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Differences in Chemo-signaling Compound-Evoked Brain Activity in Male and Female Young Adults: A Pilot Study in the Role of Sexual Dimorphism in Olfactory Chemo-Signaling
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Raw male and female fitness data
<p>Raw male and female fitness data for 223 hemiclonal genotypes sampled from the LH<sub>M</sub> laboratory adapted population. See Gilks et al (2017; https://f1000research.com/articles/5-2644/v3) for full details on how these lines were established. Assays were designed to measure total adult lifetime fitness for both males and females from each line, under conditions that match as close as possible those experienced by adults in the base population (Chippindale <em>et al.</em>, 2001; Rice, 2005; Rice <em>et al.</em>, 2006).</p> <p><em>Male fitness assay</em><br> 5 hemiclonal males per line were combined in adult competition vials with 10 competitor <em>bw</em><sup>-</sup> males and 15 virgin <em>bw</em><sup>-</sup> females. After 2 days, each <em>bw</em><sup>- </sup>female was isolated into individual oviposition test-tubes (containing the cornmeal-molasses-agar media but with no additional dried yeast) and left to oviposit for 18 hours. On Day 12, progeny were scored for eye-colour, in two observation rounds to allow ensure that as many eclosing offspring were included. Hemiclonal males were assigned paternity to progeny with wild-type red eyes (progeny of competitors are homozygous for the <em>bw</em><sup>-</sup> allele and therefore have brown eyes), giving an average fitness score (number of offspring sired) for the 5 hemiclonal males that were assayed per line. This assay was independently replicated 5 times, representing data from a total of 25 hemiclonal males per line. Male fitness was calculated as the proportion of offspring sired per assayed male, which accounts for instances where less than 5 hemiclonal males were included (6 out of 1105 assays).</p> <p><em>Female fitness assays</em><br> Assays of female fitness followed a similar protocol to the male assays, again to match as close as possible the timing and conditions experienced by individuals in the base population. In this case, 5 virgin hemiclonal females were combined in adult competition vials with 10 competitor <em>bw</em><sup>- </sup>females and 15 <em>bw</em><sup>- </sup>males for 2 days. After 2 days, the 5 hemiclonal females were isolated into individual test-tubes and left to oviposit for 18hrs. The tubes were immediately chilled (4°C) to halt embryo development and the number of eggs per female was counted to provide a measure of fecundity. Data was excluded for tubes in which the female was either dead or not present. Since unmated females are known to produce eggs at a low rate, we also excluded data from females where egg counts were 0 or 1 as these are likely to represent output from unmated females (see Supplementary figure 1). By averaging fecundity across all 5 females this provided an average female fitness score for that line. This assay was independently replicated 5 times, representing a total of 25 hemiclonal females per line.</p> <p><strong>Dataset Column headings:</strong></p> <p><strong><em>Male</em></strong><br> sex - all male (value = 1)<br> rep - replicate (values from 1 to 5)<br> line - hemiclonal line (223 different lines, values from 1 to 230 with 7 lines missing)<br> red_1 - number of wild-type red-eyed offspring in first round of counting<br> red_2 - number of wild-type red-eyed offspring in second round of counting<br> brown_1 - number of brown-eyed offspring in first round of counting<br> brown_2 - number of brown-eyed offspring in second round of counting<br> total_red - number of offspring counted with wild-type red eyes (genotype bw<sup>+</sup>/bw<sup>-</sup>)<br> total_brown - number of offspring counted with brown eyes (genotype bw<sup>-</sup>/bw<sup>-</sup>)<br> male_density - number of hemiclonal males per vial (value usually 5, but may be less due to missing males)</p> <p>note: NA - missing value</p> <p><em><strong>Female</strong></em><br> sex - all female (value = 2)<br> rep - replicate (values from 1 to 5)<br> line - hemiclonal line (223 different lines, values from 1 to 230 with 7 lines missing)<br> f1 - fecundity of female 1<br> f2 - fecundity of female 2<br> f3 - fecundity of female 3<br> f4 - fecundity of female 4<br> f5 - fecundity of female 5</p> <p>note: NA - missing value</p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Chippindale, A.K., Gibson, J.R. & Rice, W.R. 2001. Negative genetic correlation for adult fitness between sexes reveals ontogenetic conflict in Drosophila. <em>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.</em> <strong>98</strong>: 1671–1675.</p> <p>Gilks WP, Pennell TM, Flis I et al. Whole genome resequencing of a laboratory-adapted <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> population sample [version 3; referees: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2016, 5:2644 (doi: 10.12688/f1000research.9912.3)</p> <p>Rice, W.R. 2005. Inter-locus antagonistic coevolution as an engine of speciation: Assessment with hemiclonal analysis. <em>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.</em> <strong>102</strong>: 6527–6534.</p> <p>Rice, W.R., Stewart, A.D., Morrow, E.H., Linder, J.E., Orteiza, N. & Byrne, P.G. 2006. Assessing sexual conflict in the Drosophila melanogaster laboratory model system. <em>Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.</em> <strong>361</strong>: 287–299.</p>
Bivariate GWAS for female and male fitness in Drosophila melanogaster (Sussex, LHm)
<p>Code, logs, results and graphs for genome-wide association study of reproductive fitness in D.melanogaster hemiclone lines, using the R package 'Mulitphen'.</p>
Schistosoma mansoni ATAC-seq results for IGV (female and male worms with and without LSD1 inhibitor)
<p>In this study, the anti-schistosomal activity of 39 <em>Homo sapiens</em> Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (HsLSD1) inhibitors was investigated on parasitic life cycle stages associated with both definitive and intermediate host infection. Amongst this collection of small molecules, compound <strong>33</strong> was the most potent and reduced <em>ex vivo</em> viabilities of schistosomula, juveniles, miracidia and adults. At its sub-lethal concentration to adults (3.13 µM), compound <strong>33 </strong>also significantly impacted oviposition, ovarian as well as vitellarian architecture and gonadal/neoblast stem cell proliferation. ATAC-seq analysis of adults demonstrated that compound <strong>33</strong> significantly affected chromatin structure (intragenic regions > intergenic regions), especially in genes differentially expressed in cell populations (e.g., germinal stem cells, hes2<em><sup>+</sup></em>stem cell progeny, S1 cells and late female germinal cells) linked to these <em>ex vivo</em> phenotypes.</p> <p>The data presented here allow for visualisation in IGV https://igv.org/app/</p> <p>Produced in collaboration with IHPE. </p>
Assembled transcriptomes of ovary, testis, and brain (male and female) of Amphibolurus muricatus (jacky dragon) generated using Trinity v2.11.0
<p><strong><em>A. muricatus</em> transcriptome assemblies generated using Trinity v2.11.0 (Haas et al. 2013; Grabherr et al. 2011; Henschel et al. 2012)</strong><br> • Amphibolurus-muricatus_brain.fa.tar.gz: Combined Trinity assembly of <em>A. muricatus</em> brain (male and female).<br> • Amphibolurus-muricatus_combined.fa.tar.gz: Combined Trinity assembly of <em>A. muricatus</em> ovary, testis, and brain (male and female).<br> • Amphibolurus-muricatus_female_brain.fa.tar.gz: Trinity assembly of female <em>A. muricatus</em> brain.<br> • Amphibolurus-muricatus_male_brain.fa.tar.gz: Trinity assembly of male <em>A. muricatus</em> brain.<br> • Amphibolurus-muricatus_ovary.fa.tar.gz: Trinity assembly of <em>A. muricatus</em> ovary.<br> • Amphibolurus-muricatus_testis.fa.tar.gz: Trinity assembly of <em>A. muricatus</em> testis.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <ul> <li>Grabherr, M.G., B.J. Haas, M. Yassour, J.Z. Levin, D.A. Thompson et al., 2011 Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Nat Biotechnol 29 (7):644-652.</li> <li>Haas, B.J., A. Papanicolaou, M. Yassour, M. Grabherr, P.D. Blood et al., 2013 De novo transcript sequence reconstruction from RNA-seq using the Trinity platform for reference generation and analysis. Nat Protoc 8 (8):1494-1512.</li> <li>Henschel, R., M. Lieber, L.-S. Wu, P.M. Nista, B.J. Haas et al., 2012 Trinity RNA-Seq assembler performance optimization, pp. 45 in Proceedings of the 1st Conference of the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment: Bridging from the eXtreme to the campus and beyond. Association for Computing Machinery, Chicag, IL, USA.</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Draft de novo genome assemblies of a male and female Amphibolurus muricatus (jacky dragon)
<p>Four de novo nuclear genome assemblies of <em>Amphibolurus muricatus</em></p> <p><strong>Assembly 1.0: A 10x Genomics linked-read sequencing assembly</strong><br> • AmpMurF_1.0.fa.tar.gz (female <em>A. muricatus</em>)<br> • AmpMurM_1.0.fa.tar.gz (male <em>A. muricatus</em>)</p> <p><strong>Assembly 1.1: Further scaffolding of assembly 1.0 using RNA-seq data</strong><br> • AmpMurF_1.1.fa.tar.gz (female <em>A. muricatus</em>)<br> • AmpMurM_1.1.fa.tar.gz (male <em>A. muricatus</em>)</p> <p><strong>Assembly 2.0: Further scaffolding of assembly 1.0 using SLR-superscaffolder</strong><br> • AmpMurF_2.0.fa.tar.gz (female <em>A. muricatus</em>)<br> • AmpMurM_2.0.fa.tar.gz (male <em>A. muricatus</em>)</p> <p><strong>Assembly 3.0: An stLFR linked-read sequencing assembly</strong><br> • AmpMurF_3.0.fa.tar.gz (female <em>A. muricatus</em>)<br> • AmpMurM_3.0.fa.tar.gz (male <em>A. muricatus</em>)</p> <p><strong>Methods<br> Assembly 1.0: A 10x Genomics linked-read sequencing assembly</strong><br> Male and female <em>A. muricatus</em> genome sequencing libraries were constructed on the Chromium system (10x Genomics, Pleasanton, CA, USA) by the Ramaciotti Centre for Genomics (Sydney, Australia). The Chromium instrument enables unique barcoding of long stretches of DNA on gel beads. The barcodes allow later reconstruction of long DNA fragments from a series of short DNA fragments with the same barcode (i.e., linked-reads). After barcoding, DNA was sheared into smaller fragments and sequenced on the NovaSeq 6000 platform (Illumina, CA, USA) to generate 151 bp paired-end (PE) reads. A total of 904.9 M raw 10x Genomics Chromium linked-reads were generated. Raw 10x data were assembled with Supernova v2.1.1 (Weisenfeld et al., 2017) and a FASTA file was generated using the ‘pseudohap style’ option in Supernova mkoutput. All female (~450 M) and male (~550 M) read pairs were utilised (female sequencing depth ca 50.3×; male, ca 47.8×). The resulting assemblies was further scaffolded with ARKS v1.0.3 (Coombe et al., 2018), reusing the 10x reads, and the companion LINKS program (v1.8.7) (Warren et al., 2015). ARKS employs a <em>k</em>-mer approach to map linked barcodes to the contigs in the initial Supernova assembly to generate a scaffold graph with estimated distances for LINKS input. These assemblies were denoted AmpMurF_1.0 (female) and AmpMurM_1.0 (male). We used GapCloser v1.12 (part of SOAPdenovo2) (Luo et al., 2012) to fill gaps in the assembly. GapCloser was run using the parameter -l 150) and clean 10x Genomics reads PE reads. </p> <p><strong>Assembly 1.1: Further scaffolding using RNA-seq data</strong><br> We attempted to improve the v1.0 genome assemblies’ contiguity using RNA-sequencing reads. RNA-seq reads (from brain, ovary, and testis; see below) were filtered (i.e., cleaned) to remove adapters and low-quality reads using Flexbar v3.4.0 and used to further re-scaffold the v1.0 assemblies (FASTA files before gapclosing) with P_RNA_scaffolder (Zhu et al., 2018). The default Flexbar settings discards all reads with any uncalled bases. A final round of scaffolding was performed on the resulting assemblies using L_RNA_scaffolder (Xue et al., 2013). These assemblies were denoted AmpMurF_1.1 (female) and AmpMurM_1.1 (male). As before, GapCloser and clean 10x Genomics reads were used to fill gaps. </p> <p><strong>Assembly 2.0: Further scaffolding using SLR-superscaffolder</strong><br> As an alternative approach, we attempted to improve the v1.0 genome assemblies’ contiguity using SLR-superscaffolder (Guo et al., 2021). Briefly, SLR-superscaffolder employs single tube long fragment read (stLFR) sequencing (Wang et al., 2019) reads (see section below) to generate hybrid genome assemblies. The software was run with default parameters except for PE_SEED_MIN=300 (minimum contig size to fill; default 1000). These assemblies were denoted AmpMurF_2.0 (female) and AmpMurM_2.0 (male). GapCloser and clean stLFR reads (with the barcode removed using https://github.com/BGI-Qingdao/stLFR_barcode_split) were used to fill gaps. </p> <p><strong>Assembly 3.0: An stLFR linked-read sequencing and supernova assembly</strong><br> We also generated independent assemblies for the individuals sequenced on the 10x Genomics Chromium system using single tube long fragment read (stLFR) sequencing (Wang et al., 2019). BGI (Brisbane, Australia) generated ~100×-coverage 100-bp paired-end reads (plus a 42-bp stLFR barcode on the right/_2 read). Low-quality reads, PCR duplicates, and adaptors were removed using SOAPnuke v1.5 (Chen et al. 2018). The stLFRdenovo pipeline (<a href="https://github.com/BGI-biotools/stLFRdenovo">https://github.com/BGI-biotools/stLFRdenovo</a>), which is based on Supernova and customized for stLFR data, was used to generate a <em>de novo</em> genome assembly. The stLFRdenovo tool ‘FillGaps’ was used to fill gaps.</p> <p><strong>References</strong><br> Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Shi, C., Huang, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, S., Li, Y., Ye, J., Yu, C., Li, Z., et al. (2018). SOAPnuke: a MapReduce acceleration-supported software for integrated quality control and preprocessing of high-throughput sequencing data. Gigascience 7, 1-6.<br> Coombe, L., Zhang, J., Vandervalk, B.P., Chu, J., Jackman, S.D., Birol, I., and Warren, R.L. (2018). ARKS: chromosome-scale scaffolding of human genome drafts with linked read kmers. BMC Bioinformatics 19, 234.<br> Guo, L., Xu, M., Wang, W., Gu, S., Zhao, X., Chen, F., Wang, O., Xu, X., Seim, I., Fan, G., et al. (2021). SLR-superscaffolder: a de novo scaffolding tool for synthetic long reads using a top-to-bottom scheme. BMC Bioinformatics 22, 158.<br> Luo, R., Liu, B., Xie, Y., Li, Z., Huang, W., Yuan, J., He, G., Chen, Y., Pan, Q., Liu, Y., et al. (2012). SOAPdenovo2: an empirically improved memory-efficient short-read de novo assembler. Gigascience 1, 18.<br> Wang, O., Chin, R., Cheng, X., Wu, M.K.Y., Mao, Q., Tang, J., Sun, Y., Anderson, E., Lam, H.K., Chen, D., et al. (2019). Efficient and unique cobarcoding of second-generation sequencing reads from long DNA molecules enabling cost-effective and accurate sequencing, haplotyping, and de novo assembly. Genome Res 29, 798-808.<br> Warren, R.L., Yang, C., Vandervalk, B.P., Behsaz, B., Lagman, A., Jones, S.J., and Birol, I. (2015). LINKS: Scalable, alignment-free scaffolding of draft genomes with long reads. Gigascience 4, 35.<br> Weisenfeld, N.I., Kumar, V., Shah, P., Church, D.M., and Jaffe, D.B. (2017). Direct determination of diploid genome sequences. Genome Res 27, 757-767.<br> Xue, W., Li, J.T., Zhu, Y.P., Hou, G.Y., Kong, X.F., Kuang, Y.Y., and Sun, X.W. (2013). L_RNA_scaffolder: scaffolding genomes with transcripts. BMC Genomics 14, 604.<br> Zhu, B.H., Xiao, J., Xue, W., Xu, G.C., Sun, M.Y., and Li, J.T. (2018). P_RNA_scaffolder: a fast and accurate genome scaffolder using paired-end RNA-sequencing reads. BMC Genomics 19, 175.</p>
Dataset from "Collection of kinematic and kinetic data of young & adult, male & female subjects performing periodic and transient gait tasks for gait pattern recognition"
<p>Written by: Paolo Mistretta<br> Contact information: paolo.mistretta@phd.unipd.it<br> Date: 24/01/2020</p> <p><br> This document contains supplementary material for the article<br> “Collection of kinematic and kinetic data of young & adult, male & female subjects performing periodic and transient gait tasks for gait pattern recognition”<br> (Authors: Paolo Mistretta, Cecilia Marchesini, Andrea Volpini, Luca Tagliapietra, Tommaso Sciarra, Aldo Lazich, Salvatore Forte, Mauro De Matteis, Emanuele Menegatti and Nicola Petrone)<br> presented at the 13th conference of the International Sports Engineering Association, Tokyo, Japan, 22-25 June 2020.</p> <p><br> Data are contained in the file: “database_ISEA2020.mat”</p>
Figure 22. Zehntnerobolus rubripes comb. n., A, C–G male lectotype, B female paratype, A telson B, C right midbody leg D anterior gonopod, anterior view E anterior gonopod, posterior view F left posterior gonopod, anterior view G in Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of 'fire millipedes' (Diplopoda)
Figure 22. Zehntnerobolus rubripes comb. n., A, C–G male lectotype, B female paratype, A telson B, C right midbody leg D anterior gonopod, anterior view E anterior gonopod, posterior view F left posterior gonopod, anterior view G left posterior gonopod, posterior view. Apo = apodeme; av = anal valves; Cx = coxite; Gr = groove; Pre = preanal ring; St = sternite; sub = subanal scale; T = telopodite; Tp = telopodite process. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 4. Odontoxenus thailandicus. A elytron B pronotum C male abdominal tergite VIII D male abdominal sternite VIII E male abdominal tergite IV & V F female abdominal tergite VIII G in Two new species of Aleocharinae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) found in fungus gardens of Odontotermes termites (Isoptera, Termitidae, Macrotermitinae) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand
Figure 4. Odontoxenus thailandicus. A elytron B pronotum C male abdominal tergite VIII D male abdominal sternite VIII E male abdominal tergite IV & V F female abdominal tergite VIII G median lobe of aedeagus, and H spermatheca.
Figs. 1–11. Banasa chaca Thomas, 1–9 male, 10–11 female. 1 in Contributions to the knowledge of Banasa Stål (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Pentatomidae): Banasa chaca Thomas
Figs. 1–11. Banasa chaca Thomas, 1–9 male, 10–11 female. 1, dorsal view; 2–4, pygophore, respectively dorsal, ventral, and posterior; 5–6, left paramere, lateral and mesial; 7–9, phallus, respectively dorsal, ventral, and lateral; 10, receptaculum seminis and ausenwand, ventral; 11, capsula seminalis and ductus receptaculis. aaf: anterior annular flange; ch: chitinellipsen; cj: conjunctiva; cs: capsula seminalis; di: diverticula; dr: dorsal rim; dre: ductus receptaculi; dsd: ductus seminis distalis; g9: gonapophyses 9; gc9: gonocoxites 9; la9: laterotergites 9; p: proctiger; paf: posterior annular flange; par: paramere; pi: pars intermedialis; tg9: thickening of gonapophyses 9; tvi: thickening of vaginal intima; v: vesica; vr: ventral rim; X: tenth segment. Scales: 1 = 1 mm; 2–9 = 0.5 mm; figures 5, 6 and 11 in the same scale.
Fig. 16. Schizochelus Blanchard, 1850. A–C. Male abdomen, lateroventral. D. Female abdomen, lateral. E–F in Macrodactylini (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae): primary types of type species and taxonomic changes to the generic classification
Fig. 16. Schizochelus Blanchard, 1850. A–C. Male abdomen, lateroventral. D. Female abdomen, lateral. E–F. Aedeagus (lateral, parameres apex). G–L. Protibia−tarsus (male, female) (with detail of tarsus: I = dorsal view; K = ventral view). A, E−H. Schizochelus flavescens Blanchard, 1850. B, I–J. Schizochelus bicoloripes Blanchard, 1850. C–D, K–L. Schizochelus mirabilis (Moser, 1921) comb. nov. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 4. A–C. Male metatarsus. D. Female metatarsus. E–H in Macrodactylini (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae): primary types of type species and taxonomic changes to the generic classification
Fig. 4. A–C. Male metatarsus. D. Female metatarsus. E–H. Aedeagus (lateral, parameres apex). I–J. Antenna (♂, ♀). A. Plectris tomentosa LePeletier de Saint-Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828. B, E–F. Anomonyx uruguayensis Moser, 1921. C–D, G–J. Oedichira pachydactyla Burmeister, 1855. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Data from: Male and female bees show large differences in floral preference
<p>Intraspecific variation in foraging niche can drive food web dynamics and ecosystem processes. In particular, male and female animals can exhibit different, often cascading, impacts on their interaction partners. Despite this, studies of plant-pollinator interaction networks have focused on the partitioning of the floral community between pollinator species, with little attention paid to intraspecific variation in plant preference between male and female bees. We designed a field study to evaluate the strength and prevalence of sexually dimorphic foraging, and particularly resource preferences, in bees. We observed bees visiting flowers in semi-natural meadows in New Jersey, USA. To detect differences in flower use against a shared background of resource (flower) availability, we maximized the number of interactions observed within narrow spatio-temporal windows. To distinguish observed differences in bee use of flower species, which can reflect abundance patterns and sampling effects, from underlying differences in bee preferences, we analyzed our data with both a permutation-based null model and random effects models. We found that the diets of male and female bees of the same species were often dissimilar as the diets of different species of bees. Furthermore, we demonstrate differences in preference between male and female bees. We show that intraspecific differences in preference can be robustly identified among hundreds of unique species-species interactions, without precisely quantifying resource availability, and despite high phenological turnover of both bees and plant bloom. Given the large differences in both flower use and preferences between male and female bees, ecological sex differences should be integrated into studies of bee demography, plant pollination, and coevolutionary relationships between flowers and insects.</p>
Fig. 8. A–E. Adult habitus, lateral view. F. Basicosta. A–D. Female. E–F. Male. A in Review of the Eumerus tricolor species group (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Iran, with description of six new species
Fig. 8. A–E. Adult habitus, lateral view. F. Basicosta. A–D. Female. E–F. Male. A. Eumerus brevipilosus Gilasian & van Steenis sp. nov., paratype (HMIM). B. E. coeruleus (Becker, 1913), Ghoochan, Iran (HMIM). C. E. longitarsis Peck, 1979, Mian Jangal, Iran (JSA). D. E. persarum Stackelberg, 1961, Bazman, Iran (JSA). E. E. tricolor (Fabricius, 1798), Paleochori, Greece (JSA). F. E. tadzhikorum Stackelberg, 1949, Chekab Valley, Iran (JSA). Scale bars = 1.0 mm. Abbreviations: ac = anterodorsal costal setae; pc = posterodorsal costal setae.
Selection for male weapons boosts female fecundity, eliminating sexual conflict in the bulb mite
<p>Extreme differences between the sexes are usually explained by intense sexual selection on male weapons or ornaments. Sexually antagonistic genes, with a positive effect on male traits but a negative effect on female fitness, create a negative inter-sexual correlation for fitness (sexual conflict). However, such antagonism might not be apparent if sexually selected male traits are condition-dependent, and condition elevates female fitness. Here we reveal a surprising positive genetic correlation between male weaponry and female fecundity. Using mite lines that had previously been through 13 generations of selection on male weapons (fighting legs), we investigated correlated evolution in female fecundity. Females from lines under positive selection for weapons (up lines) evolved higher fecundity, despite evolving costly, thicker legs. This is likely because male mites have condition-dependent weaponry that increases our ability to indirectly select on male condition. Alleles with positive effects on condition in both sexes could have generated this correlation because: the up lines evolved a higher proportion of fighters and there were positive correlations between weapon size and the male morph and sex ratios of the offspring. This positive inter-sexual genetic correlation should boost the evolution of male weapons and extreme sex differences.</p>
Figure 5 Arrenurus ludificator Koenike, A-D male, E female. A in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies
Figure 5 Arrenurus ludificator Koenike, A-D male, E female. A – dorsum; B – venter; C – lateral view; D – palp; E – venter. Scale bars: A-C, E = 200 µm, D = 50 µm.
Figure 11 Arrenurus tenuicollis lacustris n. subsp. A-D holotype male, E paratype female. A in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies
Figure 11 Arrenurus tenuicollis lacustris n. subsp. A-D holotype male, E paratype female. A – dorsum; B – venter; C – detail of cauda; D – palp; E – venter. Scale bars: A-B, E = 200 µm, C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm.
FIGURES 16 – 19. Horismenus missouriensis. 16. Thoracic dorsum, female. 17. Thoracic dorsum, male. 18. Gaster dorsal, female. 19 in Horismenus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in a bruchid beetle parasitoid guild, including the description of a new species
FIGURES 16 – 19. Horismenus missouriensis. 16. Thoracic dorsum, female. 17. Thoracic dorsum, male. 18. Gaster dorsal, female. 19. Gaster dorsal, male.
FIGURES 6 – 9. Horismenus spp., gaster dorsal. 6. H. butcheri, female. 7. H. butcheri, male. 8. H. depressus, female. 9. H in Horismenus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in a bruchid beetle parasitoid guild, including the description of a new species
FIGURES 6 – 9. Horismenus spp., gaster dorsal. 6. H. butcheri, female. 7. H. butcheri, male. 8. H. depressus, female. 9. H. depressus, male.
FIGURES 2 – 5. Horismenus butcheri. 2. Head frontal, female. 3. Head frontal, male. 4. Thoracic dorsum, female. 5 in Horismenus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in a bruchid beetle parasitoid guild, including the description of a new species
FIGURES 2 – 5. Horismenus butcheri. 2. Head frontal, female. 3. Head frontal, male. 4. Thoracic dorsum, female. 5. Thoracic dorsum, male.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.