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Figures 7-15. Adult male and female genital structures. 7--11 in The Mantispidae of the West Indies with special reference to the Dominican Republic (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)
Figures 7-15. Adult male and female genital structures. 7--11) Leptomantispa antillesensis. 7) Male, mediuncus and gonocoxites, ventral view. 8) Male, terminalia, left lateral view. 9) Male, right ectoproct, dorsal view. 10) Female, spermatheca, ventral view. 11) Female, spermatheca, right lateral view. 12-15) Leptomantispa hispaniolaensis. 12) Male, mediuncus and gonocoxites, ventral view. 13) Male, terminalia, left lateral view. 14) Male, right ectoproct, dorsal view. 15) Female, spermatheca, ventral view.
Figs 14–20. Male genital structures. 14–16 – second conjunctival appendages. 17–18 in Review of the genus Prolactistes (Heteroptera: Cydnidae), with two new combinations, first Indonesian records and a key to species of the genus
Figs 14–20. Male genital structures. 14–16 – second conjunctival appendages. 17–18 – opening of the pygophore. 19–20 – proctiger. 14 – Prolactistes jani (J. A. Lis, 1995); 15, 17, 19 – P. australis J. A. Lis, 2001; 16, 18, 20 – P. lisi (Magnien, 2014), arrows indicate the differences between studied species. Scale bars = 0.1 mm (Figs 14–16), 0.5 mm (Figs 17–20).
Рис. 6–11. ГенитаΛьные структуры самцов роΔа Celypha. 6 – C. laminaria sp. n.; 7 – C. capreolana; 8 – C. rurestrana; 9 – C. anatoliana; 10 – C. confictana; 11 – C. striana. 6 – генитаΛии (Λевая ваΛьва не изображена); 7–11 – ваΛьвы. Масштабная Λинейка 1 мм. Figs 6–11. Male genital structure of the genus Celypha. 6 – C. laminaria sp. n.; 7 – C. capreolana; 8 – C. rurestrana; 9 – C. anatoliana; 10 – C. confictana; 11 – C. striana. 6 – genitalia (left valve is not shown); 7–11 – valves. Scale bar 1 mm. in Two new species of leaf-rollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from the East Caucasus
Рис. 6–11. ГенитаΛьные структуры самцов роΔа Celypha. 6 – C. laminaria sp. n.; 7 – C. capreolana; 8 – C. rurestrana; 9 – C. anatoliana; 10 – C. confictana; 11 – C. striana. 6 – генитаΛии (Λевая ваΛьва не изображена); 7–11 – ваΛьвы. Масштабная Λинейка 1 мм. Figs 6–11. Male genital structure of the genus Celypha. 6 – C. laminaria sp. n.; 7 – C. capreolana; 8 – C. rurestrana; 9 – C. anatoliana; 10 – C. confictana; 11 – C. striana. 6 – genitalia (left valve is not shown); 7–11 – valves. Scale bar 1 mm.
Figures 20-23. Phidippus pacosauritus genital structures. Figures 20-21. Male palp. Figure 20. Ventral view. Figure 21. Lateral view. Figures 22-23. Female epigyne. Figure 22. Ventral view. Figure 23 in Description of Phidippus pacosauritus sp. nov. (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini: Dendryphantina), with a reanalysis of related species in the mystaceus group
Figures 20-23. Phidippus pacosauritus genital structures. Figures 20-21. Male palp. Figure 20. Ventral view. Figure 21. Lateral view. Figures 22-23. Female epigyne. Figure 22. Ventral view. Figure 23. Dorsal view cleared.
FIGURE 3 in Fine Structure Of The Male Genital Systems, Spermatophores And Unusual Sperm Cells Of Saxidromidae (Acari, Actinotrichida)
FIGURE 3: TEM micrographs of vas deferens and ejaculatory duct of Bovidromus roussouwi. (a) – Composed figure showing complex structure of ejaculatory duct in cross section. Note large synspermium in dorsal chamber lined by peculiar cuticle. Arrow points to eugenital (primary) genital opening. Scale bar: 20 µm. (b) – Vas deferens. Note flat epithelium. Scale bar: 20 µm. (c) – Detail of epithelium of vas deferens with irregularly shaped microvilli. Cells contain many mitochondria and are underlain by a muscular layer. Scale bar: 2 µm. (d) – Dorsal chamber of ejaculatory duct with cuticular fringes and secretion. Scale bar: 10 µm. (e) – The ejaculatory duct is surrounded by a thick muscular layer. Scale bar: 10 µm. (f) – Eugenital opening (arrow) and accessory gland. Scale bar: 20 µm.
FIGURE 4 in Fine Structure Of The Male Genital Systems, Spermatophores And Unusual Sperm Cells Of Saxidromidae (Acari, Actinotrichida)
FIGURE 4:: TEM micrographs of transversely sectioned progenital chambers of Rhinodromus lootsi (a, d-f) and Bovidromus roussouwi (b, c). (a) – Posterior part of ejaculatory duct with eugenital opening (arrow) and secondary genital opening bordered by progenital lips. Note accessory gland and position of (retracted) genital papillae. Scale bar: 20 µm. (b) – Genital papilla. Note many mitochondria and peculiarly modified cuticle. Scale bar: 5 µm. (c) – Detail showing modified cuticle of genital papilla. Note the thick cuticle consisting mainly of many loosely arranged fibres and thus giving a cushion-like appearance. Scale bar: 1.2 µm. (d) – Progenital chamber and accessory glands. Scale bar: 20 µm. (e) – Accessory gland with branching ducts. The cells contain numerous lipid inclusions. Scale bar: 10 µm. (f) – Detail showing two sections through thin ducts, which are cuticle-lined. Scale bar: 2 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Fine Structure Of The Male Genital Systems, Spermatophores And Unusual Sperm Cells Of Saxidromidae (Acari, Actinotrichida)
FIGURE 2: TEM micrographs of details of testis of Rhinodromus lootsi (a-c, e) and Saxidromus delamarei (d). (a) – Overview of testis. Note thick epithelium comprising the glandular part and area with round spermatids composing the germinal part of testis. Scale bar: 20 µm. (b)– Detail of glandular part showing large nuclei, conspicuous nucleoli and Golgi bodies. Scale bar: 5 µm. (c) – Nuclear region of glandular epithelial cell with numerous rough ER cisternae and Golgi bodies. Scale bar: 2 µm. (d) – Detail of germinal part of testis of S. delamarei showing synspermatid containing four nuclei (N1-N4). White arrows indicate cell membrane bordering the synspermatid. Note tubular invaginations at the cell peripheriy. Three acrosomal vacuoles (black arrows) and parts of acrosomal filaments are also seen. The nuclei, at the beginning of chromatin condensation, still have a nuclear envelope (arrowheads). Scale bar: 1 µm. (e) – Distal part of testis with large synspermatid. Two much condensed chromatin bodies are seen. Scale bar: 5 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Fine Structure Of The Male Genital Systems, Spermatophores And Unusual Sperm Cells Of Saxidromidae (Acari, Actinotrichida)
FIGURE 1: Light micrographs of transverse sections through the posterior part of the idiosoma of Rhinodromus lootsi. (a) – Shortly in front of the genital opening. The two vasa deferentia located below the midgut are seen containing several synspermia. (b) – Slightly posterior, the genital opening is appearing. The vasa deferentia are connected by a transverse bridge (asterisk indicates a shrinkage artifact). (c) – More posteriorly, the ejaculatory duct with its dorsal chamber appears (asterisk indicates artifact). (d) – The paired testis are seen consisting of germinal and glandular parts. The dorsomedian excretory organ (i.e. the postcolon; e.g., Alberti and Coons 1999) is seen. Note that all parts of the genital system are located ventral of the digestive system. Scale bar: 50 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Fine Structure Of The Male Genital Systems, Spermatophores And Unusual Sperm Cells Of Saxidromidae (Acari, Actinotrichida)
FIGURE 6: Comparison of mating by Saxidromus delamarei and Rhinodromus lootsi and their corresponding spermatophores as seen in TEM (that of Rh. lootsi partially reconstructed; a, d from Coineau et al., 2006, b from Alberti et al., 2007). (a) – Some details of the mating sequence from above to below: S. delamarei male (black) has captured a female with its forelegs and deposits a rather large spermatophore (arrow). The male then turns round and impales the female onto the spermatophore. The spermatophore almost fills the "entire" female. The male has to separate the upper part of the spermatophore (which is more or less in the female) from the lower part which is attached to the ground. (b) – Longitudinal section of spermatophore of S. delamarei. Note the considerable amount of secretion forming the spermatophore and the rather small sperm chamber containing dense secretion and many synspermia. (c) – Spermatophore of Rh. lootsi drawn to same scale as that of S. delamarei. The head is (largely) represented by one synspermium. Stalk added schematically. Scale bar for b and c: 50 µm. (d) – Mating sequence seen in Rh. lootsi. Note that the spermatophore (arrow) produced by the male is considerably smaller bearing a very small head (i.e., mainly the synspermium). The male can use the same stalk several times depositing further synspermia on it. The male inserts its dorsoanteriad protruding processus into the female's genital opening prior to spermatophore deposition (not shown; see Coineau et al., 2006 for more details).
Data from: Divergence in the internal genital morphology of females is correlated with divergence in male intromittent structures among populations of a millipede
<p>Our understanding of genital evolution comes largely from studies of male genitalia. Females have received far less attention because of the difficulties inherent in quantifying the shapes of their internal genital structures. Here we combine advances in micro-computed tomography with a new landmark free method of quantifying three-dimensional trait shape, to document patterns of divergence in female genital shape, and the correlated divergence of male genitalia among populations of the millipede Antichiropus variabilis. We used single nucleotide polymorphisms to estimate levels of neutral genetic divergence among seven populations of millipede. Genetic divergence was high and correlated with geographic distance. Comparing phenotypic divergence in genital shape to neutral genetic divergence, we found that genital shape for both females and males has diverged more than would be expected from random drift, consistent with a pattern of directional selection. While there was significant covariation between female and male genital shape across populations, the magnitude of divergence in genital shape between the sexes was not correlated. Our results demonstrate the utility of using three-dimensional scanning technologies to examine female genital traits and add to a small but growing number of studies showing that like male genitalia, female genitalia can be under strong directional selection.</p>
Data from: Divergence in the internal genital morphology of females is correlated with divergence in male intromittent structures among populations of a millipede
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FIGURES 34–39. Male genital structures. 34, 35.—Left paramere. 36, 37.—Right paramere. 38, 39.—Endophallus. 34, 36, 38.—Valdasus favrei n in Review of the genus Valdasus Stål, 1860 (Heteroptera, Miridae, Cylapinae), with descriptions of four new species from Brazil, Ecuador and French Guiana
FIGURES 34–39. Male genital structures. 34, 35.—Left paramere. 36, 37.—Right paramere. 38, 39.—Endophallus. 34, 36, 38.—Valdasus favrei n. sp. 35, 37, 39.—Valdasus ferrerai n. sp. Scale = 0.1 mm.
Data from: Condition dependence of male and female genital structures in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Theory predicts that costly secondary sexual traits will evolve heightened condition dependence, and many studies have reported strong condition dependence of signal and weapon traits in a variety of species. However, although genital structures often play key roles in intersexual interactions and appear to be subject to sexual or sexually antagonistic selection, few studies have examined the condition dependence of genital structures, especially in both sexes simultaneously. We investigated the responses of male and female genital structures to manipulation of larval diet quality (new versus once-used mung beans) in the bruchid seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We quantified effects on mean relative size and static allometry of the male aedeagus, aedeagal spines, flap and paramere and the female reproductive tract and bursal spines. None of the male traits showed a significant effect of diet quality. In females, we found that longer bursal spines (relative to body size) were expressed on low-quality diet. Although the function of bursal spines is poorly understood, we suggest that greater bursal spine length in low-condition females may represent a sexually antagonistic adaptation. Overall, we found no evidence that genital traits in C. maculatus are expressed to a greater extent when nutrients are more abundant. This suggests that, even though some genital traits appear to function as secondary sexual traits, genital traits do not exhibit heightened condition dependence in this species. We discuss possible reasons for this finding.
FIGURES 5–15. Homalodisca ignota Melichar, genital structures. 5–9 in Brazilian sharpshooters of the genus Homalodisca Stål, 1869 (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae): notes, new records, key to species, first description of the male of H. ignota Melichar, 1924, and a new Northeastern species
FIGURES 5–15. Homalodisca ignota Melichar, genital structures. 5–9, Male genitalia: (5) pygofer, valve, and subgenital plate, lateral view; (6) valve and subgenital plate, ventral view; (7) connective and style, dorsal view; (8) aedeagus and anal tube, lateral view; (9) aedeagus, caudal view. 10–15, Female genitalia: (10) sternite VII, ventral view; (11) base of first valvula of ovipositor, ventral view; (12) base of sternite VII and internal sternite VIII, dorsal view; (13) sternite VII, gonoplac, and pygofer, lateral view; (14) second valvula of ovipositor, lateral view; (15) tooth of median portion of second valvula of ovipositor, lateral view. Scale bars in mm. AP=aedeagal atrium process, PA=aedeagal preatrium, and SP=aedeagal shaft process.
FIGURES 1–6. Male genital structures. 1–3 in A revision of the types of Neotropical Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
FIGURES 1–6. Male genital structures. 1–3: Asynapta mangiferae. 1: genitalia, ventral. 2: gonostylus, dorsomedial. 3: genitalia, lateral. 4–5: Camptomyia parrishi. 4: parameres and copulatory organ, ventral. 5: gonostylus, ventral. 6: Asynapta citrinae, parameres and aedeagus head, ventral. Scale 0.05 mm. ah = aedeagus head, ea = ejaculatory apodeme, p = paramere, pa = parameral apodeme, pp = paramere process.
FIGURE 4. Male genital structures, ventral. A–B in New species and new distribution records of Lestremiinae, Micromyinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Sweden
FIGURE 4. Male genital structures, ventral. A–B: Asynapta panzari. A: Genitalia. B: Parameres and aedeagus head. C–D: Asynapta suzzae. C: Parameres and aedeagus head. D: Genitalia. Scale 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 3. Male genital structures, ventral. A in New species and new distribution records of Lestremiinae, Micromyinae and Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Sweden
FIGURE 3. Male genital structures, ventral. A: Genitalia of Aprionus magnussoni. B: Tegmen and subanal plate of Aprionus latens. Scale 0.05 mm.
FIGURES 31–36. Eupithecia nonanticaria male genital structures. 31 in Three new species of Eupithecia Curtis from Arizona and New Mexico with discussion of associated species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Eupitheciini)
FIGURES 31–36. Eupithecia nonanticaria male genital structures. 31, genitalia with aedoeagus removed; 32 genitalia (less aedoeagus) showing hair pencils; 33, aedoeagus; 34–35, lateral views of everted vesica; 36, 7th and 8th (top, genital plate) abdominal sternites.
FIGURE 14. Achradocera femoralis, male genital structures. A. Hypopygium, left lateral. B. Hypopygium, ventral. C in Taxonomic revision of Achradocera Becker (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), with description of two new species
FIGURE 14. Achradocera femoralis, male genital structures. A. Hypopygium, left lateral. B. Hypopygium, ventral. C. Phallus, ejaculatory apodeme and postgonite, left lateral. D. Postgonite, ventral. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 7. Achradocera arcuata, male genital structures. A. Hypopygium, left lateral. B. Hypopygium, ventral. C in Taxonomic revision of Achradocera Becker (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), with description of two new species
FIGURE 7. Achradocera arcuata, male genital structures. A. Hypopygium, left lateral. B. Hypopygium, ventral. C. Phallus, ejaculatory apodeme and postgonite, left lateral. D. Postgonite, ventral. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
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