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68 results for “male testosterone”
Data from: Exogenous testosterone increases the audience effect in healthy males: evidence for the social status hypothesis
<p>Several studies have implicated testosterone in the modulation of altruistic behaviours instrumental to advancing social status. Independent studies have also shown that people tend to behave more altruistically when being watched (i.e., audience effect). To date, little is known about whether testosterone could modulate the audience effect. In the current study, we tested the effect of testosterone on altruistic behaviour using a donation task, wherein participants were asked to either accept or reject a monetary transfer to a charity organization accompanying a personal cost either in the presence or absence of an observer. We administered testosterone gel or placebo to healthy young men (n = 140) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, mixed design. Our results showed that participants were more likely to accept the monetary transfer to the charity when being observed compared to when they completed the task alone. More importantly, this audience effect was amplified among people receiving testosterone vs. placebo. Our findings suggest that testosterone administration increases the audience effect and further buttress the social status hypothesis, according to which testosterone promotes status-seeking behaviour in a context-dependent manner.</p>
Data from: Testosterone activates sexual dimorphism including male-typical carotenoid but not melanin plumage pigmentation in a female bird
In males it is frequently testosterone (T) that activates the expression of sexually selected morphological and behavioral displays, but the role of T in regulating similar traits in females is less clear. Here we combine correlational data with results from T and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) manipulations in both sexes to assess the role of T in mediating sexually dimorphic coloration and morphology in the red-backed fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus). We show that (1) natural variation in female expression of ornamental traits (darkened bills and red back feathers) are positively associated with age and circulating androgen titres, (2) females have the capacity to express most male-typical traits in response to exogenous T, including carotenoid-pigmented body plumage, shorter feathers, darkened bill, and enlarged cloacal protuberance, but (3) appear constrained in production of male-typical melanin-pigmented plumage, and (4) low androgen levels during the pre-nuptial molt, probably due to low ovarian capacity for steroid production (or LH-sensitivity), prevent females from developing male-like ornamentation. Thus, females appear to retain molecular mechanism for hormonally regulated male-typical ornamentation, although these are rarely activated because of insufficient production of the hormonal signal.
Data from: Testosterone eliminates strategic prosocial behavior in healthy males
<p>Humans are strategically more prosocial when their actions are being watched by others than when they act alone. Using a psychopharmacogenetic approach, we investigated the computational and endocrinological mechanisms of such audience-driven prosociality. 187 male participants received either a single dose of testosterone or a placebo and performed a prosocial and self-benefitting reinforcement learning task. Crucially, the task was performed either in private or when being watched. Rival theories suggest that the hormone might either diminish or strengthen audience-depended generosity. We show that exogenous testosterone fully eliminated strategic, i.e., feigned, generosity and thus decreased submission to audience expectations. We performed reinforcement-learning drift-diffusion computational modeling to elucidate which latent aspects of decision-making testosterone acted on. The modeling revealed that testosterone compared to placebo did not deteriorate reinforcement learning per se, rather, when being watched, the hormone altered the degree to which the learned information on choice value translated to action selection. This indicates that when being watched, the hormone was influencing participants towards choices that are less optimal for prosociality, which resulted in nonconforming behavior. Indeed, exploratory personal values analysis suggests that the effect of testosterone in our reinforcement learning task is underpinned by a shift from socially conforming to nonconforming decisions. Together, these results indicate that instead of deceptively increasing socially desirable behavior, testosterone - by acting on situational personal values - counteracts submission to audience expectations, despite plausible reputational costs.</p>
Activational and organizational effects of testosterone on the number of mating partners and reproductive success in males of a social rodent
<p>The timing of exposure to the steroid hormone, testosterone, produces activational and organizational effects in vertebrates. These activational and organizational effects are hypothesized to relate with the number of female mating partners and reproductive success in males. We tested this hypothesis by examining 151 wild degu (<em>Octodon degus</em>) males across a 10-year study. We quantified the association between adult serum testosterone levels (i.e., an indirect index of adult activational effects) and anogenital distance (AGD) length (i.e., a direct index of fetal organizational effects), and their interaction on the number of female mating partners and reproductive success. We found no evidence of an association between adult male serum testosterone levels and the number of female mating partners, or between adult male serum testosterone levels and reproductive success. However, male AGD was positively associated with reproductive success, but not so with the number of female mating partners. Additionally, the positive association between male AGD and male reproductive success was mediated by the number of mates. Our findings do not support major roles of activational or organizational effects of testosterone on the number of female mating partners and its consequences on male reproductive success. Instead, our results suggest that compared with individual male attributes, the female social environment plays a more important role in driving male reproductive success.</p>
Data from: Androgen-armoured amazons – reversed sex roles in coucals are associated with testosterone in females but not males
<p class="MsoNormal">In some species, sexual selection is stronger in females than males. In classically polyandrous birds, for instance, females compete for mating opportunities and males care for offspring. Sex steroids such as testosterone have been suggested to regulate the behaviours of 'role-reversed' females and males, but comparative studies did not find evidence for a role of testosterone in relation to sex roles. However, the large variability of hormone measurements across laboratories may prevent detecting subtle differences in hormone levels. To circumvent this caveat, I compared sex steroid concentrations of females and males of two closely related and cohabiting species with different mating systems, the classically polyandrous black coucal (<em>Centropus grillii</em>) and the monogamous white-browed coucal (<em>C. superciliosus</em>). Baseline and GnRH-induced testosterone concentrations were twice as high in female black coucals than female white-browed coucals, and the low pre-breeding progesterone concentrations of female black coucals were consistent with progesterone's modulatory role during agonistic interactions in this species. Baseline and GnRH-induced testosterone and progesterone concentrations did not differ between males of both species. This study provides first evidence that elevated testosterone is associated with sex-role reversed traits in females, whereas low levels of testosterone may not be necessary to facilitate sex-role reversal in males.</p>
Data for: Social environment and masculinization level interact to explain male testosterone levels in a social rodent
<p><span>In vertebrates, male testosterone levels vary across the year and are generally higher during the mating period relative to the offspring-rearing period. However, male testosterone levels may also be influenced by male morphotype (males with different levels of masculinization), and by the social environment experienced within a conspecific group. In social species, it has been proposed that high levels of testosterone could be incompatible with the development of an amicable social environment. Thus, in these species, it is predicted that males have relatively low levels of testosterone. Our goal was to examine the potential association between male serum testosterone levels, male morphotype, and the social environment in the caviomorph rodent <em>Octodon</em> <em>degus</em> under natural conditions. We quantified serum testosterone levels of male degus during the periods of mating and offspring rearing, and the size and composition of social groups, including masculinization levels of male and female group members from 2009 to 2019. Our results revealed that male testosterone levels covary with the period, male morphotype, and female and male social group environments, but not with offspring social environment (total number of offspring in the social group). Additionally, male degus exhibit low levels of testosterone that are indistinguishable from female levels during mating and offspring rearing. Similar to other highly social mammals, male amicable behavior could be the best male mating strategy, implying a downregulation of males' testosterone levels.</span></p>
Male social environment and female masculinization level interact to explain female testosterone levels in a communally rearing rodent
<p><span>Testosterone is known to modulate several morphological and behavioral phenotypic traits in males. However, females also synthetize testosterone and other androgens which influence the development and function of female tissues. In vertebrates, mating and social interactions can in turn modulate individual female testosterone levels, generally being higher in females that compete for males and/or that monopolize reproduction. Female testosterone levels may also be higher in females with masculinized phenotypes or when females are exposed to the energetic demands of reproduction. We used data from a long-term study (2009–2019) in a natural population of the communally rearing rodent <em>Octodon degus</em> to examine the potential associations between female serum testosterone levels and season, female masculinization morphotype, and the individual composition within social groups. We quantified the size and composition of social groups, including the masculinization morphotype of adult male and female group members. We found that female testosterone levels were higher in masculinized vs. feminized females and were also higher during the offspring-rearing season than the mating season. Female testosterone levels also varied with the number and morphotype of male group members, but not with female or offspring social environments. Together, our results suggest that female testosterone levels are more sensitive to intersexual than to intrasexual interactions. Our results also reveal that female and male testosterone levels do not significantly differ between the sexes, a notable finding previously reported only in rock hyraxes. We discuss how the complex social system of degus could be driving this physiological similarity between the sexes.</span></p>
ORAL T-8 Oral Testosterone for Male Hormonal Contraception
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01167829. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 16.
Study of Serum Testosterone and Nestorone in Females After Secondary Exposure to Nestorone ® (NES) + Testosterone (T) Combined Gel Applied to Shoulders and Upper Arms in Males
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02994602. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 42.
A Study of the Effect of Topical Testosterone Replacement Therapy on Blood Pressure in Adult Male Participants With Hypogonadism
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04274894. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Social environment and masculinization level interact to explain male testosterone levels in a social rodent: Part 1: The male side
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Data from: Testosterone eliminates strategic prosocial behavior in healthy males
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Data from: Exogenous testosterone increases the audience effect in healthy males: evidence for the social status hypothesis
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Data from: Androgen-armoured amazons – reversed sex roles in coucals are associated with testosterone in females but not males
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Data from: Testosterone activates sexual dimorphism including male-typical carotenoid but not melanin plumage pigmentation in a female bird
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Activational and organizational effects of testosterone on the number of mating partners and reproductive success in males of a social rodent
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Data from: Testosterone regulates CYP2J19-linked carotenoid signal expression in male red-backed fairywrens (Malurus melanocephalus)
<p>Carotenoid pigments produce most red, orange, and yellow colours in vertebrates. This coloration can serve as an honest signal of quality that mediates social and mating interactions, but our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that control carotenoid signal production, including how different physiological pathways interact to shape and maintain these signals, remains incomplete. We investigated the role of testosterone in mediating gene expression associated with a red plumage sexual signal in red-backed fairywrens (<i>Malurus melanocephalus</i>). In this species, males within a single population can flexibly produce either red/black nuptial plumage or female-like brown plumage. Combining correlational analyses with a field-based testosterone implant experiment and qPCR, we show that testosterone mediates expression of carotenoid-based plumage in part by regulating expression of CYP2J19, a ketolase gene associated with ketocarotenoid metabolism and pigmentation in birds. This is the first time that hormonal regulation of a specific genetic locus has been linked to carotenoid production in a natural context, revealing how endocrine mechanisms produce sexual signals that shape reproductive success.</p>
Data from: Measuring fecal testosterone in females and fecal estrogens in males: comparison of RIA and LC/MS/MS methods for wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus).
The development of non-invasive methods, particularly fecal determination, has made possible the assessment of hormone concentrations in wild animal populations. However, measuring fecal metabolites needs careful validation for each species and for each sex. We investigated whether radioimmunoassays (RIAs) previously used to measure fecal testosterone (fT) in male baboons and fecal estrogens (fE) in female baboons were well suited to measure these hormones in the opposite sex. We compared fE and fT concentrations determined by RIA to those measured by liquid chromatography combined with triple quadropole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), a highly specific method. Additionally, we conducted a biological validation to assure that the measurements of fecal concentrations reflected physiological levels of the hormone of interest. Several tests produced expected results that led us to conclude that our RIAs can reliably measure fT and fE in both sexes, and that within-sex comparisons of these measures are valid: (i) fTRIA were significantly correlated to fTLC/MS/MS for both sexes; (ii) fTRIA were higher in adult than in immature males; (iii) fTRIA were higher in pregnant than non-pregnant females; (iv) fERIA were correlated with 17β-estradiol (fE2) and with estrone (fE1) determined by LC/MS/MS in pregnant females; (v) fERIA were significantly correlated with fE2 in non-pregnant females and nearly significantly correlated in males; (vi) fERIA were higher in adult males than in immature males. fERIA were higher in females than in males, as predicted, but unexpectedly, fTRIA were higher in females than in males, suggesting a difference in steroid metabolism in the two sexes; consequently, we conclude that while within-sex comparisons are valid, fTRIA should not be used for intersexual comparisons. Our results should open the field to important additional studies, as to date the roles of testosterone in females and estrogens in males have been little investigated.
Data from: Testosterone production ability predicts breeding success and tracks breeding stage in male finches
Testosterone (T) is an important mediator of reproductive behaviours and potential target for selection. However, there are few data relating natural variation in T to fitness estimates. Here, we used the GnRH challenge (an injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone which stimulates maximal T release), to examine how individual differences in T relate to reproductive success and how T changes across date and breeding stage. We measured pre- and post-challenge T, in captive male Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae), before and after introducing females, and across breeding stage. Post-challenge T before introducing females positively predicted breeding success. Post-challenge T levels were unrelated to date, but strongly related to stage; T production ability was strongly attenuated in incubating males. Prechallenge T levels related only to date. Our results suggest that T production ability is an important target for selection and that when males invest heavily in parental care they reduce their sensitivity to GnRH.
Patterns of Testosterone in Male White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus): Seasonal and Lifetime Variation
<p>Testosterone is strongly associated with the annual development of antlers in cervids, but. endocrine research on wild, freely breeding ungulates is often done without repeated capture of known-aged individuals. As a result, our knowledge on how testosterone fluctuates over the course of a lifetime and variation in lifetime patterns among individuals is limited. We investigated patterns of testosterone in a freely breeding population of white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) in Alabama, USA that breeds in January. Testosterone peaked during the height of the breeding season, despite this period occurring approximately two months later than in most temperate-region, white-tailed deer populations. Age-related differences in testosterone were only prevalent during the breeding season, with bucks ≥3.5 years old having greater testosterone (853 ng/dl ±96 SE; <i>P</i> = 0.012) than bucks 1.5–2.5 years old (364 ng/dl ±100 SE). Additionally, an individual's testosterone level as a yearling was not positively associated with their lifetime maximum testosterone level (<i>P</i> = 0.583), and an individual's mean testosterone level was positively associated with lifetime testosterone variation (<i>P</i> < 0.001). To our knowledge our study is one of the first to assess how testosterone early in life might relate to individual testosterone later in life. We believe these data provide insight into lifetime hormonal patterns in cervids, and that these patterns may indicate intraspecific variation of lifetime reproductive strategies.</p>
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