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40 results for “mandible evolution”
Figure 6 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)
Figure 6. Zygomasseteric construction in extinct and extant Gliridae with the origin and insertion of the lateral (thin arrows) and medial (thick arrows) portions of the masseteric muscle. A, QP 625, Gliravus majori (Quercy, France, Oligocene), protrogomorphy; B, ITD 140 Bransatoglis micio [Itardies, Quercy, Oligocene (MP23)], derived protrogomorphy (or primitive myomorphy); C, Glis glis, myomorphy; D, Graphiurus hueti, hystricomorphy. The dotted lines are reconstructions. Abbreviations: iof, infraorbital foramen; zp, zygomatic plate. Scale bar, 5 mm.
Figure 4 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)
Figure 4. Plot of the discriminant analysis of the Fourier coefficients versus morphological type. Solid symbols indicate families with hystricomorphous skull: squares, Anomaluridae; rhombi, Ctenodactylidae; circles, Pedetidae; triangles, Dipodidae; stars, Graphiurinae. Open symbols indicate myomorph families: stars, Gliridae (Glirinae/Leithiinae); rhombi, Nesomyidae; circles, Muridae; triangles, Cricetidae.
Figure 2 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)
Figure 2. Phylogenetic hypotheses for Graphiurus (A) based on cranial and dental characters of fossils and living species (Vianey-Liaud & Jaeger, 1996), (B) based on cranial and dental characters of living species (Wahlert et al., 1993), (C) based on dental morphological characters of fossils and extant species (Daams & De Brujn, 1995), (D) based on incisor enamel microstructure (Koenigswald, 1995), (E) based on partial mitochondrial gene sequences (Bentz & Montgelard, 1999), and (F) based on partial mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences (Montgelard et al., 2003).
Figure 1 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)
Figure 1. The four basic types of rodent skulls. A, protrogomorphy; B, sciuromorphy; C, hystricomorphy; D, myomorphy. Thin and thick arrows show the origin and the insertion of the lateral and medial portions of the masseter respectively.
The trunk replaces the longer mandible as the main feeding organ in elephant evolution--Supplementary codes
<p>The long-trunked elephantids underwent a significant evolutionary stage characterized by an exceptionally elongated mandible. The initial elongation and subsequent regression of the long mandible, along with its co-evolution with the trunk, present an intriguing issue that remains incompletely understood. Through comparative functional and eco-morphological investigations, as well as feeding preference analysis, we reconstructed the feeding behavior of major groups of longirostrine elephantiforms. In the <em>Platybelodon</em> clade, the rapid evolutionary changes observed in the narial region, strongly correlated with mandible and tusk characteristics, suggest a crucial evolutionary transition where feeding function shifted from the mandible to the trunk, allowing proboscideans to expand their niches to more open regions. This functional shift further resulted in elephantids relying solely on their trunks for feeding.</p>
The trunk replaces the longer mandible as the main feeding organ in elephant evolution--Supplementary codes
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Data from: Constraint and opportunity: the genetic basis and evolution of modularity in the cichlid mandible
Modular variation, whereby the relative degree of connectivity varies within a system, is sometimes thought to evolve through natural selection. In this way, modularity may facilitate evolution. Alternatively, conserved patterns of modularity may act to constrain evolution by preventing certain functions from evolving. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between these phenomena will require knowledge of both the inheritance and genetic basis of modularity. Here we explore these ideas in the cichlid mandible by investigating modularity at the genus, species, and through a new approach, the individual level. Specifically, we assessed patterns of covariation in Lake Malawi cichlid species that employ alternate 'biting' and 'suction-feeding' modes of feeding, and in a hybrid cross between these two ecotypes. Across the suction-feeding genus, patterns of modularity were conserved and reflected function. In contrast, the 'biting' species displayed a pattern of modularity that closely matched developmental modules. The modularity pattern present in our F2 population was similar to the pattern exhibited by our biter, suggesting a role for dominance. We also demonstrated that our individual-level metrics of modularity (IMM) were a valid quantitative traits and used them to map modularity QTL. In all, our findings suggest that modularity is both a constraining and evolvable force in cichlid evolution, with distinct patterns between species and variation among individuals.
Decoupled evolution of the cranium and mandible in carnivoran mammals
<p>The relationship between skull morphology and diet is a prime example of adaptive evolution. In mammals, the skull consists of the cranium and the mandible. While the mandible is expected to evolve more directly in response to dietary changes, dietary regimes may have less influence on the cranium because additional sensory and brain-protection functions may impose constraints on its morphological evolution. Here, we tested this hypothesis by comparing the evolutionary patterns of cranium and mandible shape and size across 100+ species of carnivoran mammals with distinct feeding ecologies. Our results show decoupled modes of evolution in cranial and mandibular shape; cranial shape follows clade-based evolutionary shifts whereas mandibular shape evolution is linked to broad dietary regimes. These results are consistent with previous hypotheses regarding hierarchical morphological evolution in carnivorans and greater evolutionary lability of the mandible with respect to diet. Furthermore, in hypercarnivores, the evolution of both cranial and mandibular size is associated with relative prey size. This demonstrates that dietary diversity can be loosely structured by craniomandibular size within some guilds. Our results suggest that mammal skull morphological evolution is shaped by mechanisms beyond dietary adaptation alone.</p>
text-fig. 21. Posterior ends of the mandibles in dorsal view, illustrating different states for characters 73 and 74. a, Plateosaurus sp.; based on MB R. 1937. B, Ornitholestes hermannv, based on AMNH 619. c, same as B, stereophotographs. Abbreviations: mj, mandibular joint; rp, retroarticular process. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 21. Posterior ends of the mandibles in dorsal view, illustrating different states for characters 73 and 74. a, Plateosaurus sp.; based on MB R. 1937. B, Ornitholestes hermannv, based on AMNH 619. c, same as B, stereophotographs. Abbreviations: mj, mandibular joint; rp, retroarticular process. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 20. Mandible of Erlikosaurus andrewsi (a) and Oviraptor philoceratops (b) in lateral view, illustrating different states for characters 72, 75, and 77. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see ext-figur^ 6. Scale bars represent 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 20. Mandible of Erlikosaurus andrewsi (a) and Oviraptor philoceratops (b) in lateral view, illustrating different states for characters 72, 75, and 77. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see ext-figur^ 6. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
Figure 4. Referred incomplete mandible with right i1–i3, partial c1 in Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the Pliocene stem meline badger Ferinestrix (Carnivora: Mustelidae)
Figure 4. Referred incomplete mandible with right i1–i3, partial c1, and p2–m2 and left c1 and p2–m1 of Ferinestrix rapax sp. nov., GIN-BF 987/411-1 + 411-2 + 411-3, coated with ammonium chloride. A, dorsal view; B, right half in lateral view; C, right half in medial view. Scale bar = 10 mm.
Decoupled evolution of the cranium and mandible in carnivoran mammals
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Data from: Constraint and opportunity: the genetic basis and evolution of modularity in the cichlid mandible
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Data from: Chewing on the trees: constraints and adaptation in the evolution of the primate mandible
Chewing on different food types is a demanding biological function. The classic assumption in studying the shape of feeding apparatuses is that animals are what they eat, meaning that adaptation to different food items accounts for most of their interspecific variation. Yet, a growing body of evidence points against this concept. We use the primate mandible as a model structure to investigate the complex interplay between shape, size, diet and phylogeny. We find a weak but significant impact of diet on mandible shape variation in primates as a whole but not in anthropoids and catarrhines as tested in isolation. These clades mainly exhibit allometric shape changes which are unrelated to diet. Diet is an important factor in the diversification of strepsirrhines and platyrrhines and a phylogenetic signal is detected in all primate clades. Peaks in morphological disparity occur during the Oligocene (between 37 and 25 Ma) supporting the notion that an adaptive radiation characterized the evolution of South American monkeys. In all primate clades, the evolution of mandible size is faster than its shape pointing to a strong effect of allometry on ecomorphological diversification in this group.
Figure 3 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)
Figure 3. Shape differentiation of the mandible on the first two axes of the PCA on mean species centroid coordinates. Outlines are reconstructed on the first two principal components; light grey outline represents the maximum values of the axes, dark grey outline corresponds to extreme reconstruction. Solid symbols indicate families with hystricomorphous skull: squares, Anomaluridae; rhombi, Ctenodactylidae; circles, Pedetidae; triangles, Dipodidae; stars, Graphiurinae. Open symbols indicate myomorph families: stars, Gliridae (Glirinae/Leithiinae); rhombi, Nesomyidae; circles, Muridae; triangles, Cricetidae. Upper left, mean projection for each family, with the minimum spanning tree.
Figure 5 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)
Figure 5. Mapping of the four infraorbital structures on a phylogenetic tree derived from Huchon et al. (2002) and Adkins et al. (2003). Boxes: dashed, protrogomorphous condition; white, sciuromorphous condition; light grey, hystricomorphous condition; dark grey, myomorphous condition. Abbreviations: iof, infraorbital foramen; zp, zygomatic plate.
Figure 6. Left mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 6. Left mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 vs. axis 1. B, axis 2 vs. axis 3. C, modelled mode of mandible shape change along axes 1, 2 and 3.
Figure 7. Right mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 7. Right mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 vs. axis 1. B, axis 2 vs. axis 3. C, modelled mode of mandible shape change along axes 1, 2 and 3
Figure 9 from: Shpeley D, Ball G, Acorn J (2011) Mandibles and labrum-epipharynx of tiger beetles: basic structure and evolution (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelitae). ZooKeys 147: 39-83. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.2052
Figure 9 - SEM photographsof labrum and epipharynx of: Amblycheila baroni Rivers (A labrum, dorsal aspect; B epipharynx, ventral aspect); Omus californicus Eschscholtz (C labrum, dorsal aspect; D epipharynx, ventral aspect); Picnochile fallaciosa Chevrolat (E labrum, dorsal aspect; F epipharynx, ventral aspect). Legend: see Table 2. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Figure 8 from: Shpeley D, Ball G, Acorn J (2011) Mandibles and labrum-epipharynx of tiger beetles: basic structure and evolution (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelitae). ZooKeys 147: 39-83. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.147.2052
Figure 8 - SEM photographs of mandibles of Picnochile fallaciosa Chevrolat. A, C, E left mandible, dorsal, occlusal, ventral aspects, respectively; B, D, F right mandible, dorsal, occlusal, ventral aspects, respectively. Legend: see Table 2. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
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