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20 results for “melanosome”
Supplementary data for "Pterosaur melanosomes support signalling functions for early feathers."
<p>Supplementary data for the manuscript entitled "Pterosaur melanosomes support signalling functions for early feathers."</p>
elliptical eumelanosomes in the feathers near the skull (b, c), neck (d, e), humerus (f, g), and ulna (h, i, j); and large oval and elliptical eumelanosomes in the feathers near the tibiotarsus (k, l). The subspherical phaeomelanosomes in the sheet-like soft tissue (m) appear to be less densely distributed than the melanosomes in the feathers. in A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran theropod with preserved evidence of membranous wings
elliptical eumelanosomes in the feathers near the skull (b, c), neck (d, e), humerus (f, g), and ulna (h, i, j); and large oval and elliptical eumelanosomes in the feathers near the tibiotarsus (k, l). The subspherical phaeomelanosomes in the sheet-like soft tissue (m) appear to be less densely distributed than the melanosomes in the feathers.
Data from: Synchrotron-X-ray absorption spectroscopy of melanosomes in vertebrates and cephalopods: implications for the affinity of Tullimonstrum
Screening pigments are essential for vision in animals. Vertebrates utilise melanins bound in melanosomes as screening pigments, whereas cephalopods are assumed to use ommochromes. Preserved eye melanosomes in the controversial fossil Tullimonstrum (Mazon Creek, Illinois) display size-and/or shape-specific are present in geometrically distinct layers that resemble tissue-specific melanosome populations considered unique to the vertebrate eye. Here, we show that extant cephalopod eyes also show tissue-specific size- and/or shape-specific partitioning of melanosomes; these differ from vertebrate melanosomes in the relative abundance of trace metals and in the binding environment of Cu. Chemical signatures of melanosomes in the eyes of Tullimonstrum more closely resemble those of modern cephalopods than those of vertebrates, suggesting that an invertebrate affinity for Tullimonstrum is plausible. Melanosome chemistry may thus provide insights into the phylogenetic affinities of enigmatic fossils where melanosome size and/or shape is are equivocal.
Data from: Synchrotron-X-ray absorption spectroscopy of melanosomes in vertebrates and cephalopods: implications for the affinity of Tullimonstrum
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Fossil microbodies are melanosomes: evaluating and rejecting the 'fossilised decay-associated microbes' hypothesis
<p>Melanosomes are membrane-bound organelles of varying geometry, commonly found within a range of vertebrate tissues, that contain the pigment melanin. Melanosomes have been identified in the fossil record in many exceptionally preserved fossils allowing reconstructions of the coloration of many extinct animals. However, these microstructures have also been interpreted as "microbial cells" or melanin producing bacteria based on their geometric similarities to melanosomes. Here we test these two conflicting hypotheses experimentally. Our results demonstrate multiple lines of evidence that these fossil microbodies are indeed melanosomes: the geometry of decay-associated microbes differs significantly from fossil microbodies; fossil microbodies are very strongly localized to in vivo melanized tissues and are absent in tissues typically unmelanized in vivo, in all fossils examined regardless of lithology or age. On the basis of these results, as well as a thorough review of existing literature on melanin like pigments, we are able to rule out a bacterial origin for fossil microbodies and demonstrate that fossil microbodies associated with exceptional vertebrate fossils are in fact preserved melanosomes.</p>
Data from: Synchrotron-X-ray fluorescence analysis reveals diagenetic alteration of fossil melanosome trace metal chemistry
<p>A key feature of the pigment melanin is its high binding affinity for trace metal ions. In modern vertebrates trace metals associated with melanosomes, melanin-rich organelles, can show tissue- and taxon-specific distribution patterns. Such signals preserve in fossil melanosomes, informing on the anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of fossil vertebrates. Fossil and modern melanosomes, however, often differ in trace metal chemistry; in particular, melanosomes from fossil vertebrate eyes are depleted in Zn and enriched in Cu relative to their extant counterparts. Whether these chemical differences are biological, or taphonomic, in origin is unknown, limiting our ability to use melanosome trace metal chemistry to test palaeobiological hypotheses. Here, we use maturation experiments on eye melanosomes from extant vertebrates and synchrotron rapid scan-X-ray fluorescence analysis to show that thermal maturation can dramatically alter melanosome trace element chemistry. In particular, maturation of melanosomes in Cu-rich solutions results in significant depletion of Zn, likely due to low pH and competition effects with Cu. These results confirm fossil melanosome chemistry is susceptible to alteration due to variations in local chemical conditions during diagenesis and that maturation experiments can provide essential data on melanosome chemical taphonomy required for accurate interpretations of preserved chemical signatures in fossils.</p>
Data from: Fossilization of melanosomes via sulfurization
Fossil melanin granules (melanosomes) are an important resource for inferring the evolutionary history of colour and its functions in animals. The taphonomy of melanin and melanosomes, however, is incompletely understood. In particular, the chemical processes responsible for melanosome preservation have not been investigated. As a result, the origins of sulfur-bearing compounds in fossil melanosomes are difficult to resolve. This has implications for interpretations of original colour in fossils based on potential sulfur-rich phaeomelanosomes. Here we use pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to assess the mode of preservation of fossil microstructures, confirmed as melanosomes based on the presence of melanin, preserved in frogs from the Late Miocene Libros biota (NE Spain). Our results reveal a high abundance of organosulfur compounds and non-sulfurized fatty acid methyl esters in both the fossil tissues and host sediment; chemical signatures in the fossil tissues are inconsistent with preservation of phaeomelanin. Our results reflect preservation via the diagenetic incorporation of sulfur, i.e. sulfurization (natural vulcanization), and other polymerization processes. Organosulfur compounds and/or elevated concentrations of sulfur have been reported from melanosomes preserved in various invertebrate and vertebrate fossils and depositional settings, suggesting that preservation through sulfurization is likely to be widespread. Future studies of sulfur-rich fossil melanosomes require that the geochemistry of the host sediment is tested for evidence of sulfurization in order to constrain interpretations of potential phaeomelanosomes and thus of original integumentary colour in fossils.
Data from: Fossilization of melanosomes via sulfurization
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Data from: Taphonomic experiments resolve controls on the preservation of melanosomes and keratinous tissues in feathers
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Data from: Synchrotron-X-ray fluorescence analysis reveals diagenetic alteration of fossil melanosome trace metal chemistry
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Fossil microbodies are melanosomes: evaluating and rejecting the ‘fossilised decay-associated microbes’ hypothesis
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Senescent melanocytes driven by glycolytic changes are characterized by melanosome transfer dysfunction.
GEO Series GSE228472. Homo sapiens. 7 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Expression data from HDLEC treated with melanosome
GEO Series GSE221311. Homo sapiens. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Senescent melanocytes driven by glycolytic changes are characterized by melanosome transfer dysfunction [scRNA-seq]
GEO Series GSE228471. Homo sapiens. 1 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Senescent melanocytes driven by glycolytic changes are characterized by melanosome transfer dysfunction [RNA-seq]
GEO Series GSE228470. Homo sapiens. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Second-Hand Melanoma Melanosomes Regulate Diversity Among Tumor-Associated Macrophages
GEO Series GSE246446. Homo sapiens. 18 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Analysis of melanosomal miRNAs
GEO Series GSE72337. Homo sapiens. 8 samples. Type: Non-coding RNA profiling by array.
Expression profiling of fibroblasts treated with melanosomes
GEO Series GSE72229. Homo sapiens. 7 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Analysis of melanosomal, exosomal and cellular miRNAs of melanoma cells
GEO Series GSE79411. Homo sapiens. 8 samples. Type: Non-coding RNA profiling by array.
Let-7 mediates the pro-lymphangiogenic effect of melanosomes
GEO Series GSE218501. Homo sapiens. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
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