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213 results for “morphological effects”
Modeling the effects of lake morphology on chloride retention and salt-driven stratification in two urban lakes in St. Paul, MN
Road salt inputs have caused widespread salinization of urban lakes in northern temperate regions. Watershed characteristics are known to be important drivers of lake chloride concentrations, but there has been less focus on how lake morphometry influences seasonal and interannual dynamics in lake chloride, and how these chloride levels may alter mixing in the water column. We analyzed chloride retention for two urban lakes (Como Lake and Lake McCarrons) in Saint Paul, Minnesota, that are in adjacent watersheds and have similar surface areas, but differ in depth and water residence time. Summer chloride concentrations were negatively related to total summer precipitation for Como Lake (maximum depth 2.2 m), but the relationship was less strong for Lake McCarrons (maximum depth 7.6 m). We used a zero-dimensional model to simulate chloride dynamics in both lakes and tracked the fate of chloride over time. In Como Lake, the mass of chloride in the lake turns over within three years, whereas chloride inputs are retained for >10 years in Lake McCarrons. We then used a one-dimensional hydrodynamic lake model (GLM-AED) to examine how lake depth affects how current chloride loading rates alter lake mixing. Salt inputs significantly extended the duration of summer stratification for simulated lakes with depths of 8 m or more, and salt inputs increased the number of days of hypoxia and anoxia across all depths. These results underscore the importance of considering lake morphometry in understanding the effects of salt inputs on lake ecosystems.
Density-dependent effects of exotic brook trout on aquatic communities in mountain lakes revealed by environmental DNA and morphological taxonomy
Invasion of non-native fishes threatens freshwater biodiversity worldwide. Yet, detailed estimates of population demography for invasive species, that estimate population size and body size of the invasive species, are rarely integrated in evaluating aquatic community responses. Our study capitalized on detailed brook trout population demographic data collected for a replicated whole lake ecosystem experiment involving experimental harvesting of exotic brook trout in nine mountain lakes. We applied environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding and morphological taxonomy to examine the response of crustacean zooplankton and macroinvertebrate communities to gradients in brook trout effective density and lake elevation. Density-dependent effects of brook trout on crustacean zooplankton and macroinvertebrate communities were detected even decades after their first introductions (between 1926 and 1980). However, they were moderated by environmental factors such as elevation, lake maximum depth and dissolved organic carbon. Elevation was important in structuring crustacean zooplankton and macroinvertebrate community composition. While there were differences in explanatory variables when describing communities characterized by eDNA metabarcoding and morphological taxonomy, the principal environmental factors that structured the communities were similar. Our paper highlights persisting density-dependent impacts of exotic trout on invertebrate communities even decades after first introduction, and it considers the conservation implications for lake restoration.
Effects of long-term nitrogen addition on Solidago altissima stem morphology, size, and herbivory at Kellogg Biological Station 2016-2022
We surveyed naturally occurring tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima) plants in a long-term nitrogen addition field experiment at the Kellogg Biological Station's T7 untilled succession plots in the Main Cropping System Experiment (https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/research/long-term-experiments/main-cropping-system-experiment/). We collected data on the defensive stem nodding morph (which helps plants evade apex-galling herbivores) and presence of galls in 2016, 2021, and 2022.
New effects of Roundup on amphibians: Predators reduce herbicide mortality while herbicides induce anti-predator morphology, 2006.
The use of pesticides is important for growing crops and protecting human health by reducing the prevalence of targeted pest species. However, less attention is given to the potential unintended effects on nontarget species, including taxonomic groups that are of current conservation concern. One issue raised in recent years is the potential for pesticides to become more lethal in the presence of predatory cues, a phenomenon observed thus far only in the laboratory. A second issue is whether pesticides can induce unintended trait changes in nontarget species, particularly trait changes that might mimic adaptive responses to natural environmental stressors. Using outdoor mesocosms, I created simple wetland communities containing leaf litter, algae, zooplankton, and three species of tadpoles (wood frogs [Rana sylvatica or Lithobates sylvaticus], leopard frogs [R. pipiens or L. pipiens], and American toads [Bufo americanus or Anaxyrus americanus]). I exposed the communities to a factorial combination of environmentally relevant herbicide concentrations (0, 1, 2, or 3 mg acid equivalents [a.e.]/L of Roundup Original MAX) crossed with three predator-cue treatments (no predators, adult newts [Notophthalmus viridescens], or larval dragonflies [Anax junius]). Without predator cues, mortality rates from Roundup were consistent with past studies. Combined with cues from the most risky predator (i.e., dragonflies), Roundup became less lethal (in direct contrast to past laboratory studies). This reduction in mortality was likely caused by the herbicide stratifying in the water column and predator cues scaring the tadpoles down to the benthos where herbicide concentrations were lower. Even more striking was the discovery that Roundup induced morphological changes in the tadpoles. In wood frog and leopard frog tadpoles, Roundup induced relatively deeper tails in the same direction and of the same magnitude as the adaptive changes induced by dragonfly cues. To my knowledge, this i
Ecological specialization, rather than the island effect, explains morphological diversification in an ancient radiation of geckos
Island colonists are often assumed to experience higher levels of phenotypic diversification than continental taxa. However, empirical evidence has uncovered exceptions to this 'island effect'. Here, we tested this pattern using the geckos of the genus Pristurus from continental Arabia and Africa and the Socotra Archipelago. Using a recently published phylogeny and an extensive morphological dataset, we explore the differences in phenotypic evolution between Socotran and continental taxa. Moreover, we reconstructed ancestral habitat occupancy to examine if ecological specialization is correlated with morphological change, comparing phenotypic disparity and trait evolution between habitats. We found a heterogeneous outcome of island colonization. Namely, only one of the three colonization events resulted in a body size increase. However, in general, Socotran species do not present higher levels or rates of morphological diversification than continental groups. Instead, habitat specialization explains better the body size and shape evolution in Pristurus . Particularly, the colonization of ground habitats appears as the main driver of morphological change, producing the highest disparity and evolutionary rates. Additionally, arboreal species show very similar body size and head proportions. These results reveal a determinant role of ecological mechanisms in morphological evolution and corroborate the complexity of ecomorphological dynamics in continent–island systems.
Effects of genetic vs. environmental quality on condition-dependent morphological and life history traits in a neriid fly
<p>Condition is assumed to reflect both genes and environment, enabling condition-dependent signals to reveal genetic quality. However, because the phenotypic effects of variation in genetic quality could be masked by environmental heterogeneity, the contribution of genetic quality to phenotypic variation in fitness-related traits and condition-dependent signals remains unclear. We compared effects of ecologically relevant manipulations of environmental quality (nutrient dilution in the larval diet) and genetic quality (one generation of inbreeding) on male and female morphology, life history and reproductive performance in the neriid fly <em>Telostylinus angusticollis</em>. We found that larval diet quality had strong, positive effects on male and female body size, male secondary sexual traits, and aspects of male and female reproductive performance. By contrast, inbreeding had weak effects on most traits, and no trait showed clear and consistent effects of both environmental and genetic quality. Indeed, inbreeding effects on body size and male competitive performance were of opposite sign in rich vs. poor larval diet treatment groups. Our results suggest that environmental quality strongly affects condition, but the effects of genetic quality are subtle and environment-dependent in this species. These findings raise questions about the genetic architecture of condition and the potential for condition-dependent traits to function as signals of genetic quality.</p>
Data for empirical example in: An effect size for comparing the strength of morphological integration across studies
<p>Understanding how and why phenotypic traits covary is a major interest in evolutionary biology. Biologists have long sought to characterize the extent of morphological integration in organisms, but comparing levels of integration for a set of traits across taxa has been hampered by the lack of a reliable summary measure and testing procedure. Here we propose a standardized effect size for this purpose, calculated from the relative eigenvalue variance, Vrel. First we evaluate several eigenvalue dispersion indices under various conditions, and show that only Vrel remains stable across samples size and the number of variables. We then demonstrate that Vrel accurately characterizes input patterns of covariation, so long as redundant dimensions are excluded from the calculations. However, we also show that the variance of the sampling distribution of Vrel depends on input levels of trait covariation, making Vrel unsuitable for direct comparisons. As a solution, we propose transforming Vrel to a standardized effect size (Z-score) for representing the magnitude of integration for a set of traits. We also propose a two-sample test for comparing the strength of integration between taxa, and show that this test displays appropriate statistical properties. We provide software for implementing the procedure, and an empirical example illustrates its use.</p>
Fig. 2 in Relationships between morphology, diet and spatial distribution: testing the effects of intra and interspecific morphological variations on the patterns of resource use in two Neotropical Cichlids
Fig. 2. Head of Satanoperca pappaterra (a) and Crenicichla britskii (b), showing differences in the mouth protrusion.
Fig. 6 in The effect of structural enrichment in hatchery tanks on the morphology of two neotropical fish species
Fig. 6. Most important ecomorphological attributes for Brycon orbignyanus in the morphological differentiation among treatments, according to the ANOVA and the DCA, concomitantly. Treatments with a different letter above their ranges differed significantly.
Fig. 3 in The effect of structural enrichment in hatchery tanks on the morphology of two neotropical fish species
Fig. 3. Condition factors (CFs) for Prochilodus lineatus and Brycon orbignyanus. The ANOVA was significant for both species (p <0.0001), demonstrating significant differences among the treatments. The results of the Tukey tests specifying which CFs were different from each other is demonstrated by the letters A, B, and C. Different letters indicate significant differences among the treatments.
Fig. 5 in The effect of structural enrichment in hatchery tanks on the morphology of two neotropical fish species
Fig. 5. Most important ecomorphological attributes for Prochilodus lineatus in the morphological differentiation among treatments, according to the ANOVA and the DCA, concomitantly. Treatments with a different letter above their ranges differed significantly.
Fig. 7 in The effect of structural enrichment in hatchery tanks on the morphology of two neotropical fish species
Fig. 7. The log of the distance from the centroid plus 1 [log (DC+1)] for Prochilodus lineatus and Brycon orbignyanus. The ANOVA was significant for both species (p <0.0001), demonstrating significant differences among the treatments. The results of the Tukey tests, specifying which DCs were different from each other, are demonstrated by the letters A, B, and C. Different letters indicate significant differences among the treatments.
Fig. 4 in The effect of structural enrichment in hatchery tanks on the morphology of two neotropical fish species
Fig. 4. Projection of the four treatments [C = control; L = logs; M = macrophytes; and B = both (logs+macrophytes)] in the first two axes of the Principal Component Analysis for Prochilodus lineatus and for Brycon orbignyanus.
Fig. 7 in Genetic and morphological variation of metacercariae of Microphallus piriformes (Trematoda, Microphallidae): Effects of paraxenia and geographic location
Fig. 7. Variability of metacercarial body shape within hemipopulations and infrapopulations of M. piriformes. A: Absolute and relative morphological disparity (MD) of metacercariae within hosts of the same species. B: Distribution of morphological disparity (MD) within individual snails grouped by host species and sampling location.
Fig. 4 in Genetic and morphological variation of metacercariae of Microphallus piriformes (Trematoda, Microphallidae): Effects of paraxenia and geographic location
Fig. 4. Haplotype networks, COI sequence (369 bp); TCS algorithm; dashes correspond to mutations. A: color reflects sampling location. B: color reflects host species.
Fig. 5 in Genetic and morphological variation of metacercariae of Microphallus piriformes (Trematoda, Microphallidae): Effects of paraxenia and geographic location
Fig. 5. PCA-ordination of individual M. piriformes metacercariae body shapes grouped by host species. PC1 can be interpreted as a deepness of a "waist" between locomotory and generative body parts; PC2 can be interpreted as a width of locomotory body part. B: Pairwise post-hoc comparison; significant value are shown as bold (considering Holmes correction for multiple comparison); host species: sax – L. saxatilis; obt – L. obtusata; sampling site: Kib - Barents Sea, Kiberg; Kor – White Sea, Korga-Islet; Zel – Barents Sea, Dalnie Zelentsy.
Fig. 1 in Genetic and morphological variation of metacercariae of Microphallus piriformes (Trematoda, Microphallidae): Effects of paraxenia and geographic location
Fig. 1. The map of the study region (image: TerraMetrics, map data: Google). Sample collection sites (Tromsø city, Kiberg settlement, Dalnie Zelentsy settlement, Sredny Island) are shown.
Fig. 8 in Genetic and morphological variation of metacercariae of Microphallus piriformes (Trematoda, Microphallidae): Effects of paraxenia and geographic location
Fig. 8. Body size of M. piriformes metacercariae from different host species and sampling locations. Mean centroid size and 95% confidence interval obtained via bootstrap.
Fig. 3 in Genetic and morphological variation of metacercariae of Microphallus piriformes (Trematoda, Microphallidae): Effects of paraxenia and geographic location
Fig. 3. Bayesian inference based on COI sequence (369 bp); 15000000 generation; GTR + I + G substitution model; A posteriori probabilities are indicated by node shapes; sample name includes parasite species (pir – M. piriformes, pyg – M. pygmaeus, tri – M. triangulatus, sim – M. similis), sample number, geographic region and location (WSk – White Sea, Korga-Islet; WSy – White Sea, Yakovleva; DZe – Barents Sea, Dalnie Zelentsy; Kib - Barents Sea, Kiberg; Tro - Norwegian Sea, Tromsø), host species (sax – L. saxatilis; arc – L. arcana; comp – L. compressa; obt – L. obtusata; fab – L. fabalis). Identical haplotypes and the FST-value of differentiation between populations (Weir, and Cockerham, 1984) are shown in Supplementary Table 1. Branch color reflects geographic region.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Revision of the Metallactus generosus species-group with a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of the endophallus morphology in distinguishing critical sibling species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Revision of the Metallactus generosus species-group with a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of the endophallus morphology in distinguishing critical sibling species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/43278c49-82a8-40a3-88c8-6e28bfb08a7e">https://bionomia.net/dataset/43278c49-82a8-40a3-88c8-6e28bfb08a7e</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/43278c49-82a8-40a3-88c8-6e28bfb08a7e">https://gbif.org/dataset/43278c49-82a8-40a3-88c8-6e28bfb08a7e</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
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