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32 results for “monomorphic”
Figure1 in Centrobolus dubius (Schubart, 1966) Monomorphism
Figure1. Quantitative resolution of sexual size dimorphism for 8 specimens of the millipede Centrobolus dubius. Isometry for sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is based on the allometric model [20], male size = α (female size) β; correlation coefficient, r = 1.
Figure2 in Centrobolus dubius (Schubart, 1966) Monomorphism
Figure2. Quantitative resolution of sexual size dimorphism for 18 species of millipedes of the genusCentrobolus. Isometry for sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is based on the allometric model[23], male size = α (female size) β; correlation coefficient, r = 0.85.
Figure3 in Centrobolus dubius (Schubart, 1966) Monomorphism
Figure3. Distribution frequency histogram for male and female volumes of Centrobolus dubius.
Data for: Sex matters: Predator presence induces sexual dimorphism in a monomorphic prey, from stress genes to morphological defenses
<p>Inducible defences allow prey to increase survival chances when predators are present while avoiding unnecessary costs in their absence. Many studies report considerable inter-individual variation in inducible-defence expression, yet what underlies this variation is poorly understood. A classic vertebrate example of a predator‐induced morphological defence is the increased body depth in crucian carp (<em>Carassius carassius</em>), which reduces the risk of predation from gape‐size limited predators. Here, we report that among-individual variation in morphological defence expression can be linked to sex. We documented sexual dimorphism in lakes in which crucian carp coexisted with predators, where females showed shallower relative body depths than males, but not in a predator-free lake. When exposing crucian carp from a population without predators to perceived predation risk in a laboratory environment (presence/absence of pike, <em>Esox lucius</em>), we found that males expressed significantly greater morphological defence than females, causing sexual dimorphism only in the presence of predators. We uncovered a correlative link between the sex-specific <em>inducible phenotypic </em>response and gene expression patterns in major stress-related genes (<em>POMC</em>,<em> MC3R</em>,<em> MC4R</em>). Together, our results highlight that sex-specific responses may be an important, yet underappreciated, component underlying inter-individual differences in the expression of inducible defences, even in species without pronounced sexual dimorphism. </p>
Sample extraction and SNP sequencing data for: Identification of sex-linked SNP markers in wild populations of monomorphic birds
<p><span>Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses are a powerful tool for population genetics, pedigree reconstruction and phenotypic trait mapping. However, the untapped potential of SNP markers to discriminate the sex of individuals in species with reduced sexual dimorphism or of individuals during immature stages remains a largely unexplored avenue. Here, we develop a novel protocol for molecular sexing of birds based on the detection of unique Z- and W-linked SNP markers. Our method is based on the identification of two unique loci, one in each sexual chromosome. Individuals are considered males when they show no calls for the W-linked SNP and are heterozygotic or homozygotic for the Z-linked SNP, while females show both Z- and W-linked SNP calls. We validated the method in the Jackdaw (<em>Corvus</em> <em>monedula</em>). The reduced sexual dimorphism in this species makes it difficult to sex individuals in the wild. We assessed the reliability of the method using 36 individuals of known sex and found that their sex was correctly assigned in 100% of cases. The sex-linked markers also proved to be widely applicable to discriminate males and females from a sample of 927 genotyped individuals of different maturity stages with an accuracy of 99.5%. Given that SNP markers are increasingly used in quantitative genetic analyses of wild populations, the approach we propose has a great potential to be integrated into broader genetic research programmes without the need for additional sexing techniques.</span></p>
Simulation codes for the transition from monomorphism to dimorphism in mirror-image flowers
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Sample extraction and SNP sequencing data for: Identification of sex-linked SNP markers in wild populations of monomorphic birds
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Data for: Sex matters: Predator presence induces sexual dimorphism in a monomorphic prey, from stress genes to morphological defenses
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Data from: Local adaptation and divergence in colour signal conspicuousness between monomorphic and polymorphic lineages in a lizard
Population differences in visual environment can lead to divergence in multiple components of animal coloration including signalling traits and colour patterns important for camouflage. Divergence may reflect selection imposed by different receivers (conspecifics, predators), which depends in turn on the location of the colour patch. We tested for local adaptation of two genetically and phenotypically divergent lineages of a rock-inhabiting lizard, Ctenophorus decresii, by comparing the visual contrast of colour patches to different receivers in native and non-native environments. The lineages differ most notably in male throat coloration, which is polymorphic in the northern lineage and monomorphic in the southern lineage, but also differ in dorsal and lateral coloration, which is visible to both conspecifics and potential predators. Using models of animal colour vision, we assessed whether lineage-specific throat, dorsal and lateral coloration enhanced conspicuousness to conspecifics, increased crypsis to birds or both, respectively, when viewed against the predominant backgrounds from each lineage. Throat colours were no more conspicuous against native than non-native rock but contrasted more strongly with native lichen, which occurs patchily on rocks inhabited by C. decresii. Conversely, neck coloration (lateral) more closely matched native lichen. Furthermore, although dorsal coloration of southern males was consistently more conspicuous to birds than that of northern males, both lineages had similar absolute conspicuousness against their native backgrounds. Combined, our results are consistent with local adaptation of multiple colour traits in relation to multiple receivers, suggesting that geographic variation in background colour has influenced the evolution of lineage-specific coloration in C. decresii.
Data associated to: A bioenergetics approach to understanding sex differences in the foraging behaviour of a sexually monomorphic species
<p>Many animals show sexually divergent foraging behaviours reflecting different physiological constraints or energetic needs. We used a bioenergetics approach to examine sex differences in foraging behaviour of the sexually monomorphic northern gannet. We used the relationship between dynamic body acceleration and energy expenditure to investigate energetic cost of prey capture attempts (plunge dives). Fourteen gannets were tracked using GPS, TDR, and accelerometers. All plunge dives in a foraging trip represented <4% of total energy expenditure, with no significant sex differences in expenditure. Despite females undertaking significantly more dives than males, the low energetic cost resulted in no sex differences in overall energy expenditure across a foraging trip. Bayesian stable isotope mixing models based on blood samples highlighted sex differences in diet, however, calorific intake from successful prey capture was estimated to be similar between sexes. Females experienced 9.6% higher energy demands, due to unequal chick provisioning. Estimates show a minimum of 21% of dives have to be successful for females to meet their daily energy requirements, and 29% for males. Our analyses suggest northern gannets show sex differences in foraging behaviour primarily related to dive rate and success rather than the energetic cost of foraging or energetic content of prey.</p>
FIG. 2 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level
FIG. 2. Genetic divergence between Ctenophorus modestus (northern Flinders Ranges [NFR], southern Flinders Ranges [SFR], Olary Ranges [OR]) and C. decresii (mainland south [MS] which encompasses the Mount Lofty Ranges and Fleurieu Peninsula, and Kangaroo Island [KI]) and specimens examined for morphological analyses. (A) Results of a Bayesian analysis of ancestry in the program STRUCTURE (K ¼ 2). Each vertical bar represents an individual and individuals are ordered by population and latitude (from north to south). The proportion of white and gray represents the proportion of C. modestus and C. decresii ancestry in each individual, respectively. (B) Two-dimensional principal coordinate plot (PCoA) showing pairwise genetic distances between individuals: Ctenophorus modestus (squares), C. decresii (circles). 95% confidence ellipses of each population are shown. Both A and B were constructed from a genomic SNP dataset of 1333 SNPs (n ¼ 148). (C) Map showing geographic locations of samples of C. modestus and C. decresii shown in A and B.
FIG. 6 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level
FIG. 6. Geographic distribution of Ctenophorus modestus (squares) and C. decresii (circles) based on specimens in Australian Museums from the Atlas of Living Australia (data: https://doi.org/10.26197/ 5d91626857226); coordinates which were likely inaccurate (e.g., unsuitable habitat) were removed. Protected areas described in the Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database (CAPAD, 2018) are shown as gray areas. The extent of occurrence is shown for C. modestus (49,102 km2; orange lines) and C. decresii (6,604 km2 total [mainland: 5,772 km2; Kangaroo Island: 832 km2], blue lines).
FIG. 1 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level
FIG. 1. (A) The blue mainland male throat of C. decresii sensu stricto and (B) the blue reticulated with yellow throat found on Kangaroo Island. The four male throat morphs of Ctenophorus modestus: (D) orange, (E) yellow, (F) orange-yellow (yellow with an orange central patch), and (G) gray. Male dorsolateral patterning and coloration differ where (C) C. decresii sensu stricto has a more ''pinched'' or broken lateral stripe with a greater extent of bordering orange or yellow coloration, and (H) C. modestus has a relatively straight edged lateral stripe with cream and orange coloration terminating at the shoulder.
FIG. 4 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level
FIG. 4. Males (A, C) and females (B, D) of Ctenophorus decresii (A, B) from Palmer and Mengler's Hill Lookout, respectively, and C. modestus (C, D) from Telowie Gorge, all from South Australia, Australia (photos: copyright Adam Elliott).
FIG. 3 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level
FIG. 3. (A) Map showing localities of examined museum specimens: Ctenophorus modestus (squares); C. decresii sensu stricto (circles); C. fionni (triangles); and C. vadnappa (plus [þ]). Specimens without GPS coordinates are excluded. (B–C) Linear discriminant analyses of (A) males and (B) females based on 23 variables: Ctenophorus modestus (squares); C. decresii (circles); C. fionni (triangles); and C. vadnappa (plus [þ]). 95% confidence ellipses are shown. The lectotypes (males) and paralectotypes (females) of C. modestus and C. decresii are indicated with arrows.
FIG. 5 in Elevation of Divergent Color Polymorphic and Monomorphic Lizard Lineages (Squamata: Agamidae) to Species Level
FIG. 5. (A) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) photographs of the lectotype of Ctenophorus decresii (Duméril and Bibron, 1837; MNHN 6545). This specimen is an adult male collected from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, in January 1803 (photos: Nicolas Vidal, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Paris). (B) Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) photographs of the lectotype of Ctenophorus modestus (Ahl, 1926; ZMB 54516). This specimen is a subadult male from ''Australien'' without an exact locality or reference to a collector or donor (photos: Frank Tillack, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin).
Cryoablation for Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05675865. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.
Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Substrate Ablation of Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03734562. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Diagnosis Of Early Cardiac Dysfunction in Patients With Idiopathic Frequent Monomorphic PVCs
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05105516. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Cryoablation for Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CryoCure-VT)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04893317. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 6. Publications: 2.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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