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176 results for “morphological diversification”
Ecological specialization, rather than the island effect, explains morphological diversification in an ancient radiation of geckos
Island colonists are often assumed to experience higher levels of phenotypic diversification than continental taxa. However, empirical evidence has uncovered exceptions to this 'island effect'. Here, we tested this pattern using the geckos of the genus Pristurus from continental Arabia and Africa and the Socotra Archipelago. Using a recently published phylogeny and an extensive morphological dataset, we explore the differences in phenotypic evolution between Socotran and continental taxa. Moreover, we reconstructed ancestral habitat occupancy to examine if ecological specialization is correlated with morphological change, comparing phenotypic disparity and trait evolution between habitats. We found a heterogeneous outcome of island colonization. Namely, only one of the three colonization events resulted in a body size increase. However, in general, Socotran species do not present higher levels or rates of morphological diversification than continental groups. Instead, habitat specialization explains better the body size and shape evolution in Pristurus . Particularly, the colonization of ground habitats appears as the main driver of morphological change, producing the highest disparity and evolutionary rates. Additionally, arboreal species show very similar body size and head proportions. These results reveal a determinant role of ecological mechanisms in morphological evolution and corroborate the complexity of ecomorphological dynamics in continent–island systems.
Fig. 8 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 8. Reconstructions of cranidia (A1–E1) and pygidia (A2–E2) of different members of the subfamily Pilekiinae. A. Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2008). B. Parapilekia olesnaensis (Růžička, 1935), based on Mergl (2006). C. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951, based on Adrain and Karim (2019). D. Landyia elizabethae Jell, 1985, based on Jell (1985). E. Macrogrammus rafi Edgecombe, Chatterton, Vaccari, and Waisfeld, 1999, based on Edgecombe et al. (1999).
Fig. 2 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 2. Cheirurid trilobites Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco (A, B) and Lehua vinculum (Barrande, 1852) from the Dobrotivá Formation, upper Darriwilian to lowermost Sandbian, Zaječov-Svatá Dobrotivá, Czech Republic (C–E). A. YPM 522182, part, complete holaspid with hypostome impressed. B. YPM 530933, complete holaspid. C. NM L19066, complete holaspid. D. NM L19075, complete cranidium. E. JV1607, anterior half of an holaspid specimen. Specimens in C–E covered by ammonium chloride.
Fig. 9 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 9. Biramous appendages reconstruction for the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai, showing the anterior (A) and the posterior (B) morphology. Dashed lines indicate inferred proximal parts of the appendages.
Fig. 5 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 5. Endopodites of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. Part of YPM 226573, general view (A1), close-up of the endopodites (A2) and explanatory drawing (A4), close-up of the distal claw (A3) and explanatory drawing (A5). B. Counterpart of YPM 226573, general view (B1), close up of the endopodites (B2) and explanatory drawing (B3), close up of the endopodites (B4) and explanatory drawing (B5), close up of the area pointed out in B4 (B6), arrows showing long endites on podomere 2 and 3. Numbers represent podomere number. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.
Fig. 7 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 7. Exopodities of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) (YPM 517074) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. Photographs: general view (A1), close-up of the exopodites (A2) and explanatory drawing (A3), close up to the ninth exopodite (A4) and explanatory drawing (A5). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring; ex, exopodite.
Fig. 1 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 1. Cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 102179, complete specimen (A1) and anterior region of the counterpart (A2); arrow pointing the antennae. B. MGL 102170, close-up of the posterior region of the trunk; arrow pointing the disarticulated pygidium. C. ML20-269198, latex cast of the counterpart. D. YPM 525125, close up of the posterior region of the trunk; arrow pointing the articulation between the thorax and the pygidium. Specimens in A1 and C coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 6 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 6. Cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) (MGL 102172) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. Photographs under alcohol: general view (A1), close-up of the exopodites A2) and explanatory drawing (A3). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.
Fig. 11 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 11. Ordovician diversity of Cheiruridae species across individual time slices, as defined in Adrain (2013). The dashed line represents the boundary between Tremadocian and Floian; blue, members of the subfamily Pilekiinae; red, members of the rest of Cheiruridae subfamilies excluding pilekiids. Data based on Adrain (2013, personal communication 2020).
Fig. 10 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 10. Trilobite exopodite reconstructions grouped by geological age. A. Eoredlichia intermediata (Lu, 1940), based on Ramsköld and Edgecombe 1996). B. Hongshiyanaspis yiliangensis Zhang and Lin in Zhang et al., 1980, based on Zeng et al. (2017). C. Redlichia rex Holmes, 2019, based on Holmes et al. (2019). D. Olenoides serratus (Rominger, 1887), based on Whittington 1980). E. Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007). F. Ceraurus pleurexanthemus Green, 1832, based on Størmer (1951). G. Triarthrus eatoni (Hall, 1838), based on Whittington and Almond (1987). H. Cryptolithus bellulus (Ulrich, 1879), based on Campbell (1975). I. Chotecops ferdinandi Kayser, 1880), based on Bruton and Haas (1999).
Fig. 3 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 3. Juveniles of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 104146, late meraspid stage. B. MGL 102153, early holaspid stage. C. MGL 104533, early holaspid stage. Specimens in B, C covered by ammonium chloride. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 4 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae
Fig. 4. Endopodites of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 103863, photograph under alcohol with polarized light (A1), explanatory drawing with podomere numbers (A2). B. MGL 102225, photograph under alcohol with polarized light (B1), explanatory drawing with endopodite numbers (B2). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.
FIGURE 1. Linear measurements used for morphological comparison. B-L in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 1. Linear measurements used for morphological comparison. B-L - buccolingual width; upper teeth - posterior-most tip of the metastyle to the lingual margin of the protocone; lower teeth - lingual-most tip of the metaconid to the buccal margin of the talonid. A-P - anteroposterior length; upper teeth - posterior-most tip of the metastyle to the anterior-most tip of the parastyle; lower teeth - anterior tip of the trigonid (paraconid) to the posterior end of the talonid (entostylid). TRI - width of the trigonid. TAL - width of the taloned basin. HL - total humerus length; proximal-most tip of greater tuberosity to distal-most point on capitulum. PW - width of the proximal end of the humerus: lateral most extent of the lesser tuberosity to the medial most aspect of the greater tuberosity. GT - length of the greater tuberosity. LT - length of the lesser tuberosity. DW - width of the distal end of the humerus: lateral most extent (entepicondylar process) to the medial most extent (ectepicondylar process). RL - total radius length: proximal-most tip of capitular process to distal-most tip of lunar articular facet. DL - length of the diaphysis. UF - length of the lunar articular facet. TUL - total ulna length; proximal-most tip of olecranon process to distal-most tip of terminal process. UL - ulna length without the olecranon fossa. Elements not to scale.
FIGURE 4 in Diversification events of the shield morphology in shore crabs and their relatives through development and time
FIGURE 4. Analysis of morphological diversity changes through time. Black line represents mean, light grey and dark grey areas represent 50% and 95% confidence intervals, respectively. Sum of variances used as measure for morphological diversity on y-axis. Stratigraphic time bins in million years on x-axis, from left to right: Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene including extant fauna. Ages following Cohen et al. (2023). Asterisks mark significant changes between time bins.
FIGURE 3 in Diversification events of the shield morphology in shore crabs and their relatives through development and time
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree of selected fossil and extant representatives of Carcinidae. Selected reconstructed shield outlines (based on PC1 and PC2 of outline analysis) based on ancestral state estimates are centred on the node they represent. Asterisks mark fossil species.
FIGURE 2 in Diversification events of the shield morphology in shore crabs and their relatives through development and time
FIGURE 2. Scatter plot of the first two principal components from the PCA on the outline analysis of shields of Carcinidae. Grey outlines in the background describe shape variation across the morphospace.
FIGURE 1 in Diversification events of the shield morphology in shore crabs and their relatives through development and time
FIGURE 1. Different developmental stages of Carcinus maenas under fluorescent and natural light. Cyan-coloured circles mark position of first harmonic, used to align shapes. A: Lateral view of zoea under fluorescent light. B: Dorsal view of megalopa under fluorescent light (car_29G; Appendix 1). C: Dorsal view of juvenile under fluorescent light (car_2C; Appendix 1). D: Dorsal view of young adult under natural light (Oliver Mengedoht/Panzerwelten.de, Recklinghausen), source image did not contain a scale.
FIGURE 4 in Morphological and genetic diversification of pygmy and marbled newts, with the description of a new species from the wider Lisbon Peninsula (Triturus, Salamandridae)
FIGURE 4 Geographical clines observed for 'Triturus pygmaeus' in a longitudinal transect across central Portugal (see fig. 3), with T. rudolfi nov. sp. in the west and T. pygmaeus in the east. The horizontal axis is distance in km, measured from the nominal centre of the contact zone at Entroncamento railway station. The vertical axes are from top to bottom, left column – PCA2 for 54 SNP markers and the frequency of the eastern mtDNA haplotype, and in the right-hand column – the number of links and body size (lnSVl1) of adult males and females. Solid dots represent populations and the grey areas represent the 95% credibility intervals. Note that the colour bar is applied to fig. 3B. The formal cline descriptions are in supplementary table S3.
FIGURE 2 in Morphological and genetic diversification of Old-World marbled newts, with the description of a new and 'not-at-all-cryptic' subspecies from the Iberian Peninsula (Triturus, Salamandridae)
FIGURE 2 The distribution of two species of marbled newts over the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, as inferred from the morphological character Nlinks. Triturus marmoratus is shown in two shades of blue, T. pygmaeus in two shades of red and four localities with both species are shown in grey (see colour legend). The spatial extrapolation does not exceed ca. 50 km. Note that southern Iberian populations are all T. pygmaeus, irrespective of high (cluster C1), low (C2), or bimodal Nlink counts (Doñana National Park). Populations that were studied morphometrically are highlighted by a box. The type locality for T. pygmaeus lusitanicus ssp. nov. is Granja, Portugal and is marked by an asterisk.
FIGURE A1 in Morphological and genetic diversification of pygmy and marbled newts, with the description of a new species from the wider Lisbon Peninsula (Triturus, Salamandridae)
FIGURE A1 Holotype of Triturus rudolfi sp. nov. at right (top) and left lateral view (middle), and in ventral view (bottom). Size bar is 1 cm. Stored at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain under catalogue number 51784. Downloaded from Brill.com 07/10/2024 02:01:22PM via Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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