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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

Disease Spread in Age Structured Populations with Maternal Age Effects

Fundamental ecological processes, such as extrinsic mortality, determine population age structure. This influences disease spread when individuals of different ages differ in susceptibility or when maternal age determines offspring susceptibility. We show that Daphnia magna offspring born to young mothers are more susceptible than those born to older mothers, and consider this alongside previous observations that susceptibility declines with age in this system. We used a susceptible- infected compartmental model to investigate how age-specific susceptibility and maternal age effects on offspring susceptibility interact with demographic factors affecting disease spread. Our results show a scenario where an increase in extrinsic mortality drives an increase in transmission potential. Thus, we identify a realistic context in which age effects and maternal effects produce conditions favouring disease transmission. epi model R script.R This is the script for the SIR model as well as the associated script for life history data. main.body size.csv This is the data for the body size data collected in the main experiment. This was measured using imageJ, was recorded in pixels and converted into millimetres. main.exposed.csv This is the proportion of infected/not infected individuals from an exposed treatment group. This was a subset of individuals from the entire experiment. This was the result of the exposures from the main experiment. main.reproduction.csv This document records reproduction for individuals from old or young mothers. It is a count of the offspring born at each reproductive event, which occurs generally every three days, though variation in interclutch interval increases with age. This was from the main experiment. Only those who were unexposed to the parasite, where used for this portion of the experimental work. sm.body size.csv This records body size similarly to above, and was an independent replication of the main experiment. sm.infection status.csv This is infection outcomes of exposures carried out as above, in an independent replication of the main experiment. sm.total babies.csv This is the reproductive output, carried out similarly to above, but in an independent replication of the main experiment.

dryad40/100

Maternal effects on the advertisement signals and mate preferences of adult offspring in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae)

We tested for maternal effects on the mating signals and mate preferences of adult offspring in a plant-feeding insect that communicates via plant-borne vibrational signals. We experimentally manipulated an aspect of the social environment experienced by egg-laying mothers: aggregation density. We detected a strong maternal effect in a male signal trait, with sons of mothers that experienced low aggregation density signaling more. We also detected a weak maternal effect on female mate preferences, with daughters of mothers that experienced low aggregation density being less selective. We discuss the evolutionary consequences of these maternal effects in terms of the signal-preference relationship; the maintenance of variation under selection; whether they may be beneficial for offspring; and potential mechanisms that may be involved in their expression.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Data and code for: Viviparous mothers impose stronger glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal stress effects on their offspring than oviparous mothers

Data and code accompanying the manuscript "Viviparous mothers impose stronger glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal stress effects on their offspring than oviparous mothers", MacLeod KJ, While GM, Uller, T, Ecology & Evolution 2021. Code is in an R file - can be opened with any txt app. Metadata is in sheet 2 of the main data sheet (xlsx). Queries to kirstyjmacleod@gmail.com Publication abstract: Maternal stress during gestation has the potential to affect offspring development via changes in maternal physiology, such as increases in circulating levels of glucocorticoid hormones that are typical after exposure to a stressor. While the effects of elevated maternal glucocorticoids on offspring phenotype (i.e., “glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal effects”) have been relatively well established in laboratory studies, it remains poorly understood how strong and consistent such effects are in natural populations. Using a meta‐analysis of studies of wild mammals, birds, and reptiles, we investigate the evidence for effects of elevated maternal glucocorticoids on offspring phenotype and investigate key moderators that might influence the strength and direction of these effects. In particular, we investigate the potential importance of reproductive mode (viviparity vs. oviparity). We show that glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal effects are stronger, and likely more deleterious, in mammals and viviparous squamate reptiles compared with birds, turtles, and oviparous squamates. No other moderators (timing and type of manipulation, age at offspring measurement, or type of trait measured) were significant predictors of the strength or direction of the phenotypic effects on offspring. These results provide evidence that the evolution of a prolonged physiological association between embryo and mother sets the stage for maladaptive, or adaptive, prenatal stress effects in vertebrates driven by glucocorticoid elevation.

dryad40/100

Incorporating effects of age on energy dynamics predicts non-linear maternal allocation patterns in iteroparous animals

Iteroparous parents face a trade-off between allocating current resources to reproduction versus maximizing survival to produce further offspring. Optimal allocation varies across age, and follows a hump-shaped pattern across diverse taxa, including mammals, birds and invertebrates. This non-linear allocation pattern lacks a general theoretical explanation, potentially because most studies focus on offspring number rather than quality and do not incorporate uncertainty or age-dependence in energy intake or costs. Here, we develop a life history model of maternal allocation in iteroparous animals. We identify the optimal allocation strategy in response to stochasticity when energetic costs, feeding success, energy intake, and environmentally-driven mortality risk are age-dependent. As a case study, we use tsetse, a viviparous insect that produces one offspring per reproductive attempt and relies on an uncertain food supply of vertebrate blood. Diverse scenarios generate a hump-shaped allocation: when energetic costs and energy intake increase with age; and also when energy intake decreases, and energetic costs increase or decrease. Feeding success and mortality risk have little influence on age-dependence in allocation. We conclude that ubiquitous evidence for age-dependence in these influential traits can explain the prevalence of non-linear maternal allocation across diverse taxonomic groups.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

Differential effects of early or late exposure to prenatal maternal immune activation on mouse embryonic neurodevelopment

Exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) in utero is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. MIA-induced deficits in adolescent and adult offspring have been well characterized, however, less is known about the effects of MIA-exposure on embryo development. To address this gap, we collected high-resolution ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of C57BL/6 mouse embryos (gestational day [GD]18) who were prenatally exposed to MIA either early (GD9) or late (GD17) in gestation. We further examined hippocampal neuroanatomy using electron microscopy and identified differential effects due to MIA-timing.  The data published here was collected and analyzed for the following publication available as a preprint on BioRxiv (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.14.452084v2). Briefly, We identify striking neuroanatomical changes in the embryo brain, particularly in the late exposed offspring.  An increase in apoptotic cell density was observed in the GD9 exposed offspring, while an increase in the density of dark neurons and glia, putative markers for increased neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, was observed in GD17 exposed offspring, particularly in females. Overall, our findings integrate imaging techniques across different scales to identify differential impact of MIA-timing on the earliest stages of neurodevelopment. In this dataset, you will find a total of 187 preprocessed structural MRIs (in MINC format) of whole embryos at gestational day 18. These embryos were exposed to poly I:C or vehicle control (0.9% sterile saline) at GD9 or 17. A multi-channel 7.0-T MRI scanner with a 40 cm diameter bore (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA), with a custom-built 16-coil solenoid array was used to acquire T2-weighted, gadolinium enhanced structural images at 40 μm3 resolution images from 16 samples concurrently (3D fast spin echo sequence using a cylindrical k-space acquisition; TR/TE=350/12 ms, echo train length=6, two averages, field-of-view 20 mm x 20 mm x 25 mm, matrix size=504 x 504 x 630). An N4 correction for B1 bias field inhomogeneities and denoising  using non-local means (minc_anlm) was applied to the T2-weighted images, and the background was set to zero using minc tools. The demographics information for each animal is included in the demographics.csv file.  The dorsal hippocampus was selected as a region of interest in which the total number and density of total cells, dark neurons, dark glia, apoptotic cells were assessed (as presented in our manuscript). This is available in the EM_raw_data_per_slice.csv and EM_average_per_mouse.csv files.  Included in this data set are the structural MRIs in MINC format, corresponding demographics information (demographics.csv), electron microscopy data from the dorsal hippocampus (EM_raw_data_per_slice.csv and EM_average_per_mouse.csv) data, and a readme.txt file providing further detail on the data structure and content, and on how to interpret the data column titles.The raw (not-preprocessed) MINC files, as well as MINC files cropped to the head of the embryos available upon request to the authors.  Finally, the authors would like to acknowledge the funding bodies that supported the completion of this work including the Canadian Institute for Health Research, the Fonds de Recherche du Québec en Santé, and the Healthy Brains for Healthy Lives at McGill University.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Sublethal exposure to deltamethrin stimulates reproduction and has limited effects on post-hatching maternal care in the European earwig

Data set and associated R script used to obtain the statistical results presented in the corresponding study.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Investigating the "two-hit hypothesis": effects of prenatal maternal immune activation and adolescent cannabis use on neurodevelopment in mice

Prenatal exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) and chronic adolescent cannabis use have both been identified as environmental risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, most individuals exposed to a single risk factor do not typically develop major mental illness, which suggests that multiple exposures may be required for illness onset. Here, we examine whether combined exposure to prenatal MIA and adolescent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, lead to enduring neuroanatomical and behavioural changes in adult offspring, potentially reflecting changes in humans indicative of mental illness.  Mice were prenatally exposed to a viral mimetic, poly I:C (5mg/kg), or vehicle at gestational day (GD)9, and then postnatally exposed to chronic THC (5mg/kg) or vehicle by intraperitoneal injections during adolescent development (postnatal day [PND]28-45). Longitudinal in vivo whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed pre-treatment, PND25, post-treatment, PND50, and in adulthood, PND85, followed by a series of behavioural tests aimed at assessing anxiety-like and locomotor, social, and sensorimotor gating behaviour. Post-mortem assessment of cannabinoid (CB)1 and 2 receptor expressing cells was performed in developmentally altered regions identified by MRI (anterior cingulate and somatosensory cortices, striatum, and hippocampus). We hypothesized that there would be differential, but synergistic effects of each exposure. Briefly, we found subtle deviations in neurodevelopmental trajectory and subthreshold anxiety-like behaviours were observed in mice exposed to both risk factors. Sex-dependent effects were observed in patterns of shared brain-behaviour covariation, suggesting that exposure to MIA and THC may affect males and females in different ways. Density of CB1 and CB2 receptor positive cells was significantly decreased in all regions assessed for all mice exposed to either one or both risk factors, relative to controls. These findings suggest that there may be a cumulative effect of risk factor exposure on gross neuroanatomical and behavioural development, and that the endocannabinoid system may be sensitive to both prenatal MIA, adolescent THC, or the combination. For full details, see our publication: . In this dataset, you will find a total of 243 preprocessed structural MRIs (in MINC format) acquired at postnatal day ~25, ~50, and ~85 in mice exposed to poly I:C or vehicle control (0.9% sterile saline) at GD9, and then postnatally treated with vehicle or THC from PND 28-45. These are T1-weighted structural images at 100 micron isotropic resolution acquired on a 7 Tesla Bruker Biospec 70/30; matrix size of 180 x 160 x 90; 14.5 minutes, 20 degrees and TE/TR of 4.5/20 ms (2 averages, ~14 minutes). Anesthesia was induced with 3% isoflurane in oxygen and a (0.075 mg/kg bolus) dexmedetomidine injection. Anesthesia was maintained during the scan between 1.5-0.5% isoflurane, and a constant infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.05mg/kg/h continuous mg/kg during scan). T1-weighted scans were preprocessed by stripping native coordinates, flipping left-right to maintain fidelity, denoising, correcting inhomogeneities in the bias field using the N4 algorithm, and registering in LSQ6 alignment (i.e. 6 degrees of freedom are allowed for imagine alignment: translations and rotations along x, y, and z dimensions). The demographics information for each animal is included in the demographics.csv file.  Behavioural tests were performed following the postnatal day 85 scans in all animals with a 2 day rest period. These include: open field test, three chambered social approach, and prepulse inhibition. The data for all of these tests is presented in its own individual .csv spreadsheet. Included in this data set are the structural MRIs in MINC format, the behavioural .csv data, and a readme.txt file providing further detail on the data structure and content, and on how to interpret the data column titles. DICOMS are also available for the structural MRI data, as are the raw (not-preprocessed) MINC files, available upon request to the authors.  Finally, the authors would like to acknowledge the funding bodies that supported the completion of this work including the Canadian Institute for Health Research, the Fonds de Recherche du Québec en Santé, and the Healthy Brains for Healthy Lives at McGill University.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2017View details →

Maternal effects 2018

Data accompanying Intergenerational fitness effects of the early life environment in a wild rodent (van Cann et al., 2019; Journal of Animal Ecology)

Figure 5 in Under pressure: maternal effects promote drought tolerance in progeny seed of Palmer amaranth (Amoronthus polmeri)

Figure 5. Shifts in distribution of base water potential of progeny seeds from two Amoronthus polmeri populations (California and Kansas) grown under contrasting maternal water conditions (continuous̜ ̜ ̹ water-deficit ̹ vs. well-watered). Seed germination was tested at two temperatures (20 and 30 C) under five water potentials. A hydrotime model, ̜ ̹ θ Equation 3, g w,t¼ Φ w ― H w,σ, was fit to estimate the median base water potentials, w (vertical dashed lines), and their respective standard deviations, σ, g tg bð50Þ wb bð50Þ wb to produce these probability density curves of normal distribution (see Table 1 for parameter estimates). Note that the area under the curve for base water potential values>0 indicates the proportion of seeds that have not germinated (i.e., dormancy level).

Figure 1 in Under pressure: maternal effects promote drought tolerance in progeny seed of Palmer amaranth (Amoronthus polmeri)

Figure 1. Plant height for Amoronthus polmeri populations (California and Kansas) grown under continuous water-deficit or well-watered irrigation conditions. Vertical lines on bars indicate SE.

Figure 4 in Under pressure: maternal effects promote drought tolerance in progeny seed of Palmer amaranth (Amoronthus polmeri)

Figure 4. The effect of maternal water conditions (continuous water-deficit vs. well-watered) on cumulative germination of progeny seeds in two Amoronthus polmeri populations (California and Kansas) tested under various water potentials at 30 C. Lines are fitted values obtained from the hydrotime model, Equation 3, ̜ ̹ ̜ ̜ ̹ ̹ g w,t¼ Φ w ― θH,w,σ, with parameter estimates shown in Table 1. g tg bð50Þ wb

Figure 3 in Under pressure: maternal effects promote drought tolerance in progeny seed of Palmer amaranth (Amoronthus polmeri)

Figure 3. The effect of maternal water conditions (continuous water-deficit vs. well-watered) on cumulative germination of progeny seeds in two Amoronthus polmeri populations (̜ California̜ ̹ and Kansas̹) tested under various water potentials at 20 C. Lines are fitted values obtained from the hydrotime model, Equation ̜ ̹ θ 3, g w,t¼ Φ w ― H, w, σb, with parameter estimates shown in Table 1. g tg bð50Þ w

Figure 2 in Under pressure: maternal effects promote drought tolerance in progeny seed of Palmer amaranth (Amoronthus polmeri)

Figure 2. Differences in 1,000-seed weight, seed surface area, and total germination (dormancy) of progeny seeds from two Amoronthus polmeri populations (California and Kansas) grown under continuous water-deficit (WD) or well-watered (WW) irrigation conditions. Vertical bars on data points indicate SE.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2019View details →

Data from: The more you get, the more you give: Positive cascading effects shape the evolutionary potential of prenatal maternal investment

Data from 'The more you get, the more you give: Positive cascading effects shape the evolutionary potential of prenatal maternal investment'   Description of variables in CME_dat.csv egg.mass - mean offspring egg mass (grams) maternal.line - selection line of mother (H- high investment, L - low investment) paternal.line - selection lines of father (H- high investment, L - low investment) replicate - selection line replicate animal - animal id (links with data from Pick et al. 2016 on dryad) mother - mother id father - father id maternal.egg.mass - mean maternal egg mass (grams)

Fig. 4 in Lady beetle oviposition site choices: maternal effects on offspring performance

Fig. 4. Chroma (carotenoids) of Cycloneda sanguinea (A) and Hippodamia convergens (B) adults that developed with the Uroleucon (grey) and Brevicoryne (black) diets during the immature stages as a function of the mean brightness. Females are indicated with triangles and males with crosses. The dashed ellipse highlights the difference in mean brightness of Cycloneda sanguinea adults for each diet.

Fig. 2 in Lady beetle oviposition site choices: maternal effects on offspring performance

Fig. 2. Individual adult weight (mg) for Cycloneda sanguinea, Hippodamia convergens, and Harmonia axyridis that emerged afer the Uroleucon (grey) and Brevicoryne (black) larvae diets as a function of development time (d). Females are indicated with triangles and males with crosses. The dashed line indicates the weight difference of Cycloneda sanguinea in each diet.

Fig. 1 in Lady beetle oviposition site choices: maternal effects on offspring performance

Fig. 1. Survival curves as a function of time for Harmonia axyridis (A) and Cycloneda sanguinea (B) immatures fed with aphids Brevicoryne (white) or Uroleucon (grey). Straight lines demarcate the average periods for instars (first to fourth in Roman numerals) and pupae.

Fig. 3 in Lady beetle oviposition site choices: maternal effects on offspring performance

Fig. 3. Reflectance spectrum for the elytra of Cycloneda sanguinea (n = 33) (A) and Hippodamia convergens (n = 18) (B) adults when fed with Uroleucon or Brevicoryne aphids during the immature stages. Each curve represents the average of 6 spectral measures (3 in each elytra) performed for each individual.

Fig. 5 in Lady beetle oviposition site choices: maternal effects on offspring performance

Fig. 5. PCA graph performed for the following variables: development time (time), brightness, weight, and chroma derived from carotenoids, with the position of Hippodamia convergens (A) and Cycloneda sanguinea (B) adults which have emerged from the Uroleucon (grey) and Brevicoryne (black) diet during the immature stages, when sorted in function of the 2 main axes of data variation.