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32 results for “morphological character evolution”
Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales. in Early Cretaceous Monocots: A Phylogenetic Evaluation
Text-fig. 1. D&E tree of Endress and Doyle (2009), from the combined morphological and molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000), with modifications based on more recent data, showing the inferred evolution of the reticulum grading character (39). Boxes under names of taxa indicate their character state; shading of branches indicates their reconstructed state based on parsimony optimization with MacClade (Maddison and Maddison 2003). Nymph = Nymphaeales, Aust = Austrobaileyales, Chlor = Chloranthaceae, Piper = Piperales, Ca = Canellales, Magnol = Magnoliales.
Figure 5 in Combined-data phylogenetics and character evolution of Clitellata (Annelida) using 18S rDNA and morphology
Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree obtained from one of the three replicate Bayesian inference runs of the combined (18S rDNA, somatic, and spermatozoal) data set. Posterior probabilities ± 0.85 are indicated in front of the nodes.
Figure 4 in Combined-data phylogenetics and character evolution of Clitellata (Annelida) using 18S rDNA and morphology
Figure 4. Parsimony consensus tree of the combined (18S rDNA, somatic, and spermatozoal) data set. Bootstrap frequencies ± 50% are indicated above the branches.
Figure 2 in Combined-data phylogenetics and character evolution of Clitellata (Annelida) using 18S rDNA and morphology
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree obtained from one of the three replicate Bayesian inference runs of the 18S rDNA sequences. Posterior probabilities ± 0.85 are indicated in front of the nodes.
Figure 1 in Combined-data phylogenetics and character evolution of Clitellata (Annelida) using 18S rDNA and morphology
Figure 1. Schematic representation of some of the 34 considered spermatozoal characters. Inset, hypothetical plesiomorphic spermatozoon for the Clitellata, as inferred from ancestral-state reconstruction analysis (modified from Jamieson et al., 1987).
Fig. 3 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 3. One of the four equally most parsimonious trees (length 306, CI 0.33, RI 0.63; chosen at random: individual source trees differ only in position of terminals within Phengaris, M. teleius and M. alcon group: see Fig. 2), with character states that support individual clades. Nonhomoplastic autapomorphies are black, homoplastic apomorphies white. Numbers above branches refer to characters, numbers below branches to character states (see Appendix 1 for character descriptions).
Fig. 4 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 4. Evolution of the life history traits of Maculinea butterflies and their relatives. Only the species for which states of all relevant characters are reliably well-known are included (see Table 1), but the overall topology of the tree including all terminals (Figs 2 & 3) is preserved. (A) Myrmecophily. M. nausithous is optimized as a modified predatory species (see ''Evolution of life histories''). (B) Host plants and habitat associations. Rosids and asterids are two well-supported clades of eudicot angiosperm plants (see Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2003): Fabaceae and Rosaceae are included in the former, Lamiaceae, Gentianaceae, and Campanulaceae in the latter. In some cases, character-state optimization is derived from the all-species tree (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 1. System of coding of wing pattern traits used in the phylogenetic study of Maculinea and their relatives.
Fig. 2 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 2. Strict consensus of the four equally most parsimonious trees (length 306, CI 0.33, RI 0.63) showing proposed phylogenetic relationships within the ''Glaucopsyche-section'' of Lycaenidae: Polyommatini. Bootstrap and Bremer support are shown above and below the nodes, respectively.
Fig. 8 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters
Fig. 8. Evolution of the most conserved morphological traits in Solanum with <10 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Pseudostipules; B, Enlarged anther connectives; C, Anther modifications; D, Pedicel insertion. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.
Fig. 4 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters
Fig. 4. Evolution of the most highly labile morphological traits in Solanum with>100 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Growth form; B, Sympodial unit structure; C, Glandular trichomes; D, Corolla shape; E, Corolla colour; F, Fruit colour. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.
Phylogenomics resolves the relationships within Antennaria (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) and yields new insights into its morphological character evolution and biogeography
<p><i>Antennaria </i>are dioecious perennial herbs distributed mainly in the Holarctic Region with their major center of diversity in the Rocky Mountains of Western North America. The genus comprises 33 known sexual diploid/tetraploid species and at least five polyploid agamic complexes which mostly reproduce by forming asexual seeds. We performed a phylogenetic reconstruction of the 31 sexually-reproducing <i>Antennaria</i> species using a novel target enrichment method that employs custom capture probes and is designed to work across Asteraceae. Both concatenated and coalescent-based analyses of DNA sequence data from hundreds of nuclear loci recovered <i>Antennaria</i> as a monophyletic group except for the long-disputed species, <i>Antennaria linearifolia</i>, which was recovered outside of the genus. <i>Antennaria</i> was further resolved into three distinct, major lineages. Analysis of ancestral state reconstruction of 12 taxonomically important morphological characters elucidated patterns of character evolution throughout the genus. Estimations of ancestral geographic ranges and molecular dating analyses demonstrated the Rocky Mountain region, including the Vancouverian Province, as the center of origin for the genus <i>Antennaria,</i> <span>around 5.8 MYA. Subsequent dispersals of <i>Antennaria</i> into the Arctic and Appalachian provinces, Canadian provinces, and Eurasia took place roughly 3.2 MYA, 2.4 MYA and 1.6 MYA, respectively. Biogeographical Stochastic Mapping indicated that 51.4% of biogeographical events were based on within-area speciation. The remaining 48.6% of the events were divided into two types of dispersals: i) range expansion dispersals (anagenic, 37%) and ii) founder/jump dispersals (cladogenic, 11.6%). </span>Our results provide a framework for future evolutionary studies of <i>Antennaria, </i>including speciation, origin(s) of polyploidy, and agamospermy in the genus.</p>
Phylogenomics resolves the relationships within Antennaria (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) and yields new insights into its morphological character evolution and biogeography
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Data from: Character evolution and missing (morphological) data across Asteridae
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Data from: Serial homology and correlated characters in morphological phylogenetics: modeling the evolution of dental crests in placentals
Accurate modeling of the complexity of morphological evolution is crucial for morphological phylogenetics and for performing tests on a wide variety of evolutionary scenarios. In this context, morphological integration and the problem of correlated categorical characters represent a major challenge. In particular, the magnitude and implications of correlations among serially homologous structures such as teeth have been much debated but were never tested statistically within a broad phylogenetic context. Here, we present a large-scale empirical study analyzing the serial variation of cingular crests on successive molars (M1, M2 and M3) of 274 placental species in a phylogenetic context. Both likelihood analyses and analysis of phylogenetic co-distributions demonstrated highly correlated evolution in the entire sample and thus the non-independence of these serial features at a macroevolutionary scale. Likelihood analyses show that their serial variation should be better scored within a single composite character model with constrained paths for transitions enabling simultaneous changes on all three molars, which suggests a strong developmental or genetic integration. These results are congruent with current molecular and developmental knowledge related to dental morphological variation and call into question the frequent use of separate characters scored on serially homologous structures of the dentition in phylogenetic analyses. Overall, they provide long-overdue and clear empirical evidence that in-depth studies of patterns of integration constitute an essential step towards more realistic character construction and modeling. This approach is critical for more accurate morphological phylogenetics and, more generally, for testing macroevolutionary scenarios on groups of correlated characters.
FIGURE 5 in A new Potamocypridini genus of Cypridopsinae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Thailand, with a discussion on taxonomic characters and morphological evolution in the tribe
FIGURE 5. Neopotamocypris indivisa gen. nov. sp. nov. A. T2 (MSU-ZOC.405). B. T3 (MSU-ZOC.405). C. Terminal part of T3 (MSU-ZOC.405). D. CR (MSU-ZOC.409). E. Female genital hook (MSU-ZOC.409). Scale bars: A–B, D = 50 µm, C, E = 20 µm
FIGURE 2 in A new Potamocypridini genus of Cypridopsinae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Thailand, with a discussion on taxonomic characters and morphological evolution in the tribe
FIGURE 2. Neopotamocypris indivisa gen. nov. sp. nov. (MSU-ZOC.409). A. Detail of the posterior part of LVi. B. Detail of the anterior part of LVi. C. Detail of the anterior part of RVi. D. Detail of the posterior part of RVi. Scale bars: A–D = 50 µm.
FIGURE 4 in A new Potamocypridini genus of Cypridopsinae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Thailand, with a discussion on taxonomic characters and morphological evolution in the tribe
FIGURE 4. Neopotamocypris indivisa gen. nov. sp. nov. A. Md palp (MSU-ZOC.405). B. Detail of α, β and γ setae (MSUZOC.405). C. Ventral subapical seta, S1 and S2 setae (MSU-ZOC.405). D. Mx1 (MSU-ZOC.405). E. Lateral subapical seta on basal segment of the palp (MSU-ZOC.405). F. Third endite with lateral subapical setae (MSU-ZOC.406). G. T1 (MSUZOC.406). Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm, G = 50 µm.
FIGURE 3 in A new Potamocypridini genus of Cypridopsinae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Thailand, with a discussion on taxonomic characters and morphological evolution in the tribe
FIGURE 3. Neopotamocypris indivisa gen. nov. sp. nov. A. A1 (MSU-ZOC.405). B. A2 (MSU-ZOC.405). C. Aesthetasc Y of A2 (MSU-ZOC.405). D. Md coxa (MSU-ZOC.406). E. Rake-like organ ((MSU-ZOC.409). Scale bars: A–B, D = 50 µm, C = 20 µm.
FIGURE 6 in A new Potamocypridini genus of Cypridopsinae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Thailand, with a discussion on taxonomic characters and morphological evolution in the tribe
FIGURE 6. Distribution map of Neopotamocypris indivisa gen. nov. sp. nov., numbers see Table 1. (Modified from NordNordWest, Thailand adm location map.svg - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BlankMap-Thailand-provinces. svg)
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