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70 results for “morphological homoplasy”
FIG. 3 in Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera
FIG. 3. — Phylogenetic reconstruction of the red algal tribe Ceramieae C.Agardh ex Greville inferred with an integrative approach based on rbcL gene and morphological characters. The tree is the majority rule consensus tree resulting from Bayesian analysis. Values at the nodes represent posterior probability and bootstrap values for ML; supports <0.65 (PP) and 75 (BP) are not shown. Sequences generated in this study are in bold. Abbreviations: AU, Australia; BE, Bermuda; BR, Brazil; NS CA, Nova Scotia, Canada; CL, Chile; DA, Dutch Antilles;DE, Denmark; EN, England; FR, France; FR PO, French Polynesia; GB TR, British Overseas Territory of Tristan da Cunha; GE, Germany; IR, Ireland; IT, Italy; JA, Japan; JM, Jamaica; KO, South Korea; MO, Morocco; MX, Mexico; BC MX, Baja California, Mexico; NA, Namibia; NO, Norway; NZ, New Zealand; PE, Peru; PR, Puerto Rico; SA, South Africa; SP, Spain; TW, Taiwan; AK US, Alaska; CA US, California; FL US, Florida; HI US, Hawaii; MA US, Massachusetts; OR US, Oregon; RI US, Rhode Island; WA US, Washington; WA, Wales. Symbol: *, full support.
FIG. 1 in Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera
FIG. 1. — Diagnostic morphological features of the tribe Ceramieae:A, Ceramium pallidum (Kützing) Maggs & Hommersand;B, carposporophyte,Pseudoceramium oliveirarum Barros-Barreto, Maggs & M.A.Jaramillo, gen. nov., sp. nov.; C, tetrasporophyte, Centroceras gasparrinii (Meneghini) Kützing; D, male plant showing spermatangia, Corallophila atlantica (A.B.Joly & Ugadim) R.E.Norris; E, acropetal cells, Yoneshiguea compta (Børgesen) Barros-Barreto, Maggs & M.A.Jaramillo, comb. nov.; F, three cortical initial cells, Gayliella dawsonii (A.B.Joly) Barros-Barreto & F.P.Gomes; G, three cortical initial cells and two descending filaments, Centroceras gasparrinii; H, four cortical initial cells, Stirkia fujiana (Barros-Barreto & Maggs) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov.; I, four cortical initial cells and descending filaments, Corallophila atlantica; J, five cortical initials including three descending filaments, Ceramium secundatum Lyngbye; K, Yoneshiguea affinis (Setchell & Gardner) Barros-Barreto, Maggs & M.A.Jaramillo, comb. nov. without descending filaments; L, one descending filament per periaxial cell, Gayliella dawsonii (A.B.Joly) Barros-Barreto & F.P.Gomes; M, two descending filaments, Stirkia fujiana (Barros-Barreto & Maggs) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov.; N, five cortical initial cells, the fifth one over the periaxial cell, Stirkia codicola (J.Agardh) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov.; O, transverse section showing four periaxial cells, Yoneshiguea compta (Børgesen) Barros-Barreto, Maggs & M.A.Jaramillo, comb. nov.; P, transverse section showing six periaxial cells,Stirkia brasiliensis (A.B.Joly) Barros-Barreto & Maggs, comb. nov.; Q, transverse section showing nine periaxial cells, Ceramieae sp. 5; R, transverse section showing 14 periaxial cells, Centroceras gasparrinii. Abbreviations: a1, first acropetal cell; a2, second acropetal cell; b1, first basipetal cell; b2, second basipetal cell; b3, third basipetal cell; p, periaxial cell. Scale bars: B, 500 μm; C, D, 200 μm; K, L, M, O-R, 100 μm.
FIGURE S3 in Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera
FIGURE S3. — Reconstructed phylogeny of Ceramieae based on concatenated rbcL, LSU and COI-5P gene sequences. Majority rule consensus tree resulting from Bayesian analysis. Values at the nodes represent posterior probability and bootstrap values for ML, support lower than 0.70 (PP) and 75 (BP) are not shown. Sequences generated in this study are in bold. Abbreviations: See Figure 3. Symbol: *, full support.
FIG. 2 in Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera
FIG. 2. — Phylogenetic reconstruction of the red algal tribe Ceramieae C.Agardh ex Greville inferred from rbcL gene sequences showing genera. The tree is the majority rule consensus tree resulting from Bayesian analysis. Values at the nodes represent posterior probability and bootstrap values for ML, support lower than 0.70 (PP) and 75 (BP) are not shown. Symbol: *, full support.
FIGURE S5 in Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera
FIGURE S5. — Bayesian tree inferred from COI-5P sequences. The trees are the majority rule consensus tree resulting from Bayesian analysis. Values at the nodes represent posterior probability and bootstrap values for ML, support lower than 0.70 (PP) and 75 (BP) are not shown. Sequences generated in this study are in bold. Abbreviations: See Figure 3. Symbol: *, full support.
FIGURE S2 in Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera
FIGURE S2. — Phylogenetic reconstruction of the red algal tribe Ceramieae inferred from rbcL gene sequences (Part 2). The tree is the majority rule consensus tree resulting from Bayesian analysis. Values at the nodes represent posterior probability and bootstrap values for ML, support lower than 0.70 (PP) and 75 (BP) are not shown. Sequences generated in this study are in bold. Abbreviations: See Figure 3. Symbol: *, full support.
FIGURE S1 in Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera
FIGURE S1. — Phylogenetic reconstruction of the red algal tribe Ceramieae inferred from rbcL gene sequences (Part 1). The tree is the majority rule consensus tree resulting from Bayesian analysis. Values at the nodes represent posterior probability and bootstrap values for ML, support lower than 0.70 (PP) and 75 (BP) are not shown. Sequences generated in this study are in bold. Abbreviations: See Figure 3. Symbol: *, full support.
FIGURE S4 in Phylogenetic analysis of the red algal tribe Ceramieae reveals multiple morphological homoplasies but defines new genera
FIGURE S4. — Bayesian tree inferred from partial LSU gene. The trees are the majority rule consensus tree resulting from Bayesian analysis. Values at the nodes represent posterior probability and bootstrap values for ML, support lower than 0.70 (PP) and 75 (BP) are not shown. Sequences generated in this study are in bold. Abbreviations: See Figure 3. Symbol: *, full support.
Functional assessment of morphological homoplasy in stem-gnathostomes
<p>The Osteostraci and Galeaspida are stem gnathostomes, occupying a key phylogenetic position for resolving the nature of the jawless ancestor from which jawed vertebrates evolved more than 400 million years ago. Both groups are characterized by the presence of rigid headshields that share a number of common morphological traits, in some cases hindering the resolution of their interrelationships and the exact nature of their affinities with jawed vertebrates. Here, we explore the morphological and functional diversity of osteostracan and galeaspid headshields using an innovative approach that combines geometric morphometrics and computational fluid dynamics, thereby constraining the underlying factors that promoted the evolution of their similar morphologies and informing on the ecological scenario under which jawed vertebrates emerged. Phylomorphospace, Mantel analysis and Stayton metrics demonstrate a high degree of homoplasy. Computational fluid dynamics reveals similar hydrodynamic performance among morphologically convergent species, indicating the independent acquisition of the same morphofunctional traits and, potentially, equivalent lifestyles. This confirms that a number of the characters typically used to infer the evolutionary relationships among galeaspids, osteostracans and jawed vertebrates are convergent in nature, potentially obscuring understanding of the assembly of the gnathostome bodyplan. Ultimately, our results reveal that while the jawless relatives of the earliest jawed vertebrates were ecologically diverse, widespread convergence on the same hydrodynamic adaptations suggests they had reached the limits of their potential ecological diversity – overcome by jawed vertebrates and their later innovations.</p>
Functional assessment of morphological homoplasy in stem-gnathostomes
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FIGURE 12 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 12. Indian Ocean. # indicates terrestrial. + indicates coastal. Red indicates Protorchestoidae taxa. Blue indicates Talitroidae taxa.
FIGURE 9 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 9. South Atlantic Ocean. # indicates terrestrial. + indicates coastal. Red indicates Protorchestoidae taxa. Blue indicates Talitroidae taxa.
FIGURE 8 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 8. North Atlantic Ocean. # indicates terrestrial. + indicates coastal. Blue indicates Talitroidae taxa.
FIGURE 7 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 7. Cladogram of relationships in the Talitroidea. Significant synapomorphies are indicated (see table 1).
FIGURE 6. Epimera 1–3. 38.2 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 6. Epimera 1–3. 38.2 with slits (after Lowry & Myers 2013). Uropod 1 peduncle 39.1 with distolateral robust seta (after Friend 1987). Uropods 1 and 2 rami. 40.2 dorsally flattened (after Lowry & Baldanzi 2016). Uropod 2 exopod 43.2 with apical spear-shaped setae (after Momtazi et al. 2017); Telson. 48.1 tapering distally (after Duncan 1994); 48.2 rounded distally (after Friend 1987); 48.3 subrectangular (after Hurley 1957); 49.2 with apical robust setae only (after Duncan 1994, Hurley 1957); 49.3 with apical and marginal robust setae (after Friend 1987).
FIGURE 3. Male gnathopod 1 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 3. Male gnathopod 1 propodus anterior margin; 24.1 with 1–2 groups of robust setae (after Morino 2014); 24.2 with 3–4 groups of robust setae (after Marsden & Fenwick 1984); 24.3 with 5–9 groups of robust setae (after Lowry & Myers 2019a); 24. 4 with scattered groups of very short setae (after Bousfield 1982). Male gnathopod 1 propodus 25.1 subrectangular (after Stock & Martin 1988); 25.2 enlarged subrectangular (after Hurley 1957); 25.3 subovoid (after Jo 1988); 25.4 subtriangular with well developed posterodistal lobe (after Marsden & Fenwick, 1984)); 25.5 subrectangular tapering distally (after Shoemaker 1936). Male gnathopod 1 palm 26.1 transverse (White et al. 2013); 26.2 acute or obtuse (Friend 1982); 26.3 absent (after Lowry & Myers 2019a)
FIGURE 11 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 11. South Pacific Ocean. # indicates terrestrial. + indicates coastal. Red indicates Protorchestoidae taxa. Blue indicates Talitroidae taxa.
FIGURE 5. Pereopod 5 merus and carpus. 32. 1 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 5. Pereopod 5 merus and carpus. 32. 1. Not expanded (after Stock 1997); 32.2 merus and carpus expanded (after Bellan-Santini & Ruffo 1991). Pereopod 5 dactylus. 33.1 long, slender (after Stock 1997); 33.2 short, inflated (after Bellan-Santini & Ruffo 1991). Pereopod 7 sexual dimorphism.; 35.2 merus and carpus slightly incrassate (after Duncan 1994); 35.3 merus and carpus strongly incrassate (after Smith 1998); 35.4 carpus massive, plate-like (after Hurley 1956). Oostegites 36.1 with curled tips (after Bousfield 1982); 36.2 with simple smooth tips (after Bousfield 1982); 36.3 with multifurcated tips (after Serejo & Lowry 2008); 36.4 with spatulate tips (after Wildish & LeCroy 2014).
FIGURE 10 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 10. North Pacific Ocean. # indicates terrestrial. + indicates coastal. Red indicates Protorchestoidae taxa. Blue indicates Talitroidae taxa.
FIGURE 2. Male gnathopod 1. 23.2 in A phylogeny and classification of the Talitroidea (Amphipoda, Senticaudata) based on interpretation of morphological synapomorphies and homoplasies
FIGURE 2. Male gnathopod 1. 23.2 posterior margin of merus, carpus and proximal margin of propodus each with palmate setae (after Friend 1982); 23.1 posterior margin of merus, carpus and propodus each with patch of palmate setae (after Hurley 1957); 23.3a. posteriormargin of carpus and propodus each with patch of palmate setae (after Richardson 1991); 23.3b posterior margin of merus and carpus each with patch of palmate setae (after Friend 1987); 23.3c posterior margin of propodus with patch of palmate setae (after Hurley 1957); 23.3d posterior margin of carpus with patch of palmate setae (after Friend 1987); 23.4 posterior margin of merus, carpus and propodus each without patch of palmate setae (after Lowry & Myers 2019a).
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