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27 results for “male-male competition”
Black and orange coloration predict success during male-male competition in the guppy
<p>Investigating how both intrasexual competition and intersexual mate choice act within a single system is crucial to understanding the maintenance and diversity of sexually-dimorphic traits. These two processes can act in concert by selecting for the same trait, or in opposition by selecting for different extremes of the same trait; they can also act on different traits, potentially increasing overall trait complexity. We asked whether male-male competition and female mate choice act on the same male traits using Trinidadian guppies, which exhibit complex male-limited color patterns and sexual size dimorphism. We used behavioral assays to assess the relationship between color and male competitive success and then compared our results to the plethora of data on female choice and male color in our study population. We found that males initiated more contests if they were larger than their competitor. Males won contests more often if they had more black coloration than their competitor, and the effect of black was stronger when the male had less orange than his competitor. Additionally, males won more often if they had either more structural color (iridescence) and more orange, or less structural color and less orange than their competitor, suggesting multiple combinations of color traits predict success. Females from our study population exhibit strong preferences for orange coloration. Thus, traits favored in male contests differ from those favored by intersexual selection in this population. Our results suggest that mate choice and male-male competition together promote increased color pattern complexity in this species.</p>
Fig. 3 in A review of Dendrocephalus (Dendrocephalinus) (Crustacea: Anostraca) with the first records of male-male anostracan aggressive competition
Fig. 3. Dendrocephalus proeliator sp. nov, male-male aggressive interactions. A. Encounter. B. Circling. C. Head to head attack. D. Broadside attack. E–F. Chasing.
Fig. 2 in A review of Dendrocephalus (Dendrocephalinus) (Crustacea: Anostraca) with the first records of male-male anostracan aggressive competition
Fig. 2. Dendrocephalus proeliator sp. nov. Paratypes; Florida, Dade County; FLMNH Type 9041. A. Male head, anterior view. B. Female, right lateral view. C. Right limb V, anterior view. D. Two examples of the egg. Abbreviations: 1V = first ventral branch; 2A = apical branch; 2D = dorsal branch (terminology follows Pereira 1983). Scale bar: A = 2 mm; B = 7 mm; C = 1 mm; D = 1.5 mm.
Fig. 1. Dendrocephalus spec. A in A review of Dendrocephalus (Dendrocephalinus) (Crustacea: Anostraca) with the first records of male-male anostracan aggressive competition
Fig. 1. Dendrocephalus spec. A. Dendrocephalus acacioidea, male head, left side, anterior view. B. Dendrocephalus alachua, male head, left side, anterior view. C. Dendrocephalus lithacus, male head, left side, anterior view. D. Dendrocephalus acacioidea, brood pouch, right, lateral view. E. Dendrocephalus alachua, brood pouch, right, lateral view. F. Dendrocephalus lithacus, brood pouch, right, lateral view. G. Dendrocephalus lithacus, male, labrum, ventral view. H. Dendrocephalus lithacus, gonopods, right, lateral view. Scale bar: A–C = 1 mm; D–F, H = 4 mm; G = 0.25 mm.
Data from: The role of male body size in mating success and male-male competition in a false widow spider
<p>In many animals, body size is correlated with reproductive success. Selection sometimes generates striking differences in body size between males and females (i.e., sexual size dimorphism, SSD). SSD is common in spiders (Araneae), and is typically explained by selection for larger, more fecund females, and rapidly maturing, and consequently smaller males. Within a species males and females also often vary in body size. In the false widow spider (<em>Steatoda grossa</em>), females are larger than males and males trade off body size for rapid development and early maturation. Moreover, males exhibit considerable variation in body size, suggesting that under certain conditions there may be advantages to large size. Here, we tested the role of male body size on mating success under non-competitive and competitive mating conditions (i.e., male-male competition) in <em>S. grossa</em>. We found that body size did not influence mating success or copulation duration under non-competitive conditions, but that larger males were more successful at obtaining access to females under competitive mating conditions. Additionally, we found that total copulation duration was significantly lower when a rival male was present. Our results show a large male advantage under male-male competition, which we suggest may contribute to the high variation in male body size observed in <em>S. grossa</em>. We further suggest that the reduced copulation duration observed under competitive mating conditions may have potential ramifications for male and female reproductive success, and discuss how patterns of selection acting on male body size might limit the extent of SSD in this species.</p>
Black and orange coloration predict success during male-male competition in the guppy
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Data from: The role of male body size in mating success and male-male competition in a false widow spider
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Effects of nest-site availability on male-male competition and the foraging costs associated with paternal care in a resource-defense species
<p><strong>Effects of nest-site availability on male-male competition and associated costs of nest site maintenance and paternal care in a resource-defense species</strong></p> <p>This repository contains the .csv files used for the statistical analyses of the study "Effects of nest-site availability on male-male competition and associated costs of nest site maintenance and paternal care in a resource-defense species". In case of questions, please email Laís A. Grossel: <a href="mailto:laisgrossel@gmail.com">laisgrossel@gmail.com</a></p> <p><strong>Data files and structure</strong></p> <p>We have files for the analysis with field and experimental data.</p> <p>With the file <strong>field.csv</strong> we tested the probability of males obtaining a nest and receiving eggs from females. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>maleID:</strong> identity of males in the field</li> <li><strong>DSW:</strong> dorsal scute width, in mm</li> <li><strong>mass:</strong> to the nearest 0.001 g</li> <li><strong>nest_possession:</strong> with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not possess a nest and 1 if the male possessed a nest</li> <li><strong>nest_opening:</strong> in cm</li> <li><strong>parental_status:</strong> with 3 levels: 0 if the male did not have a nest, 1: if the male had a nest but no eggs, and 2: if the male had a nest and eggs</li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>experiment_nests.csv</strong> we tested predictions related with the nest possession. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nests</li> <li><strong>occupation:</strong> if the nest was once occupied during the experiment, with 2 levels: 0 if it was never occupied and 1 if it was occupied at least once</li> <li><strong>occupied_scans:</strong> number of scans with any male inside the nest</li> <li><strong>vacant_scans:</strong> number of scans without any male inside the nest</li> <li><strong>total_scans:</strong> total number of observation scans </li> <li><strong>owners:</strong> number of different owners of the nest (at least 6 consecutive scans)</li> <li><strong>turnover:</strong> if there was at least a substitution of the nest owner without figths, with 2 levels: 0 if there was not any substitution and 1 if there was a substitution</li> <li><strong>turnovers_number:</strong> number of substitutions of the nest owner without figths</li> <li><strong>takeover:</strong> if there was at least a takeover attempt of the nest after figths, with 2 levels: 0 if there was not any attempt and 1 if there was an attempt</li> <li><strong>takeovers_number:</strong> number of takeover attempts of the nest after figths</li> <li><strong>fight:</strong> if there was at least a figth inside or close to the nest, with 2 levels: 0 if there was not any figth and 1 if there was a figth</li> <li><strong>fights_number:</strong> number of figths inside or close to the nest</li> <li><strong>canibalism:</strong> if there was at least a cannibalism event inside the nest, 2 levels: 0 if there was not any cannibalism event and 1 if there was a cannibalism event</li> <li><strong>canibalism_number:</strong> number of cannibalism events inside the nest</li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>experiment_males.csv</strong> we tested predictions related to the males owners. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>maleID:</strong> identitity of the males</li> <li><strong>DSW:</strong> dorsal scute width, in mm</li> <li><strong>nest_possession:</strong> with 2 levels: 0 if the male never possessed a nest during the experiment and 1 if the male possessed a nest at least once (6 consecutive scans)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nest possessed by the male</li> <li><strong>inside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male inside his nest</li> <li><strong>outside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male outside his nest</li> <li><strong>total_scans:</strong> total number of scans in which the male was the owner of the nest</li> <li><strong>takeover:</strong> if the male suffered a takeover attempt of his nest, with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not suffer any attempt and 1 if the male suffered an attempt</li> <li><strong>eggs:</strong> if the male received eggs from a female, with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not receive eggs and 1 if the male received eggs</li> <li><strong>eggs_number:</strong> number of eggs received </li> <li><strong>cannibalism:</strong> if the owner male cannibalized the eggs inside the nest, 2 levels: 0 if the male did not cannibalize eggs and 1 if the male cannibalized eggs</li> <li><strong>cannibalism_number:</strong> number of cannibalism events by the owner male </li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>fights-takeovers.csv</strong> we tested predictions related with nest takeovers. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nest possessed by the male</li> <li><strong>focalID:</strong> identitity of the focal males (the owner nest)</li> <li><strong>DSW:</strong> dorsal scute width, in mm</li> <li><strong>fight:</strong> if the male was involved in at least a figth, with 2 levels: 0 if the male was not involved in any figth and 1 if the male was involved in a figth</li> <li><strong>takeover:</strong> if the male suffered a takeover attempt of his nest, with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not suffer any attempt and 1 if the male suffered an attempt. Obs: the nest takeover always happens after a fight. If there was a takeover, then there was a fight too.</li> <li><strong>res_focal: </strong>result of the figth or takeover for the focal male, with 2 levels: 0 if the focal male did not lose the figth or the nest and 1 if the focal male lost the figth or the nest</li> <li><strong>intruderID:</strong> identity of the intruder male involved in the figth or the takeover with the owner male</li> <li><strong>intruder_DSL: </strong>dorsal scute width of the intruder male, in mm</li> <li><strong>dyad:</strong> identity of the two individuals involved in the figth or takeover (owner male and intruder male)</li> <li><strong>DSW_difference:</strong> difference between the dorsal scute width of the dyad (focal male minus intruder male)</li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>foraging.csv</strong> we tested a prediction related with males foraging. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nest possessed by the male</li> <li><strong>maleID:</strong> identitity of the males</li> <li><strong>parental_status:</strong> with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not have eggs in the nest and 1: if the male had eggs</li> <li><strong>inside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male inside his nest</li> <li><strong>outside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male outside his nest</li> <li><strong>total_scans:</strong> total number of scans in which the male was the owner of the nest</li> </ul>
Dataset The relative importance of body size and UV coloration in influencing male-male competition in a Lacertid lizard
<p>This is the dataset of the paper "The relative importance of body size and UV coloration in influencing male-male competition in a Lacertid lizard" published in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology by Names et al. (2019). It includes a metadata statement and five data spreadsheets.</p> <p><strong>Abstract of the paper</strong></p> <p>Communication via color signals is common in natural systems. Ultraviolet (UV)-blue patches located on the outer-ventral scales of some Lacertid lizards are thought to be involved in male-male competition. However, the mechanisms that maintain their honesty remain unknown. Here, we use the common wall lizard <em>Podarcis muralis</em> to<br> test whether the lateral UV-blue spots are conventional signals, the honesty of which is guaranteed by receiver-dependent costs, and discuss their potential role as an amplifier of body size. We first described the morphology and reflectance properties of lateral blue spots in common wall lizards and investigated how they influence male-<br> male competition. Spot size and number, UV chroma, and conspicuousness (calculated using vision models) were significantly greater in adult males relative to adult females and adult males relative to juveniles. Total spot area (and not spot number) of adult males was positively correlated with body size. We conducted staged competition encounters between focal males and smaller or larger rivals with control or manipulated spots. Spots were enlarged in small rivals and reduced in large rivals to disrupt the phenotypic correlation between spot area and body size. Aggressiveness and dominance were positively influenced by body size in control encounters. Spot manipulations resulted in greater submission and less aggressiveness in focal males. These results contradict the predictions associated with conventional signals and amplifiers, but suggest that spots contributed to opponent evaluation during short-distance encounters between competing males.</p>
Data from: Male-male competition causes parasite-mediated sexual selection for local adaptation
<p>Sexual selection has been suggested to accelerate local adaptation and promote evolutionary rescue through several ecological and genetic mechanisms. Condition-dependent sexual selection has mainly been studied in laboratory settings while data from natural populations are lacking. One ecological factor that can cause condition-dependent sexual selection is parasitism. Here, we quantified ectoparasite load (<i>Arrenurus </i>water mites) in a natural population of the common bluetail damselfly (<i>Ischnura elegans</i>) over 15 years. We quantified the strength of sexual selection against parasite load in both sexes and experimentally investigated the mechanisms behind such selection. Then, we investigated how parasite resistance and tolerance changed over time to understand how they might influence population density. Parasites reduced mating success in both sexes, and sexual selection was stronger in males than in females. Experiments show that male-male competition is a strong force causing precopulatory sexual selection against parasite load. Although parasite resistance and male parasite tolerance increased over time, suggestive of increasing local adaptation against parasites, no signal of evolutionary rescue could be found. We suggest that condition-dependent sexual selection facilitates local adaptation against parasites and discuss its effects in evolutionary rescue.</p>
Data from: Male-male competition causes parasite-mediated sexual selection for local adaptation
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Data from: Sex-specific inbreeding depression depends on the strength of male-male competition
Inbreeding depression has become a central theme in evolutionary biology and is considered to be a driving force for the evolution of reproductive morphology, physiology, behavior, and mating systems. Despite the overwhelming body of empirical work on the reproductive consequences of inbreeding, relatively little is known on whether inbreeding depresses male and female fitness to the same extent. However, sex-specific inbreeding depression has been argued to affect the evolution of selfing rates in simultaneous hermaphrodites and provides a powerful approach to test whether selection is stronger in males than in females, which is predicted to be the consequence of sexual selection. We tested for sex-specific inbreeding depression in the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta by comparing the reproductive performance of both sex functions between selfed and outcrossed focal individuals under different levels of male–male competition. We found that inbreeding impaired both male and female reproductive success and that the magnitude of male inbreeding depression exceeded female inbreeding depression when the opportunity for sperm competition was highest. Our study provides the first evidence for sex-specific inbreeding depression in a hermaphroditic animal and highlights the importance of considering the level of male–male competition when assessing sex differences in inbreeding depression.
Male mating success evolves in response to increased levels of male-male competition
<p>Male-biased operational sex ratios can increase male-male competition and can potentially select for both increased pre-and post-copulatory male success. In the present study, using populations of Drosophila melanogaster evolved under male-biased (M) or female-biased (F) sex ratios, we asked whether (a) male mating success can evolve (b) males are better at mating females that they have co-evolved with (c) males mating success is affected by female mating status and (d) male mating success is correlated with their courtship effort. We directly competed M and F males for mating with (a) virgin ancestral (common) females, (b) virgin females from the M and F populations, and (c) singly mated females from the M and F populations. We also assessed the courtship frequency of the males when paired with mated M or F females. Our results show that M males, evolving under an increased level of male-male competition, have higher mating success than F males irrespective of the female evolutionary history. However, the difference in mating success is more pronounced if the females had mated before. M males also have a higher courtship frequency than F males, but we did not find any correlation between mating success and courtship frequency. </p>
Data from: Intra-sexual selection: kin competition increases male-male territorial aggression in a monogamous cichlid fish
<p>During intrasexual competition, individuals of the same sex compete for access to breeding sites and mating partners, often accompanied by aggressive behavior. Kin selection theory predicts different kin directed social interactions ranging from cooperation to aggression depending on the context and the resource in question. Kin competition reducing indirect fitness might be avoided by actively expelling relatives from territories and by showing higher aggression against kin. The West-African cichlid <i>Pelvicachromis taeniatus</i> is a monogamous cave breeder with males occupying and defending breeding sites against rivals. This species is capable of kin recognition and shows kin-preference during juvenile shoaling and mate choice. However, sub-adults of <i>P. taeniatus</i> seem to avoid the proximity of same-sex kin. In the present study, we examined territorial aggression of territory holders against intruding related and unrelated males as well as intruder's behavior. We observed higher aggression among related competitors suggesting that related males are less tolerated as neighbors. Avoidance of intra-sexual competition with relatives might increase indirect fitness of males in monogamous species.</p>
Data from: Intensity of male-male competition predicts morph diversity in a colour polymorphic lizard
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Male mating success evolves in response to increased levels of male-male competition
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Intraspecific mating system evolution and its effect on complex male secondary sexual traits: does male-male competition increase selection on size or shape?
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Data from: Intra-sexual selection: kin competition increases male-male territorial aggression in a monogamous cichlid fish
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Defense against outside competition is linked to cooperation in male-male partnerships
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Data from: Sex-specific inbreeding depression depends on the strength of male-male competition
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