west coast), where males prefer larger females.</span></p> <p>We found that, in the Baltic population, variation in female quality is low. We were unable to find differences in abortion rates or protein concentration in oocytes produced by females of contrasting sizes. Direct benefits from mating with large partners seem, thus, reduced in the Baltic population. We also found no evidence of any post-copulatory mechanism that could favour larger mothers as embryo development was unrelated to female size. While female size can still be selected through intrasexual competition or fecundity selection, the pressure for large female body size seems to be lower in the Baltic. Accordingly, we found a noticeable decrease in sexual size dimorphism in the Baltic population. We conclude that, although far from negating the significance of other selective process, sexual selection seems to have a decisive role in supporting pipefish sexual size asymmetries.</p>
Data for: Size rather than complexity of sexual ornaments prolongs male metamorphosis and explains sexual size dimorphism in sepsid flies
<p><span>Male sexual ornaments often evolve rapidly and are thought to be costly, thus contributing to sexual size dimorphism. However, little is known about their developmental costs, and even less about costs associated with structural complexity. Here, we quantified the size and complexity of three morphologically elaborate sexually dimorphic male ornaments that starkly differ across sepsid fly species (Diptera: Sepsidae). Male forelegs range from being unmodified, like in most females, to being adorned with spines and large cuticular protrusions. The 4th abdominal sternites are either unmodified or are converted into complex de novo appendages. Male genital claspers range from small and simple to large and complex (e.g. bifurcated). </span><span>We tracked the development of 18 sepsid species from egg to adult to determine larval feeding and pupal metamorphosis times of both sexes. We then statistically explored whether pupal and adult body size, ornament size, and/or ornament complexity are correlated with sex-specific development times. Larval growth and foraging periods of male and female larvae did not differ, but the time spent in the pupal stage was ca. 5% longer for sepsid males despite emerging 9% smaller than females on average. Surprisingly, we found no evidence that sexual trait complexity prolongs pupal development beyond some effects of trait size. </span><span>Evolving more complex traits thus does not incur developmental costs.</span></p>
Reduced sexual size dimorphism in a pipefish population where males do not prefer larger females
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Females pay little attention to variation in male display traits in a jumping spider with dimorphic males
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