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opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Alya Eulerian LES results fire extinction nozzle low mass flow rate (paraview files)

The present data complements the Deliverable 5.2. Toolchain V2 to couple CFD and multiple droplet and continuous droplet models.It includes a paraview file (*pvd) for the continuous droplet model (Eulerian-Eulerian) with an inlet mass flow rate of  0.05 kg/s.  The unstructured mesh employed to simulate the injector system is composed by 81.6 million tetrahedrons that include the internal ow in the nozzle and the discharged atmosphere. Three levels of refinement are considered to characterize the internal ow and the near eld after the expansion, the jet penetration up to 15D (being D=2mm, the diameter of the nozzle) and the surrounding air with mesh resolution of 0.1, 0.3 and 1.5 mm respectively. A conservative level set is used in combination a a second order low dissipation finite element scheme and the LES model Vreman.  Considered variables are:        <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="AVD32_average"/> : average particle size distribution       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="AVDEN_average"/> : average density       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="AVL  _average"/> : average liquid fraction       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="AVL2 _average"/>: average square liquid fraction        <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="AVS  _average"/>: average surface density       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="AVS0 _average"/>: average surface density 0       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="CON01_average"/>: not relevant (instantaneous values)       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="CON02_average"/>: not relevant (instantaneous values)       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="CON03_average"/>: not relevant (instantaneous values)       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="CON04_average"/>: not relevant (instantaneous values)       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="D32  _average"/>: not relevant (instantaneous values)       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="DENSI_average"/>: not relevant (instantaneous values)       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="PRESS_average"/>: not relevant (instantaneous values)       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="SIGM0_average"/>: not relevant (instantaneous values)       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="SIGMA_average"/>: not relevant (instantaneous values)       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="TURBU_average"/>: not relevant (instantaneous values)       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="VELOC_average" NumberOfComponents="3"/>: average velocity       <PDataArray type="Float64" Name="VISCO_average"/>: not relevant (instantaneous values)

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2024View details →

Heterogeneous selectivity and morphological evolution of marine clades during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction

This is a supplementary repository, including the dataset and codes we used in this manuscript. we developed a new method, called DeepMorph to analyze the morphological evolution of six marine clades (i.e., ammonoids, bivalves, brachiopods, gastropods, ostracods, and conodonts  ) during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction events. The taxonomy dataset was uploaded and contains 599 genera and 656 images, spanning from the latest Permian (Changhsingian) to the earliest Triassic (Induan).

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Data associated with: Global ecomorphological restructuring of dominant marine reptiles prior to the K/Pg mass extinction

Mosasaurid squamates were the dominant amniote predators in marine ecosystems during most of the Late Cretaceous. Here, we use a suite of biomechanically rooted, functionally descriptive ratios in a framework adapted from population ecology to investigate how the morphofunctional disparity of mosasaurids evolved prior to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction. Our results suggest that taxonomic turnover in mosasaurid community composition from Campanian to Maastrichtian is reflected by a notable global increase in morphofunctional disparity, especially driven the North American record. Ecomorphospace occupation becomes polarised during the Late Maastrichtian, with morphofunctional disparity plateauing in the Southern Hemisphere and decreasing in the Northern Hemisphere. We show that these changes are not strongly associated with mosasaurid size, but rather with the functional capacities of their skulls. Our novel approach indicates that mosasaurid morphofunctional disparity was in decline in multiple provincial communities before the K-Pg mass extinction, highlighting region-specific patterns of disparity evolution and the importance of assessing vertebrate extinctions both globally and locally. Ecomorphological differentiation in mosasaurid communities, coupled with declines in other formerly abundant marine reptile groups, indicates widespread restructuring of higher trophic levels in marine food webs was well underway when the K/Pg mass extinction took place.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

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Supplementary material: Does functional redundancy determine the ecological severity of a mass extinction event?

Many authors have noted the apparent "decoupling" of the taxonomic and ecological severity of mass extinction events, with no widely accepted mechanistic explanation for this pattern having been offered. Here we test between two key factors that potentially influence ecological severity: biosphere entropy (a measure of functional redundancy), and the degree of functional selectivity (in terms of deviation from a pattern of random extinction with respect to functional entities). While theoretical simulations suggest that the Shannon entropy of a given community prior to an extinction event determines the expected outcome following a perturbation of a given magnitude, actual variation in Shannon entropy between major extinction intervals is insufficient to explain the observed variation in ecological severity. Within this information-theoretic framework, we show that it is the degree of functional selectivity which is expected to primarily determine the ecological impact of a given perturbation when levels of functional redundancy are not substantially different.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Fig. 12 in The ammonoid recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction: Evidence from the Iran-Transcaucasia area, Siberia, Primorye, and Kazakhstan

Fig. 12. Representatives of Wuchiapingian ammonoids from the Hambast Formation of Abadeh, Central Iran. A. Pseudogastrioceras abichianum (Möller, 1879), DVGI, no. 10/850 (most likely Clarkina leveni Zone). B. Paraceltitites sp., DVGI, no. 1/850 (most likely Clarkina transcaucasica Zone): right lateral (B1) and ventral (B2) views. C. Paratirolites waageni (Stoyanov, 1910), DVGI no. 11/850 (Hambast Formation, upper Member 7), late Dorashamian Paratirolites kittli Zone.

Fig. 10 in The ammonoid recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction: Evidence from the Iran-Transcaucasia area, Siberia, Primorye, and Kazakhstan

Fig. 10. Ammonoids suture lines from lower Olenekian, Mesohedenstroemia bosphorensis Zone; SMID quarry at the Artyom environs, south Primorye. A. Ceratitid Inyoites sedini sp. nov., DVGI 1/851 (holotype). Suture line, height 21.2 mm (A1); whorl cross−section, height 21.1 mm (A2). B. Suture line of phylloceratid Subbalhaeceras shigetai gen. and sp. nov., DVGI 2/851 (holotype). Abbreviations: L, lateral lobe; U, umbilical lobe; V, ventral lobe.

Fig. 7 in The ammonoid recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction: Evidence from the Iran-Transcaucasia area, Siberia, Primorye, and Kazakhstan

Fig. 7. Mangyshlak, Kazakhstan: temporal ranges of ammonoid genera of the upper Olenekian. Abbreviation: Reg. Series, Regional Series.

Fig. 1 in The ammonoid recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction: Evidence from the Iran-Transcaucasia area, Siberia, Primorye, and Kazakhstan

Fig. 1. Study areas: 1, Iran−Transcaucasia area; 2, Siberia and northern Russian Far East; 3, southern Russian Far East (South Primorye and Amur River); 4, Mangyshlak, Kazakhstan.

Fig. 2 in The ammonoid recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction: Evidence from the Iran-Transcaucasia area, Siberia, Primorye, and Kazakhstan

Fig. 2. View of the Permian–Triassic sequences of the section from the Wuchiapingian–Changhsingian Hambast (H) Formation to latest Changhsigian– Induan Elikah (E) Formation at the Hambast region, 28 km to south−western of the village of Abaraku, Abadeh, Central Iran.

Fig. 8 in The ammonoid recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction: Evidence from the Iran-Transcaucasia area, Siberia, Primorye, and Kazakhstan

Fig. 8. Suture lines of some Prolecanitida. A. Mesohedenstroemia olgae sp. nov., DVGI 2/851 (holotype), height 18.4 mm; Lower Olenekian, Mesohedenstroemia bosphorensis Zone; SMID quarry at the Artyom environs, south Primorye. B, C. Hedenstroemia tscherskii (Popov, 1961). Lower Olenekian, Lepiskites kolymensis Zone; Kenyelichi River, Kolyma River basin. B. DVGI 256−3b, height 60.0 mm (B1) and 73.0 mm (B2). C. DVGI 255−19c, height 73.0 mm. Abbreviations: D, dorsal lobe; I, inner lateral lobe; L, lateral lobe; U, umbilical lobe; V, ventral lobe.

Fig. 11 in The ammonoid recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction: Evidence from the Iran-Transcaucasia area, Siberia, Primorye, and Kazakhstan

Fig. 11. Suggested phylogenetic relationships in the Changhsingian–Olenekian goniatitid, prolecanitid, ceratitid, and phylloceratid ammonoid superfamilies and families.

Fig. 9 in The ammonoid recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction: Evidence from the Iran-Transcaucasia area, Siberia, Primorye, and Kazakhstan

Fig. 9. Some Early Olenekian Prolecanitida, Ceratitida, and Phylloceratida from Lower Olenekian, Mesohedenstroemia bosphorensis Zone; SMID quarry at the Artyom environs, South Primorye. A. Prolecantid Mesohedenstroemia olgae sp. nov., DVGI 2/851 (holotype), right lateral (A1) and ventral (A2) views. B. Ceratitid Inyoites sedini sp. nov., DVGI 1/851 (holotype). C. Phylloceratid Subbalhaeceras shigetai gen. and sp. nov., DVGI 2/851 (holotype), right lateral (C1), left lateral (C2), ventral (C3) views.

Fig. 5 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 5. Evolving timing of the multi−ring Woodleigh impact structure, manifested in purported causal connection with the P–T and F–F mass extinctions, as a reflection of variously dated processes. Age constraints still range from post−Middle Devonian to pre−Early Jurassic, but the connection with the D–C global event seems to be most likely (Glikson et al. 2005).

Fig. 4 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 4. Evolving timing of the Siljan Ring (53 km diameter; see Fig. 2), depending on different timescales and improved radiometric dates.

Fig. 3 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 3. Extraterrestrial elemental proxy Ir, and supplementary Ni, against other geochemical markers in the F–F boundary beds at Kowala, Holy Cross Mountains (after Racki et al. 2002: fig. 8; used with permission from Elsevier); Ir values from an unpublished report (dated 2004) by Yuichi Hatsukawa and Mohammad Mahmudy Gharaie; Ni contents from Racka (1999: table 2); for other data see references in Racki et al. (2011).

Fig. 2 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 2. Crater temporal distribution, with possible record at the F–F boundary (A), plotted against Devonian biodiversity losses in terms of substages (B), data from Bambach 2006: fig. 1 (used with permission from the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 34 © 2006 by Annual Reviews, http://www.annualreviews.org.), re−arranged according to the timescale of Kaufman (2006; see the updated tiiming in Becker et al. 2012; Fig. 4); the reconstructed middle Frasnian Alamo crater is also shown to reveal low biodiversity loss in that time (arrowed), as well as the controversial Woodleigh impact structure (see Fig. 5) and the biostratigraphically dated Flynn Creek submarine crater (Schieber and Over 2005). Vertical lines correspond to possible temporal ranges. Abbreviations: Carb., Carboniferous; Givet., Givetian; Lochk., Lochkovian; Prag., Pragian; Silur, Silurian.

Fig. 1 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 1. Scheme of the three successive levels in the testing process, encompassing application of the Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction, and possible errors resulting from the "great expectations syndrome" (sensu Tsujita 2001).

Fig. 6 in The Alvarez impact theory of mass extinction; limits to its applicability and the "great expectations syndrome"

Fig. 6. The Late Triassic cratering record plotted against extinction events (based on Lucas and Tanner 2008: fig. 8; crater dates modified after Schmieder and Buchner 2008 and Martin Schmieder personal communication, 2011) and two alternative time scales. Note that the 100 km−sized and precisely dated Manicouagan crater (214.56±0.05 Ma; see ottawa−rasc.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Odale−Articles− Manicouagan) is within the age range of the end−Carnian extinction only in the ICS 2009 geochronologic scheme (see also Lucas et al. 2012). Carbon isotope events compiled from Tanner (2010) and Ruhl and Kürschner (2011: fig.1). Vertical lines correspond to possible temporal ranges. J., Jurassic.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2010View details →

Fig. 7 in The fossil record of early tetrapods: Worker effort and the end-Permian mass extinction

Fig. 7. Species discovery curves for several groups of fossil organisms show substantial differences in form. All discovery curves are shown as percentages, even though final totals, in 2003, are very different: trilobites (n = 4126), early tetrapods (n = 515), dinosaurs (n = 694), fossil birds (n = 221), and fossil mammals of North America (n = 3340). The horizontal line marks the "half life" of the discovery curve, the date by which half the currently valid taxa had accumulated. Data from these sources: trilobites (Tarver et al. 2007), dinosaurs (Benton 2008), fossil birds (Fountaine et al. 2008), fossil mammals (Alroy 2002).