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2 results for “metal ores”
Techno-economic model of Methane pyrolysis in liquid metal bubble column reactor for hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore
<p>Reducing emissions from the iron and steel industry is essential to achieve the Paris climate goals.A new system to reduce the carbon footprint of steel production is proposed in this article by coupling hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore (H-DRI) and natural gas pyrolysis on the liquid metal surface inside a bubble column reactor. If grid electricity from the EU is used, the emissions would be 435 kgCO\textsubscript{2}/tls without considering methane leakage from the extraction, storage, and transport of natural gas. Solid carbon, produced as a by-product of natural gas decomposition, finds applications in many industrial sectors, including as a replacement for coal in coke ovens. The specific energy consumption (SEC) of the proposed system is approximately 6.3 MWh per ton of liquid steel(tls).It is higher than other competing technologies,3.48 MWh/tls for water electrolysis based DRI, and 4.3-4.5 MWh/tls for natural gas-based DRI and blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) respectively. The utilization of large quantities of natural gas, where the carbon remains unused, is the major reason for the high SEC. Preliminary analysis of the system revealed that it has the potential to compete with existing technologies to produce CO\textsubscript{2}free steel, if renewable electricity is used. Further studies on the kinetics of the bubble column reactor, H-DRI shaft furnace, design, and sizing of components, along with the building of industrial prototypes are required to improve the understanding of the system performance.</p>
Global extraction accounts of crude metal ores, 1970-2022
<p><span>This data file contains an update of the global accounts for crude metal ore extraction as compiled for the ‘Global Material Flows Database’ of the UN International Resource Panel (IRP) (<a href="https://www.resourcepanel.org/global-material-flows-database">https://www.resourcepanel.org/global-material-flows-database</a>). </span></p> <p><span>The accounts of the 07.2024 update cover the period of 1970 to 2022 and contain data for 47 metal ores extracted in 151 countries. </span></p> <p><span>The 07.2024 update followed the method for compiling economy-wide material flow accounts as described in the Technical Annex of the IRP database (CSIRO, 2024). </span></p> <p><span>Primary data on the extraction of metal ores was obtained from three major international data sources: the World Mining Data (WMD) published by the Federal Ministry of Finance of Austria, the British Geological Survey (BGS) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). WMD was used as the main data source, which was then complemented with data from BGS and USGS. The primary data source for each data point is indicated in the data file. </span></p> <p><span>In cases primary sources reported the extraction of crude ores, these values were directly used. Material names in the data file indicate those cases as “ores”. </span></p> <p><span>However, data on metal production is often reported in terms of net-metal contents, i.e., metal quantity after the processing and concentration of crude ores. In those cases, factors were applied that represent ore grades and compensate for losses in recovery. These factors were compiled from the SNL Metal and Mining database (SNL, 2024) and own research based on company reports (Jasansky et al., 2023). </span></p> <p><span>Further, in case of polymetallic extractions, a price allocation approach was applied. Average prices for each metal ore in the period of 1990-2020 were combined with metal production data to allocate crude ore extraction to each metal produced, proportional to the total value of each metal. Thereby, double counting is avoided. </span></p> <p><span>After this recalculation, each metal has been allocated a share of the corresponding crude ore. Material names in the data file indicate those cases as “associated ores”. </span></p> <p><span><br>References:</span></p> <p><span>CSIRO, 2024. Technical Annex for Global Material Flows Database - 2024 edition. Available at: https://www.resourcepanel.org/sites/default/files/technical_annex_for_global_material_flows_database_-_vers_4_june_2024.pdf. Australia National Science Agency, Canberra.</span></p> <p><span>Jasansky, S., Lieber, M., Giljum, S., Maus, V., 2023. </span><span>An open database on global coal and metal mine production. Scientific Data 10 (1), 1–12. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-01965-y.</span></p> <p><span>SNL, 2024. Metals and Mining Database. S&P Global Market Intelligence, New York.</span></p>
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