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67 results for “mating pairs”
Data from: AgMate: an optimal mating software versus other mate pair designing methods on long-term breeding of Pinus taeda L
<p>Breeding objectives aim to optimize two crucial but contrasting goals of maximizing genetic gain while managing genetic diversity. In advanced generations, this becomes a challenge in monoecious conifer tree species breeding programs because they suffer from inbreeding. Developing an algorithm that maximizes genetic gain while maintaining genetic diversity for monoecious species is imperative. While methods and algorithms for animal breeding are well-established, an efficient algorithm suited to monoecious species remains elusive. Towards this goal, we have adopted an evolutionary genetic algorithm, the Differential Evolution algorithm, to optimize mate pair designing in <em>Pinus taeda</em> (loblolly pine), a widely planted pine species in the southern USA. AgMate, an optimal mating for monoecious species software, is a multi-functional, completely automated optimization software. It utilizes genetic relationships and breeding values as input to create an optimal mating list. AgMate maximizes the genetic gain and minimizes the increase in average coancestry and inbreeding in the proposed progeny. AgMate was more effective in optimizing mating lists than positive assortative mating and random mating in short-term and long-term settings. AgMate mating list resulted in an average 93% genetic gain each cycle for ten cycles while simultaneously minimizing the increase in coancestry to 0.086. The framework and methods adapted for Pinus taeda are also relevant to the breeding of other monoecious species.</p>
Fig. 1 in Phenological stages of a soybean crop affect the number of mating pairs and egg load in Rhyssomatus nigerrimus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) females under natural conditions
Fig. 1. Effect of soybean crop phenological stages on matings per linear meter of Rhyssomatus nigerrimus pairs.Estimated values are 95% confidence intervals ±SE.
Fig. 2 in Phenological stages of a soybean crop affect the number of mating pairs and egg load in Rhyssomatus nigerrimus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) females under natural conditions
Fig. 2. Effect of time of day on matings per linear meter of Rhyssomatus nigerrimus copulating in the R7 phenological stage in a soybean crop. Estimated values are 95% confidence intervals ±SE.
Data from: Wasted efforts impair random search efficiency and reduce choosiness in mate-pairing termites. American Naturalist
<div> <h1>README</h1> <a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/tree/main#readme"></a></div> <div> <h2>Article Information</h2> <a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/tree/main#article-information"></a></div> <p>This repository provides access to the data and source code used for the manuscript</p> <div> <h3><strong>Wasted efforts impair random search efficiency and reduce the level of choosiness in mate-pairing termites</strong></h3> <a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/tree/main#wasted-efforts-impair-random-search-efficiency-and-reduce-the-level-of-choosiness-in-mate-pairing-termites"></a></div> <div> <h4>Nobuaki Mizumoto, Naohisa Nataya, Ryusuke Fujisawa</h4> <a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/tree/main#nobuaki-mizumoto-naohisa-nataya-ryusuke-fujisawa"></a></div> <p>Contact, Nobuaki Mizumoto: <a href="mailto:nzm0095@auburn.edu">nzm0095@auburn.edu</a></p> <p>This paper is accepted at The American Naturalist.<br>Preprint is available at <a href="http://img.shields.io/badge/DOI-10.1101/2024.02.01.578198.svg" rel="nofollow">bioRxiv</a>.</p> <p>This study examines how movement patterns of mate searchers of a termite <em>Reticulitermes speratus</em> changes according to time. Then investigated how this change in movement patterns affect random search efficiency and mate choice behavior.<br>This includes tracking data, R codes to analyze it, and Cpp code for simulations.</p> <div> <h2>Table of Contents</h2> <a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/tree/main#table-of-contents"></a></div> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/blob/main/README.md">README</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/blob/main/analysis/scripts">scripts</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/blob/main/analysis/scripts/output.R">output.R</a> - output all results</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/blob/main/analysis/scripts/processing.R">processing.R</a> - data processing of coordinates obtained from servosphere</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/blob/main/analysis/scripts/simulations.R">simulations.R</a> - for data-based simulations</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/blob/main/analysis/scripts/onesim.cpp">onesim.cpp</a> - functions for simulations</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/blob/main/analysis/output">output</a> - all outputs are stored</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/blob/main/analysis/data">data</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/blob/main/analysis/data/raw">raw</a> - raw data in .csv <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/blob/main/analysis/data/raw/ANTAM_4day">ANTAM_4day</a> - directory includes raw data obtained from servosphere. Ignore the first four columns. col4: x, col5: y, col6: time</li> <li><strong>colonyfoundation.csv</strong> - data for colony foundation experiments.</li> <li><strong>tandem_sum.csv</strong> - the number of observations of individual units in each experiment. units include solomale (single male), solofemale (single female), heterotandem (female-male tandem), male tandem (male-male tandem), female tandem (female-female tandem), and tandem3 (tandem run with >= 3 individuals).</li> <li><strong>tandem_timedevelopment.csv</strong> - breakdown of tandem_sum.csv. The measurement was not summarized but for each observation bouts (5: 0-5 min, 10: 5-10 min, ...).</li> <li><strong>termite_weight.csv</strong> - Termite weight measurement. fresh: fresh weight in mg.</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/blob/main/analysis/data/fmt">fmt</a> - formatted data created in processing.R and simulations.R. The formatted data will be used for output.R. The all formatted data are in .rda files. The .csv files with the same contents are also generated for reviewing purpose. <ul> <li><strong>df_all.rda</strong> - The processed data of trajectories for furthur analysis. It has three datafrmaes named df_all (trajectories with traveled distance information for each frame), df_MSD (MSD data for each individual), df_pause (duration of pauses for each pausing events for each individual). The corresponding csv files are df_all.csv, df_MSD.csv, and df_pause.csv</li> <li><strong>df_sum.rda</strong> - The file further processed df_all.rda to summarize all parameters for each individual. df_sum.csv is corresponding.</li> <li><strong>df_sim.rda</strong> - The simulation results that record encounter time for each searching attempts. encounter_time = 1501 indicates the failure to encounter. df_sim.csv is corresponding.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div> <h2>Session information</h2> <a href="https://github.com/nobuaki-mzmt/termite-mate-search-cost/tree/main#session-information"></a></div> <div> <pre><code>R version 4.3.1 (2023-06-16 ucrt) Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit) Running under: Windows 11 x64 (build 22621) Matrix products: default locale: [1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.utf8 [2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.utf8 [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.utf8 [4] LC_NUMERIC=C [5] LC_TIME=English_United States.utf8 time zone: Asia/Tokyo tzcode source: internal attached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base other attached packages: [1] CircStats_0.2-6 boot_1.3-28.1 MASS_7.3-60 [4] stringr_1.5.0 survival_3.5-5 survminer_0.4.9 [7] ggpubr_0.6.0 Rcpp_1.0.10 PupillometryR_0.0.5 [10] rlang_1.1.1 dplyr_1.1.2 viridis_0.6.3 [13] viridisLite_0.4.2 ggplot2_3.4.2 Rmisc_1.5.1 [16] plyr_1.8.8 lattice_0.21-8 exactRankTests_0.8-35 [19] car_3.1-2 carData_3.0-5 lme4_1.1-34 [22] Matrix_1.6-1 data.table_1.14.8 </code></pre> </div>
Data and Source codes: Light alters activity but do not disturb tandem coordination of termite mating pairs
<p>This repository provides access to the tracking data and analysis code used for the manuscript</p> <p>Light alters activity but does not disturb tandem coordination of termite mating pairs</p> <p>by Nobuaki Mizumoto and Thomas Bourguignon</p> <p>Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan</p> <p>published in the Ecological Entomology.<br> </p>
Data from: Assessing the reproductive consequences of mate retention and pair bond duration in Thorn-tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda), a short-lived, socially monogamous Neotropical bird
<p><strong>Description for "PairingData_Aspinicauda.xlsx" file.</strong></p> <p>Data from: Assessing the reproductive consequences of mate retention and pair bond duration in Thorn-tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda), a short-lived, socially monogamous Neotropical bird<br> MS Reference Number: IBIS-2022-OA-113.R2<br> Article DOI: 10.1111/ibi.13183</p> <p>Please address questions to:</p> <p>Esteban Botero D.<br> Guest Scientist<br> Max Planck Institute for Ornithology<br> Dep. Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics<br> Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 8<br> 82319 Seewiesen, Germany<br> Telephone: +49 8157 932453<br> http://www.orn.mpg.de/en<br> e-mail: eboterod@gmail.com; ebotero@orn.mpg.de</p> <p>=====================================================================================<br> =====================================================================================</p> <p><br> General information:</p> <p>The whole dataset contains breeding data collected from a population of the furnariid Thorn-tailed rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) in north-central Chile (Fray Jorge National Park; 30º38’S, 71º40’W). These data were collected during 2009–2017 as part of a long-term study on the breeding biology of rayaditos. In this study, data were used to evaluate the consequences of mate replacement versus mate retention using 243 breeding attempts made by 159 different breeding pairs. This, in the end, allowed to test whether successive remating conferred reproductive benefits to reunited pairs.</p> <p>The data set is comprised by an Excel file (three spreadsheets) that are explained below.</p> <p>*************************************************************************************</p> <p>Excel file "PairingData_Aspinicauda.xlsx" (created 11-01-2023)</p> <p><br> ********** Spreadsheet "1. AllPairs" **********<br> This spreadsheet contains information from all breeding attempts monitored during the study (n = 243). Each row correspond to a unique breeding attempt. The ring number is used as an ID for each individual. The matrix includes information regarding individual and pair identification, age, previous breeding status (whether an individual is a widow or a divorcee), current pairing status (whether is a newly formed pair or a reunited pair), number of seasons breeding together for each pair, confidence on pairing information for each pair (high: there was absolute confidence on the previous breeding status of both members of a breeding pair; low: when information on previous breeding status was missing for at least one of the members of a pair), and measures of reproductive success (laying day, clutch size, umber of fledglings produced). This dataset can be saved as a *.txt file so that it can be imported into R (R Core Team 2020).</p> <p>The matrix contains the following variables:</p> <p>VARIABLE DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Year Sampling year.<br> Box Nestbox code.<br> FID ID for the breeding female.<br> FMAge Age for each breeding female (yearling: 1; adult: 2).<br> SocMID ID for the breeding male (social father of the clutch).<br> SocMaAge Age for each breeding male.<br> PairID ID for the breeding pair. This is for indexing purposes.<br> FPaSta Previous breeding status of the female (Wid: widow; Div: divorcee; Reu: reunited).<br> MPaSta Previous breeding status of the male (Wid: widow; Div: divorcee; Reu: reunited).<br> PairSta Pairing status for the focal breeding pair (New: newly formed; Reunited: reunited).<br> PairSea No. of seasons breeding together for each pair.<br> Certainty Certainty on previous breeding status (High or Low; see explanation above).<br> LayingD Laying date (number of days in relation to date of first egg in the population).<br> ClutchS Clutch size.<br> NoFle Number of fledging produced.</p> <p><br> ********** Spreadsheet "2. WidowFBre" **********<br> This spreadsheet contains breeding information for females that were monitored in the years before and after mate loss.</p> <p>The matrix contains the following variables:</p> <p>VARIABLE DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Year Sampling year.<br> Box Nestbox code.<br> FID ID for the breeding female.<br> LayingD Laying date during year after mate loss.<br> ClutchS Clutch size during year after mate loss.<br> NoFle Number of fledging produced during year after mate loss.<br> FPaSta Previous breeding status of the female (Wid: widow; Div: divorcee; Reu: reunited).<br> LayingD_x.1 Laying date during year before mate loss (year x-1).<br> ClutchS_x.1 Clutch size during year before mate loss (year x-1).<br> NoFle_x.1 Number of fledging produced during year before mate loss (year x-1).</p> <p><br> ********** Spreadsheet "3. WidowMBre" **********<br> This spreadsheet contains breeding information for males that were monitored in the years before and after mate loss.</p> <p>The matrix contains the following variables:</p> <p>VARIABLE DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Year Sampling year.<br> Box Nestbox code.<br> SocMID ID for the breeding male.<br> LayingD Laying date during year after mate loss.<br> NoFle Number of fledging produced during year after mate loss.<br> MPaSta Previous breeding status of the female (Wid: widow; Div: divorcee; Reu: reunited).<br> LayingD_x.1 Laying date during year before mate loss (year x-1).<br> NoFle_x.1 Number of fledging produced during year before mate loss (year x-1).</p> <p>*************************************************************************************</p> <p><br> =====================================================================================</p> <p><br> Methodological information (for more details, please see the related manuscript):</p> <p>A total of 101–157 nestboxes were installed in Fray Jorge since 2007, and are monitored annually during September–December. We gathered data on reproductive phenology and productivity during 2008–2017 for all nestbox occupants. Nestboxes were initially visited every 3–5 days to detect nest building. Once nestboxes were occupied, we increased the frequency of visits to record data on laying date, clutch size, and the number of hatchlings and fledglings produced (see more details in Botero-Delgadillo et al. 2017). We captured and marked breeding adults and nestlings with numbered aluminium rings when nestlings were 12–14 days old. Additionally, we used mist nets to capture adult birds breeding in natural cavities in our study site. A total of 248 adults (132 females, 116 males) and 730 nestlings were marked. For all nests that were monitored, we marked ~90% of all breeding adults every year.</p> <p>We used data from a total of 243 breeding attempts made by 159 breeding pairs captured during 2009–2017 to describe mating patterns in the study population, including: (i) the duration of social bonds for all breeding pairs formed during the study; (ii) the proportion of newly formed and remated pairs found during the entire study period and during each year; and (iii) the proportion of divorce versus mate loss causing pair dissolution.</p> <p>The consequences of mate retention and successive remating were evaluated by performing mixed-effects models in the lme4 package (Bates et al. 2015) in the free software R 4.0.2 (R Core Team 2020). To assess whether reproductive success was higher for remated pairs than for newly formed pairs, we tested for the effects of pairing status (newly formed vs. remated) on measures of breeding productivity. Linear models were fit for laying date, clutch size, and number of fledglings produced. To control for between-season variation in reproductive output, we calculated Z-scores for all numeric response variables using the mean and standard deviation for each year. All models included age class of both members of a breeding pair as covariates (yearling vs. adult), and female, male and pair ID as random intercepts. First, we performed analyses on the complete set of 243 breeding attempts, and subsequently repeated the analyses on a reduced subset of data that only contained pairs whose previous pairing status was known with certainty (n = 159). This allowed to evaluate potential bias in our results, given that the complete dataset included pairs misclassified as “newly formed”, because the previous pairing status of older individuals that we captured for the first time is unknown.</p> <p>We also investigated whether individuals experienced reduced reproductive success after mate replacement. To test this, we compared breeding productivity of individuals in the years before and after mate loss. We focused the analysis on widowed birds, as the frequency of divorced individuals was low in the study population. We used linear mixed-effects models that included data on laying date, clutch size, and number of fledglings produced as response variables. Each sex was tested separately, with clutch size being evaluated only for females. We included the breeding season as predictor (year x vs. x-1), and entered individual ID as a random intercept.</p> <p>Lastly, to evaluate whether successive remating influenced reproductive success, we used data on pairs that bred more than once together during the study (n = 132). Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to assess the effect of the number of seasons breeding together on laying date, clutch size, and number of fledglings produced. Between-season effects were controlled as described above, while the number of seasons breeding together (range: 1–6) was introduced as predictor. Given the skewed distribution of the number of seasons breeding together in this dataset (one = 36%; two = 36%; three = 17%; four = 8%; five = 2%; six = 1%), and the possibility that its effect on reproductive success might not be linear, a dummy variable indicating whether an observation belonged to the first breeding attempt (first attempt vs. after-first attempt) was also entered as predictor. Models included female and male age class as covariates, and pair ID as a random intercept.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Botero-Delgadillo, E., Quirici, V., Poblete, Y., Cuevas, E., Kuhn, S., Girg, A., Teltscher, K., Poulin, E., Kempenaers, B., & Vásquez, R. A. (2017). Variation in fine-scale genetic structure and local dispersal patterns between peripheral populations of a South American passerine bird. Ecology and Evolution, 7(20), 8363–8378. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3342</p> <p>Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Soft. 67: 1–48.</p> <p>R Core Team. (2020). R: a language and environment for statistical computing, version 4.0.2. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, http://www.R.project.org</p> <p><br> =====================================================================================<br> =====================================================================================</p>
Data from: AgMate: an optimal mating software versus other mate pair designing methods on long-term breeding of Pinus taeda L
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Female and male plumage colour is linked to parental quality, pairing and extra-pair mating in a tropical passerine
<p>Sexual selection has been proposed to drive the evolution of elaborate phenotypic traits in males, which often confer success in competition or mating. However, in many species both males and females display such traits, although studies investigating selection acting in both sexes are scarce. In this study, we investigated whether plumage ornamentation is sexually selected in female and male lovely fairy-wrens <em>Malurus amabilis</em>, a cooperatively breeding songbird. We found that female and male plumage colour was correlated with parental quality but not with individual quality and survival. We also found evidence of positive assortative mating based on plumage colour. Microsatellite analyses of paternity indicated that the lovely fairy-wren has high levels of extra-pair paternity, with 53% of offspring (in 58% of broods, of 57% of females) resulting from extra-pair mating. Female and male plumage colour did not predict reproductive success or the proportion of extra-pair offspring in their own nest, but less colourful males obtained higher extra-pair paternity when paired with more colourful females, and gained overall higher total paternity (own nest and other nests). We argue that plumage colour may be under sex-specific selection, highlighting the importance of looking at both sexes in studies of sexual selection and ornament evolution. The current findings together with previous study, suggest that plumage colour in female and male lovely fairy-wrens appears to be an honest signal relevant in both intra and inter-sexual competition contexts.</p>
Body size is associated with yearling breeding and extra-pair mating in the Island Scrub-Jay
<p>Large body size is an important determinant of individual fitness in many animal species, especially in island systems where habitat saturation may result in strong intraspecific competition for mates and breeding territories. Here we show that large body size is associated with benefits to yearling breeding and extra-pair mating in the Island Scrub-Jay (<i>Aphelocoma insularis</i>), endemic to Santa Cruz Island, California. This species is approximately 20% larger than its mainland congener, consistent with the island syndrome, indicating that body size may be a trait under selection. From 2009 to 2013, we quantified the reproductive success of a marked population of Island Scrub-Jays, tracked which yearlings acquired a breeding territory and bred, and measured the occurrence of extra-pair paternity. Two potential contributors to fitness were positively related to body size. Larger yearling males were more likely to breed, possibly due to greater behavioral dominance during aggressive encounters. Larger males were also less likely to lose paternity to extra-pair males and, anecdotally, extra-pair males were larger than the social male cuckolded. This study provides evidence that larger males may have a fitness advantage over smaller males by breeding earlier and avoiding paternity loss, but estimates of lifetime reproductive success are ultimately needed for Island Scrub-Jays and other long-lived species.</p>
Exploration and relatedness of potential and realised mating pairs in Tamias striatus
<p><span>Individual exploration types are based on the cognitive speed-accuracy trade-off, which suggests that higher speed of information acquisition is done by sacrificing information quality</span><span>. In a mating context, fast exploration could thus increase the probability of finding mates at the cost of mating with kin or suboptimal partners. We tested this hypothesis by studying male mate choice patterns in a species with a scramble competition mating system. We used genotyping, localisation by radio-collar, trapping, and repeated exploration measures from a long-term study on wild Eastern chipmunks (<em>Tamias</em> <em>striatus</em>). We predicted that, according to the speed-accuracy trade-off hypothesis, slower-thorough explorers should be choosier than faster-superficial ones, and thus avoid inbreeding. We found that slower males reproduced more often with less related females, but only on one site where variance in relatedness and female density were high. Males showed no preference for their mates' exploration type. Our results suggest that superficial exploration decreases male choosiness and increases the risk of inbreeding, but only under decreased mate search costs due to high variance in relatedness among mates (at high density). Our findings reveal exploration-related, among-individual variance in inbreeding, highlighting the complexity of mate choice, and showing that many aspects of an individual's life contribute to animal decision-making.</span></p>
Data from: Courtship behaviour, nesting microhabitat and assortative mating in sympatric stickleback species-pairs
<p>The maintenance of reproductive isolation in the face of gene-flow is a particularly contentious topic, but differences in reproductive behaviour may provide the key to explaining this phenomenon. However, we do not yet fully understand how behaviour contributes to maintaining species boundaries. How important are behavioural differences during reproduction? To what extent does assortative mating maintain reproductive isolation in recently diverged populations and how important are 'magic traits'? Assortative mating can arise as a by-product of accumulated differences between divergent populations as well as an adaptive response to contact between those populations, but this is often overlooked. Here we address these questions using recently described species-pairs of three-spined stickleback (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>), from two separate locations and a phenotypically intermediate allopatric population on the island of North Uist, Scottish Western Isles. We identified stark differences in the preferred nesting substrate, and courtship behaviour of species-pair males. We showed that all males selectively court females of their own ecotype and all females prefer males of the same ecotype, regardless of whether they are from species-pairs or allopatric populations. We also showed that mate choice does not appear to be driven by body-size differences (a potential 'magic trait'). By explicitly comparing the strength of these mating preferences between species-pairs and single-ecotype locations we were able to show that present levels of assortative mating due to direct mate choice are likely a by-product of other adaptations between ecotypes, and not subject to obvious selection in species-pairs. Our results suggest that ecological divergence in mating characteristics, particularly nesting microhabitat may be more important than direct mate choice in maintaining reproductive isolation in stickleback species-pairs.</p>
Figure 29. Cosmophasis micarioides from Queensland. 1, Mating pair. 2-4 in Three new jumping spiders of the genus Cosmophasis from Wallacea (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini)
Figure 29. Cosmophasis micarioides from Queensland. 1, Mating pair. 2-4, Three different adult females. Photographs (1-4) by Stephen Mudge, used with permission.
Figure 2. Stylopallene longicauda, A, B, male dorsal and lateral views of trunk; C, male carrying juveniles, D, mating pair, male dorsal; E, swimming; F, plummeting on completion of the swimming phase.
Figure 2. Stylopallene longicauda, A, B, male dorsal and lateral views of trunk; C, male carrying juveniles, D, mating pair, male dorsal; E, swimming; F, plummeting on completion of the swimming phase.
Data for: Patterns of extra-territorial nestbox visits in a songbird suggest a role in extra-pair mating
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Many animals make visits outside of their territory during the breeding period, but these are typically infrequent and difficult to observe. As a consequence, comprehensive data on extra-territorial movements at the population-level are scarce and the function of this behavior remains poorly understood. Using an automated nestbox visit tracking system in a wild blue tit population over six breeding seasons, we recorded all extra-territorial nestbox visits (n=22137) related to 1195 individual breeding attempts (761 unique individuals). Sixty-two percent of breeders made at least one extra-territorial visit between the onset of nest building and the day of fledging of their offspring, and individuals visited another nestbox on average on 11% of the days during this period. Visit behavior differed clearly between the sexes, with males making over three times as many extra-territorial forays as females. There was a strong overall seasonal decline in visit behavior, but this was sex dependent, with females showing a strong reduction in the number of extra-territorial visits before the onset of egg laying and males showing a strong and sudden reduction on the day their offspring hatched. The likelihood of visiting a particular nestbox declined sharply with the distance to that box, and blue tits almost exclusively visited direct neighbors. Individuals were more likely to have extra-pair offspring with an individual whose box they visited, but they were not more likely to disperse to a box they had visited. Thus, our results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that extra-territorial nestbox visits serve to inform dispersal decisions, but suggest that such visits are linked to extra-pair mating opportunities.</span></p>
Multiple and extra-pair mating in a pair-living hermaphrodite, the intertidal limpet Siphonaria gigas
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Data from: North American barn swallows pair, mate, and interact assortatively
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Data from: Genetic analysis provides insight into the mating system of <em>Meleagris gallopavo</em> (wild turkey) and reveals frequent extra-pair paternity
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Body size is associated with yearling breeding and extra-pair mating in the Island Scrub-Jay
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Female and male plumage colour is linked to parental quality, pairing and extra-pair mating in a tropical passerine
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Data from: Courtship behaviour, nesting microhabitat and assortative mating in sympatric stickleback species-pairs
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