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8 results for “material structure 3D”
Multi-material 3D Printing of Thermoplastic Elastomers for Development of Soft Robotic Structures with Integrated Sensor Elements
<p>Embedded sensing can benefit soft robots with the ability to interact with their environment but producing embedded soft sensors can be challenging. Multi-material Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing allows producing complex structures, by combining more than one kind of polymeric material. For multi-material FDM, conductive thermoplastic elastomer filaments have been developed. This allows the printing of flexible functional structures, based on thermoplastic elastomer structures with conductive paths that are of great interest for stretchable electronics and soft robotic applications. In this study, stretchable piezoresistive elastomer strain sensor composites were successfully produced by using multi-material FDM. A piezoresistive thermoplastic elastomer was printed on the top of a nonconductive, flexible thermoplastic elastomer strip using FDM multi-material 3D printer. FDM elastomer filaments with different shore hardness as substrate materials for the gripper structure were used. The hardness of the elastomer affected the printability and the adhesion to the conductive elastomer material, which was used as a strain sensor material. The hardness affected the strain sensor properties too. The piezoresistive response, dynamic behavior, drift, relaxation and sensitivity of the printed multi-material strips were investigated by tensile tests. Soft robotic grippers with integrated sensing elements to detect deformation while touching the objective were selected as a case study. The soft grippers with the integrated sensors exhibited intelligent response by recognizing when they were griping a small or big object and when an obstacle was inhibiting their function.</p>
The dataset for an article - An Evaluation of 3D-Printed Materials' Structural Properties Using Active Infrared Thermography and Deep Neural Networks Trained on the Numerical Data
<p>Dataset used in the research presented in the article:</p> <p>Szymanik, Barbara. 2022. "An Evaluation of 3D-Printed Materials’ Structural Properties Using Active Infrared Thermography and Deep Neural Networks Trained on the Numerical Data" <em>Materials</em> 15, no. 10: 3727. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103727</p> <p>The database in the .mat (matlab) format contains arrays of double type related to: A - original thermograms obtained for the plate made with the 3D printing technique Ar - thermograms with ROI included FITorg - approximation of original thermograms ImDiff, ImInt, ImProp - data obtained after subtracting the approximation.</p>
Experimental data linked to publication "Process optimization and study of the co-sintering behaviour of Cu-Ni multi-material 3D structures fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS)"
<p>Those are all the experimental data used to produce the plots in the article</p>
Supplemental material for 'Characterization of structure and mixing in nanoparticle hetero-aggregates using convolutional neural networks: 3D-reconstruction versus 2D-projection'
<p>This is the supplemental data for the manuscript titled ‘<em>Characterization of structure and mixing in nanoparticle hetero-aggregates using convolutional neural networks: 3D-reconstruction versus 2D-projection’</em> submitted to <em>Ultramicroscopy</em>.</p> <p><strong>Motivation:</strong></p> <p>Detection of nanoparticles and classification of the material type in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images can be a tedious task, if it has to be done manually. Therefore, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is trained to do this task for STEM-images of TiO<sub>2</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticle hetero-aggregates. In conventional STEM, only 2D-projection images of the samples can be measured. STEM tomography allows for a 3D-reconstruction but it is a time-consuming and hence expensive task. In the present work, evaluations of 2D-projections are compared quantitatively to evaluations of 3D-reconstructions. For both evaluations a CNN is trained to predict particle positions and classify the material. The present dataset contains training and evaluation data and some code scripts that can be used after installation of the MMDetection toolbox (<a href="https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection">https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection</a>) to train the CNN for 2D-projection data. For 3D-reconstruction a StarDist-3D network is trained (<a href="https://github.com/stardist/stardist">https://github.com/stardist/stardist</a>). Details are provided in the manuscript submitted to Ultramicroscopy and in the comments of the code scripts. For evaluation, we provide Python and MATLAB scripts.</p> <p><strong>Authors and funding:</strong></p> <p>The present dataset was created by the authors. The work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within the priority program SPP2289 under contract numbers RO2057/17-1 and MA3333/25-1 and under contract number INST 144/462-1 FUGG.</p> <pre> </pre> <p><strong>Dataset description:</strong></p> <p>We provide several zip-archives. All of them contain two subfolders, one of them for 2D-projection data, the other one for 3D-reconstruction data.</p> <p><em>training_data.zip</em> contains the training data. In the 3D case, the subfolder <em>mask</em> contains the ground truth segmentation masks; the subfolder <em>reconstruction</em> contains the corresponding simulated 3D reconstructions. In the 2D case, the subfolder <em>HAADF</em> contains the 2D-projection images. In both cases, the subfolder <em>json </em>contains the annotation. Each file within the <em>json</em> folder provides for each image or reconstruction the following information:</p> <p>· aggregat_no: image id, the number of the corresponding image file</p> <p>· particle_position_x: list of particle position x-coordinates in nm</p> <p>· particle_position_y: list of particle position y-coordinates in nm</p> <p>· particle_position_z: list of particle position z-coordinates in nm</p> <p>· particle_radius: list of volume equivalent particle radii in nm</p> <p>· particle_type: list of particle types, 1: TiO<sub>2</sub>, 2: WO<sub>3</sub></p> <p>· particle_shape: list of particle shapes: 0: sphere, 1: box, 2: icosahedron</p> <p>· rotation: list of particle rotations in rad. Each particle is rotated twice by the listed angle (before and after deformation)</p> <p>· deformation: list of particle deformations. After the first rotation the particle x-coordinates of the particle’s surface mesh are scaled by the factor listed in deformation, y- and z-coordinates are scaled according to 1/sqrt(deformation).</p> <p>· cluster_index: list of cluster indices for each particle</p> <p>· initial_cluster_index: list of initial cluster indices for each particle, before primary clusters of the same material were merged</p> <p>· fractal_dimension: the intended fractal dimension of the aggregate</p> <p>· fractal_dimension_true: the realized geometric fractal dimension of the aggregate (neglecting particle densities)</p> <p>· fractal_dimension_weight_true: the realized fractal dimension of the aggregate (including particle densities)</p> <p>· fractal_prefactor: fractal prefactor</p> <p>· mixing_ratio_intended: the intended mixing ratio (fraction of WO<sub>3</sub> particles)</p> <p>· mixing_ratio_true: the realised mixing ratio (fraction of WO<sub>3</sub> particles)</p> <p>· mixing_ratio_volume: the realised mixing ratio (fraction of WO<sub>3</sub> volume)</p> <p>· mixing_ratio_weight: the realised mixing ratio (fraction of WO<sub>3</sub> weight)</p> <p>· particle_1_rho: density of TiO<sub>2</sub> used for the calculations</p> <p>· particle_1_size_mean: mean TiO<sub>2</sub> radius</p> <p>· particle_1_size_min: smallest TiO<sub>2</sub> radius</p> <p>· particle_1_size_max: largest TiO<sub>2</sub> radius</p> <p>· particle_1_size_std: standard deviation of TiO<sub>2</sub> radii</p> <p>· particle_1_clustersize: average TiO<sub>2</sub> cluster size</p> <p>· particle_1_clustersize_init: average TiO<sub>2</sub> cluster size of primary clusters (before merging into larger clusters)</p> <p>· particle_1_clustersize_init_intended: intended TiO<sub>2</sub> cluster size of primary clusters</p> <p>· particle_2_rho: density of WO<sub>3 </sub>used for the calculations</p> <p>· particle_2_size_mean: mean WO<sub>3</sub> radius</p> <p>· particle_2_size_min: smallest WO<sub>3</sub> radius</p> <p>· particle_2_size_max: largest WO<sub>3</sub> radius</p> <p>· particle_2_size_std: standard deviation of WO<sub>3</sub> radii</p> <p>· particle_2_clustersize: average WO<sub>3</sub> cluster size</p> <p>· particle_2_clustersize_init: average WO<sub>3</sub> cluster size of primary clusters (before merging into larger clusters)</p> <p>· particle_2_clustersize_init_intended: intended WO<sub>3</sub> cluster size of primary clusters</p> <p>· number_of_primary_particles: number of particles within the aggregate</p> <p>· gyration_radius_geometric: gyration radius of the aggregate (neglecting particle densities)</p> <p>· gyration_radius_weighted: gyration radius of the aggregate (including particle densities)</p> <p>· mean_coordination: mean total coordination number (particle contacts)</p> <p>· mean_coordination_heterogen: mean heterogeneous coordination number (contacts with particles of the different material)</p> <p>· mean_coordination_homogen: mean homogeneous coordination number (contacts with particles of the same material)</p> <p>· material_1: the name of the first material (TiO2)</p> <p>· material_2: the name of the second material (WO3)</p> <p>· radius_equiv: list of area equivalent particle radii (in projection) in nm</p> <p>· k_proj: projection direction of the aggregate: 0: z-direction (axis = 2), 1: x-direction (axis = 1), 2: y-direction (axis = 0)</p> <p>· polygons: list of polygons that surround the particle (COCO annotation)</p> <p>· bboxes: list of particle bounding boxes</p> <p>· aggregate_size: projected area of the aggregate translated into the radius of a circle in nm</p> <p>· n_pix: number of pixel per image in horizontal and vertical direction (squared images)</p> <p>· pixel_size: pixel size in nm</p> <p>· image_size: image size in nm</p> <p>· add_poisson_noise: 1 if poisson noise was added, 0 otherwise</p> <p>· frame_time: simulated frame time (required for poisson noise)</p> <p>· dwell_time: dwell time per pixel (required for poisson noise)</p> <p>· beam_current: beam current (required for poisson noise)</p> <p>· electrons_per_pixel: number of electrons per pixel</p> <p>· dose: electron dose in electrons per Å<sup>2</sup></p> <p>· add_scan_noise: 1 if scan noise was added, 0 otherwise</p> <p>· beam_misposition: parameter that describes how far the beam can be misplaced in pm (required for scan noise)</p> <p>· scan_noise: parameter that describes how far the beam can be misplaced in pix (required for scan noise)</p> <p>· add_focus_dependence: 1 if a focus effect is included, 0 otherwise</p> <p>· add_partial_coating: 1 if some TiO<sub>2</sub> particles were coated by a thin WO<sub>3</sub> film, 0 otherwise.</p> <p>· data_format: data format of the images, e.g. uint8</p> <p>For 3D reconstructions, the following information is added:</p> <p>· add_image_shifts, 1 if all images of the tilt series were shifted randomly by some pixel to account for misaligned images, 0 otherwise.</p> <p>· add_projection_noise: 1 if noise was added to projection angles, 0 otherwise.</p> <p>· N_SIRT: number of SIRT iterations for the 3D-reconstruction.</p> <p>· proj_angles: list of angles used for the projection directions of the tilt series in rad.</p> <p>For the 2D case, there are 24000 training images, 5500 validation images, 5500 test images, and their corresponding annotations. Aggregates and STEM images were obtained with the algorithm explained in the main work. The important data for CNN training is extracted from the files of individual aggregates and concluded in the subfolder <em>COCO</em>. For training, validation and test data there is a file <em>annotation_COCO.json</em> that includes all information required for the CNN training.</p> <p>For the 3D case, there are 100 simulated reconstructions that are divided into 80 training and 20 validation images within the training script.</p> <p>The zip archive <em>models.zip</em> includes the two networks that were trained, evaluated and used for the investigation in the manuscript. In the 2D case, network weights are stored in the file <em>2D_projection/logs/fit/20240209-095952/iter_60000.pth</em>. These weights can be loaded with the jupyter-notebook <em>2D_projection_prediction.ipynb</em>. Furthermore, a configuration file, which is required by the notebooks, is stored as <em>2D_projection/logs/fit</em> <em>20240209-095952/config_file.py</em>. In the 3D case, network weights are stored in <em>3D_reconstruction/model/weights_best.h5</em>. Also for this case, a configuration file is provided. The network can be loaded with the jupyter-notebook <em>3D_reconstruction_prediction.ipynb</em>.</p> <p>The zip archive <em>experiment_measurement.zip</em> includes the experimental 2D-projection images and the experimental 3D-reconstructions investigated in the manuscript. In the 3D case, we provide measured reconstructions as obtained by MATLAB and as transformed for the prediction with the CNN.</p> <p>The zip archive<em> experiment_prediction.zip</em> includes predictions and visualizations obtained by the 2D and 3D CNNs.</p> <p>The zip archive <em>simulation_measurement.zip</em> includes simulated 2D-projection images and simulated 3D-reconstructions that were not used for the network training. These simulations were used for evaluation of trained networks.</p> <p>The zip archive<em> simulation_prediction.zip</em> includes predictions and visualizations obtained by the 2D and 3D CNNs for the simulated data that was not used during the training process.</p> <p>In the zip archive <em>code.zip</em>, we provide several files with Python and MATLAB code that can be used for training, prediction and evaluation of the CNNs. A lot of information is provided within the comments and markdowns. For the application, it is required that the MMDetection toolbox and the StarDist3D framework are installed.</p> <p>· <em>2D_projection_training.py:</em> This Python script can be used for network training of the 2D Mask R-CNN after installation of the MMDetection toolbox.</p> <p>· <em>3D_reconstruction_training.py</em>: This Python script can be used for network training of the StarDist-3D network after installation of the StarDist package.</p> <p>· <em>2D_projection_prediction.ipynb</em>: This jupyter-notebook can be used for the application of a trained Mask R-CNN to experimental and simulated 2D-projection data.</p> <p>· <em>3D_reconstruction_prediction.ipynb</em>: This jupyter-notebook can be used for the application of a trained StarDist-3D network to experimental and simulated 3D-reconstruction data.</p> <p>· <em>Evaluation_experiment.m</em>: This MATLAB script is for the visualization and quantitative comparison of 2D and 3D experimental evaluations.</p> <p>· <em>Evaluation_simulation.m</em>: This MATLAB script is for the visualization and quantitative comparison of 2D and 3D evaluations of simulations.</p> <p>· <em>particle_detection_functions.py:</em> This Python script contains functions required by the jupyter-notebooks. Details can be found within the comments.</p> <p>· <em>ASTRA_CM_plot_results.m</em>: This MATLAB script provides functions for the visualization of experimental and simulated 3D-reconstructions.</p> <p>· <em>ASTRA_CM_particle_detection.m</em>: This MATLAB script is used for the quantitative evaluation of segmentations of 3D-reconstructions.</p> <p> </p> <p>There is no confidential data in this dataset. It is neither offensive, nor insulting or threatening.</p> <p>The dataset was generated to discriminate between TiO<sub>2 </sub>and WO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles in STEM-images and STEM tomography reconstructions. It might be possible that it can discriminate between different materials if the STEM contrast is similar to the contrast of TiO<sub>2 </sub>and WO<sub>3</sub> but there is no guarantee.</p>
Elasto-plastic residual stress analysis of selective laser sintered porous materials based on 3D-multilayer thermo-structural phase-field simulations
<p>The supporting data and utilities from the publication "Elasto-plastic residual stress analysis of selective laser sintered porous materials based on 3D-multilayer thermo-structural phase-field simulations" are recorded in this dataset. </p> <p>Non-isothermal phase-field simulations of SLS process on SS316L material and subsequent elasto-plastic calculations were performed to analyze the development of plastic deformation and residual stress in SLS produced components during the processing. The dependence of the fusion zone, residual stress and plastic strain on the processing parameters namely, Beam power (Unit: Watts) and Scan speed (Unit: mm/s) were investigated. </p> <p>To promote FAIR research data principles, the processed simulation data from the thermo-elasto-plastic calculations for all the process parameter sets (hereby refered as P-v sets) are curated in this dataset. The raw temporal data obtained from the processing simulations and the elasto-plastic could not be included in this dataset due to its high volume. However, the corresponding raw data can be requested by contacting the creators of this dataset (Yangyiwei Yang: <a href="mailto:yangyiwei.yang@mfm.tu-darmstadt.de">yangyiwei.yang@mfm.tu-darmstadt.de</a> and Somnath Bharech: <a href="mailto:somnath.bharech@tu-darmstadt.de">somnath.bharech@tu-darmstadt.de</a>).</p> <p>This dataset includes: </p> <ul> <li><code>average_value.csv</code>: Contains average values of mechanical properties (such as residual stress, plastic strain) for the powder bed and the fused strut of all the process parameter sets.</li> <li><code>mesostructures_tep_sls.zip</code> : Contains resampled mesostructures obtained at the last time step of the SLS processing simulations with thermo-elasto-plastic calculations for the P-v sets reported in the aforementioned investigation. Nomenclature of the sub-directories indicating the P-v sets follows: <code>tep_<beam power>-<scan speed></code>. Each of these sub-directories contain the mesostructures from last time step of the thermo-elasto-plastic analysis of each of the four layer scans and is named as: <code>TP_layer{1..4}_output_final.e</code>. These files can be opened using Paraview v.5.8.1 or higher. The nodal values are explained as follows:</li> </ul> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Nodal value name</strong></td> <td><strong>Symbol</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> <td><strong>Unit</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>T</td> <td>\(T\)</td> <td>Temperature field normalized by \(T_M\)</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td>\(\rho\)</td> <td>Substance order parameter</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>eps_ij </td> <td>\(\varepsilon\)</td> <td>Strain</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>epsp_ij</td> <td>\(\varepsilon^\text{pl}\)</td> <td>Plastic strain</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>peeq</td> <td>\(p_\text{e}\)</td> <td>Accumulated plastic strain</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sigma_ij </td> <td>\(\sigma\)</td> <td>Stress</td> <td>MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vonmises</td> <td>\(\sigma_\text{e}\)</td> <td>von Mises stress </td> <td>MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>\(\mathbf{u}\)</td> <td>Displacement</td> <td>µm</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p>
Workshop Material - 3D-e-Chem Structural Cheminformatics Workflows for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery
<p>The workshop at the KNIME user meeting (Berlin 9th of March 2018) is set up to stimulate participants with varying degrees of experience in cheminformatics to learn and apply the different structural cheminformatics tools and workflows developed within the context of the 3D-e-Chem project. You will learn how to construct and apply integrated cheminformatics workflows using the 3D-e-Chem KNIME nodes for the exploitation of G protein-coupled receptor and kinase data (two important pharmaceutical target classes) to obtain useful information for drug discovery.</p> <p>Information on the 3D-e-Chem KNIME nodes and workflows can be found online:</p> <p>3D-e-Chem GitHub website: <a href="http://3d-e-chem.github.io/">http://3d-e-chem.github.io/</a></p>
Dataset for: Numerical simulations of sheared granular materials by 3D DEM for analyzing formation of internal structures and relationship between it and frictional behavior
<p>We conducted numerical simulations of sheared granular materials under normal stress by using 3D DEM method in order to analyze internal structures and relationship between their formation and frictional behavior. This dataset includes raw data for plotting figures in our article and run scripts and CAD files for simulations.</p>
Dataset for: Numerical simulations of sheared granular materials by 3D DEM for analyzing formation of internal structures and relationship between it and frictional behavior
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