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53 results for “mastication”
Collection of Tools used in the Mastic collection process. (uploaded on 09/29/22)
<p>Documentation material from the Mastic pilot of the Mingei project</p>
Chios_Mastic_Growers_Association_09/29/22
Documentation material from the Mastic pilot of the Mingei project
Mastic_Tree_09/29/22
Documentation material from the Mastic pilot of the Mingei project
FORTH_MASTIC_HOUSE_09/30/22
Documentation material from the Mastic pilot of the Mingei project
MASTIC_PRODUCTS_09/30/22
Documentation material from the Mastic pilot of the Mingei project
PIOP_MASTIC_TREE_09/30/22
Documentation material from the Mastic pilot of the Mingei project
Mastic_video_documentations_Mingei
<p>Documentation material from the Mastic pilot of the Mingei project</p>
Mastic_3D_modeling_videos_Mingei
Documentation material from the Mastic pilot of the Mingei project
FIGURE 7 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 7. Tooth wear in the bilophodont molars of Carodnia vieirai. (7.1) Initial facets on the distal sides of the anterior loph of the left m2 (paratype, DGM 334M). (7.2) Planar wear facets on m2-m3 in a later stage of wear (holotype, DGM 333M). (7.3) Scheme for three stages of the interaction of lophs during phase I of the power stroke: cutting, compressing, central occlusion (modified from Koenigswald, 2014). (7.4) Mastication compass symbolizing the jaw moment in almost mesial direction with a high inclination.
FIGURE 3 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 3. Crystallites and prisms in the enamel of Carodnia vieirai. SEM images. (3.1) Prisms in a tangential section (KOE 4122) with open prism sheaths. The crystallites are not visible. (3.2) Crystallites forming prisms and inter prismatic matrix in a tangential section (KOE 4212a). The rounded prisms have a closed prism sheath. (3.3) Transversal section of UFRJ-DG 315M showing prisms in cross-section with open prism sheaths etched away and appearing as a trench. (3.4) Prisms in HSB show different directions. One set occurs in cross-section the other more tangentially. Detail from the outer layer in a transverse section (KOE 4212e). (3.5) The enamel near the outer enamel surface in a transverse section (KOE 4121d). The prisms continue until the OES. IPM – interprismatic matrix, OES – outer enamel surface, P – prisms, PS – prism sheath.
FIGURE 2 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 2. Carodnia vieirai (UFRJ-DG 315M), vertical (2.1-2) and transverse (2.3) sections of a left p1 in reflected light images (RLM). The grounded, etched and sputter coated sections were illuminated almost tangentially from different sides, indicated by the arrows framing the lamps. Areas of similar prisms orientation reflect in the light in the same intensity. The vertical section (2.1) is passing through the tip, whereas (2.2) shows the labial side, about the midpoint. All sections show the difference between the inner and the outer zone. The location of the light bulb in each photography shows where the illumination come from.
FIGURE 6 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 6. Vertical Hunter-Schreger bands in tangential sections of the enamel of Carodnia vieirai (KOE 4121). (6.1) and (6.2) show the orientation of the HSB illuminated in RLM. Note in (6.2) the changing direction towards the outer rim at the right. In higher magnification in the SEM image (6.3) the transitional zones appears somewhat darker.
FIGURE 5 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 5. Transverse section of the enamel in Carodnia. Mosaic of two SEM images of KOE 4121, which shows the innermost zone of radial enamel, the inner zone of transverse HSB and the outer zone of vertical HSB. EDJ – enamel-dentine junction, OES – outer enamel surface.
FIGURE 1 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 1. Carodnia vieirai. (1.1) Fragmented skull (DGM 335M) and (1.2) right mandibular ramus (DGM 334M); (1.3) life reconstruction and its comparative size to other Itaboraí species (from left to right: Tetragonostylops apthomasi (Astrapotheria), Patene simpsoni (Metatheria), Colbertia magellanica (Notoungulata), Riostegotherium yanei (Xenarthra); art by Rodolfo Nogueira.
FIGURE 4 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern
FIGURE 4. Vertical (4.1) and transverse (4.2) sections of the sputtered enamel of Carodnia vieirai in RLM. (4.1) KOE 4121, (4.2) KOE 4133. The arrow indicates the direction toward the occlusal surface.
Three-dimensional mandibular kinematics of mastication in the marsupial Didelphis virginiana
<p><span><em>Didelphis virginiana</em> </span>(the Virginia opossum) is often used as an extant model for understanding feeding behavior in Mesozoic mammaliaforms, primarily due to their morphological similarities, including an unfused mandibular symphysis and tribosphenic molars. However, the 3D jaw kinematics of opossum chewing have not yet been fully quantified. We used biplanar videofluoroscopy and the X-Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology workflow to quantify mandibular kinematics in four wild-caught opossums feeding on hard (almonds) and soft (cheese cubes) foods. These data were used to test hypotheses regarding the importance of roll versus yaw in chewing by early mammals, and the impact of food material properties (FMPs) on jaw kinematics. The magnitude of roll exceeds that of yaw, but both are necessary for tooth-tooth or tooth-food-tooth contact between complex occlusal surfaces. We confirmed the utility of the four vertical kinematic gape cycle phases identified in tetrapods but we further defined two more in order to capture non-vertical kinematics. Statistical tests support the separation of chew cycle phases into two functional groups: occlusal and non-occlusal phases. The separation of slow close into two (occlusal) phases gives quantitative kinematic support for the long-hypothesized multifunctionality of the tribosphenic molar.</p>
Three-dimensional mandibular kinematics of mastication in the marsupial Didelphis virginiana
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Supplemental Material for "Biomechanical analyses of Cambrian euarthropod limbs reveal their effectiveness in mastication and durophagy"
<p>Durophagy arose in the Cambrian and greatly influenced the diversification of biomineralised defensive structures throughout the Phanerozoic. Spinose gnathobases on protopodites of Cambrian euarthropod limbs are considered key innovations for shell-crushing, yet few studies have demonstrated their effectiveness with biomechanical models. Here we present finite element analysis models of two Cambrian trilobites with prominent gnathobases—<i>Redlichia rex</i> and <i>Olenoides serratus</i>—and compare these to the protopodites of the Cambrian euarthropod <i>Sidneyia inexpectans</i> and the modern American horseshoe crab, <i>Limulus polyphemus</i>. Results show that <i>L. polyphemus</i>, <i>S. inexpectans</i> and <i>R. rex</i> have broadly similar microstrain patterns, reflecting effective durophagous abilities. Conversely, low microstrain values across the <i>O. serratus</i> protopodite suggest that the elongate gnathobasic spines transferred minimal strain, implying that this species was less well-adapted to masticate hard prey. These results confirm that Cambrian euarthropods with transversely elongate protopodites bearing short, robust gnathobasic spines were likely durophages. Comparatively, taxa with shorter protopodites armed with long spines, such as <i>O. serratus</i>, were more likely restricted to a soft food diet. The prevalence of Cambrian gnathobase-bearing euarthropods and their various feeding specialisations may have accelerated the development of complex trophic relationships within early animal ecosystems, especially the 'arms race' between predators and biomineralised prey.</p>
Mastic Museum Gloves
<p>Image from PIOP museum</p>
Supplemental Material for "Biomechanical analyses of Cambrian euarthropod limbs reveal their effectiveness in mastication and durophagy"
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