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101 results for “morphological phenotype”
Predator- and competitor-induced plasticity: How changes in foraging morphology affect phenotypic trade-offs.
Studies of phenotypic plasticity frequently demonstrate functional trade-offs between alternative phenotypes by documenting environment-specific costs and benefits. However, the functional mechanisms underlying these trade-offs are often unknown. For example, predator-induced traits typically provide superior predator resistance but slower growth, while competitor-induced traits provide better growth but inferior predator resistance. While the mechanisms underlying predator resistance have been identified, the mechanisms underlying differential growth have remained elusive. To determine whether competitor and predator environments affect individual growth by induced changes in foraging morphology, we raised wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) under a factorial combination of competitors and predators and assessed changes in mouthparts that might affect growth. In general, competitors induced relatively larger oral discs, wider beaks, and longer tooth rows, while predators induced relatively smaller oral discs, narrower beaks, and shorter tooth rows. These effects were interactive; the largest competitor-induced responses occurred under high predator density and the largest predator-induced responses occurred under low competition. Further, one of the tooth rows that commonly appeared under low predation risk was frequently absent under high predation risk. These discoveries suggest that predator and competitor environments can have profound effects on prey foraging structures and that these effects set up growth trade-offs between phenotypes that favor the evolution of phenotypically plastic responses.
Fig. 6 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)
Fig. 6. Scatter plot of PCA results on shape variables of the (A) ventral, (B) dorsal and (C) lateral sides of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 specimens. Legends: ○ = Iranian Plateau, ● = Western Zagros, * = Kuwait, Δ = Arabian, ▲ = Jeddah, □ = Jordan/NW Arabia, ■ = African. Deformation grids (two times magnified) along the first principal components, representing shape differences between configurations corresponding to minimal and maximal scores, are shown to the right of each plot. For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)
Fig. 4. Scatter plot of the CVA results of the (A) ventral and (B) dorsal shape data of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 (two groups) and M. libycus Lichtenstein, 1823. Legends: ○ = M. crassus (other than Western Zagros), ● = M. crassus of Western Zagros, □ = M. libycus. The grids below show deformation along the arrows, when moving from the M. crassus group mean shape to the Western Zagros group mean shape (A1 and B1), and from the M. libycus mean shape to the mean shape of the Western Zagros (A2 and B2) (shape differences magnified three times for better visualization). For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.
Fig. 3 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)
Fig. 3. Scatter plot of RW1 versus RW2 of the (A) ventral and (B) dorsal cranium of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 and M. libycus Lichtenstein, 1823. Legends: ○ = M. crassus (other than Western Zagros), ● = M. crassus of Western Zagros, □ = M. libycus. Below: thin-plate spline deformation grids visualize shape variation as expressed by the first two RWs axes (grids represent shape difference between configurations corresponding to lowest and highest RW-values). For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.
Fig. 7 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)
Fig. 7. CVA scatter plot (axes 1 and 2) on shape variables of the (A) ventral, (B) dorsal and (C) lateral side of the Meriones crassus groups (Jeddah group not included). Legends: ○ = Iranian plateau, ● = Western Zagros, Δ = Arabian and ■ = African. Grids show deformation (3 x magnified) when following the trajectory within the morphospace along the arrows and between the groups' consensus (from African to Western Zagros – A1, B1 and C1; and from Iranian plateau to Western Zagros – A2, B2 and C2). For the numbering of landmarks, see Fig. 2.
Fig. 1 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)
Fig. 1. Map showing the sampling localities of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 (circles) and M. libycus Lichtenstein, 1823 (squares) and groups of sampling localities indicated by ellipses (see more detail about the grouping in Material and Methods). The dark closed symbols are the sampling localities of the type specimens (synonyms of Meriones crassus and M. libycus, see Table 1). The ellipses (from left to right) show the following groups: African, Jeddah, Arabian, Western Zagros and Iranian Plateau.
Appendix 6 in Phenotypic variability in the shield morphology of wild- vs. lab-reared eumalacostracan larvae
Appendix 6. Principal components of Stomatopoda from principal component analysis on the shield outline and percentage of total variation in the data set explained by each principal component. A: Dorsal data set. B: Lateral data set.
Appendix 5 in Phenotypic variability in the shield morphology of wild- vs. lab-reared eumalacostracan larvae
Appendix 5. Principal components of Raninidae from principal component analysis on the lateral shield outline and percentage of total variation in the data set explained by each principal component.
Appendix 4 in Phenotypic variability in the shield morphology of wild- vs. lab-reared eumalacostracan larvae
Appendix 4. Principal components of Hippoidea from principal component analysis on the shield outline and percentage of total variation in the data set explained by each principal component. A: Dorsal data set. B: Lateral data set.
Appendix 3 in Phenotypic variability in the shield morphology of wild- vs. lab-reared eumalacostracan larvae
Appendix 3. Principal components of Galatheidae from principal component analysis on the shield outline and percentage of total variation in the data set explained by each principal component. A: Dorsal data set. B: Lateral data set.
Data for: Decoupling of sexual signals and their underlying morphology facilitates rapid phenotypic diversification
<p>How novel phenotypes evolve is challenging to imagine because traits are often underlain by numerous integrated phenotypic components, and changes to any one form can disrupt the function of the entire module. Yet novel phenotypes do emerge, and research on adaptive phenotypic evolution suggests that complex traits can diverge while either maintaining existing form-function relationships or through innovations that alter form-function relationships. How these alternate routes contribute to sexual signal evolution is poorly understood, despite the role of sexual signals in generating biodiversity. In Hawaiian populations of the Pacific field cricket, male song attracts both female crickets and a deadly acoustically orienting parasitoid fly. In response to this conflict between natural and sexual selection, male crickets have evolved altered wing morphologies multiple times, resulting in loss and dramatic alteration of sexual signals. More recently, we and others have observed a radical increase in sexual signal variation and the underlying morphological structures that produce song. We conducted the first combined analysis of form (wing morphology), function (emergent signal), and receiver responses to characterize novel variation, test alternative hypotheses about form-function relationships (Form-Function Continuity vs. Form-Function Decoupling) and investigate underlying mechanistic changes and fitness consequences of novel signals. We identified three sound-producing male morphs (one previously undescribed, named "rattling") and found that relationships between morphology and signals have been rewired (Form-Function Decoupling), rapidly and repeatedly, through the gain, loss, and alteration of morphological structures, facilitating the production of signals that exist in novel phenotypic space. By integrating across a hierarchy of phenotypes, we uncovered divergent morphs with unique solutions to the challenge of attracting mates while evading fatal parasitism.</p>
Data from: Population divergence in heat and drought responses of a coastal plant: from metabolic phenotypes to plant morphology and growth
<p>This dataset supports the article "Population divergence in heat and drought responses of a coastal plant: from metabolic phenotypes to plant morphology and growth", which is under minor revision in Journal of Experimental Botany. The study addresses the combined effects of and plant population origin, drought and heat stress on plant growth, plant morphology and the leaf metabolome. The data were assessed in Northern and Southern European individuals of <em>Cakile maritma</em> (See Rocket). An R-script containing all statistical analyses that have been implemented with these data is also provided.</p>
Data from: Population divergence in heat and drought responses of a coastal plant: from metabolic phenotypes to plant morphology and growth
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Data for: Decoupling of sexual signals and their underlying morphology facilitates rapid phenotypic diversification
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Data from: Genetic and environmental effects on morphological traits of social phenotypes in wasps
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Temporal instability of lake charr phenotypes: Synchronicity of growth rates and morphology linked to environmental variables?
<p>Pathways through which phenotypic variation among individuals arise can be complex. One assumption often made in relation to intraspecific diversity is that the stability or predictability of the environment will interact with expression of the underlying phenotypic variation. <span>To address</span> biological complexity below the species level<span>, we investigated variability across years in morphology and annual growth increments between and within two sympatric lake charr <i>Salvelinus namaycush</i> ecotypes in Rush Lake, USA. </span>A rapid phenotypic shift in body and head shape was found within a decade. The magnitude and direction of the observed phenotypic change was consistent in both ecotypes, which suggests similar pathways caused the variation over time. Over the same time period, annual growth increments declined for both lake charr ecotypes and corresponded with a consistent phenotypic shift of each ecotype. Despite ecotype-specific annual growth changes in response to winter conditions, the observed annual growth shift for both ecotypes was linked, to some degree, with variation in the environment. Particularly, a declining trend in regional cloud cover was associated with an increase of early stage (ages 1-3) annual growth for lake charr of Rush Lake. Underlying mechanisms causing changes in growth rates and constrained morphological modulation are not fully understood. An improved knowledge of the biology hidden within the expression of phenotypic variation promises to clarify our understanding of temporal morphological diversity and instability.</p>
Phenotypic differences between interfertile Chlamydomonas species- high-resolution confocal z-stacks for visualizing organelle morphology
<p>This repository contains high-resolution confocal z-stacks of two interfertile <i>Chlamydomonas</i> algal species. The protocol to generate this data is described in the associated publication, "Phenotypic differences between interfertile <i>Chlamydomonas</i> species", and briefly summarized here. Cells were collected from agar plates with TAP medium and suspended in 500 µl of liquid TAP medium in a 1.5 ml eppendorf tube overnight. Cells were pelleted using a microcentrifuge at 2000 x g for 2 min and the supernatant removed. For staining mitochondria, PKMito orange was used at a 1:500 concentration and cells were moved to opaque black microcentrifuge tubes and placed on a tube rotator for 45 min. Cells were pelleted again and washed twice with fresh TAP medium. After the final wash and supernatant removal, cells were resuspended in 25 µl of 1.25% low gelling agar in TAP medium (kept at 45 C). Then 1 µl of the cell/agar mixture was mounted on a #1.5 coverslip with a small wax circle drawn to retain the droplet. Coverslips were flipped and placed on a slide and sealed with VALAP. </p><p>Images were collected on a Nikon CSU W-1 SoRA spinning disk confocal microscope equipped with an ORCA-Fusion BT digital scMOS camera. In order to apply deconvolution in the downstream processing, we needed to oversample (sample beyond Nyquist) in z resolution. To do this, we used a 100×/1.45 NA objective in 2.8× SoRa magnification mode, using ROIs of either 670 × 670 × 81 or 850 × 850 × 91. We imaged with a z-step size of 100 nm for sub-Nyquist sampling. We imaged bright-field first, then 640 nm excitation autofluorescence of chloroplasts, and then 561 nm excitation for PKmito orange dye, because the chloroplasts would bleach after 561 nm excitation. We set exposures to 300 ms with 30% and 50% laser power for 640 and 561, respectively.</p><p>We have included a set of demo data (10 images per species) that accompany the pub hosted on the Arcadia Science webpage (3Dmorpho_demo_data). In addition, we included all of the raw data we collected in this experiment (3Dmorpho_raw_data). Please use the point spread functions (PSF) from the zipped folders for each respective dataset (demo or raw). </p>
Stay in shape: assessing the adaptive potential of shell morphology and its sensitivity to temperature in the invasive New Zealand Mud Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum through phenotypic plasticity and natural selection in Europe
<p>Climate change may force organisms to adapt genetically or plastically to new environmental conditions. Invasive species show a remarkable potential for rapid adaptation. The ovoviviparous New Zealand mud snail (NZMS), <em>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</em>, has successfully established across Europe with two clonally reproducing mitochondrial lineages since its arrival in the first half of the 19th century. Its remarkable variation in shell morphology was shown to be fitness relevant. We investigated the effects of temperature on shell morphology across eleven populations from Germany and the Iberian Peninsula in a common garden across three temperatures. We analysed size and shape using geometric morphometrics. For both, we compared reaction norms and estimated heritabilities. For size, the interaction of temperature and haplotype explained about 50% of the total variance. We also observed more genotype by environment interactions indicating a higher degree of population differentiation than in shape. Across the three temperatures, size followed the expectations of the temperature-size rule, with individuals growing larger in cold environments. Changes in shape may have compensated changes in size affecting space for brooding embryos. Heritability estimates were relatively high. As indicated by the very low coefficients of variation for clonal repeatability (<em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>), they can probably not be compared in absolute terms. However, they showed some sensitivity to temperature, in haplotype t more so than in z, which was only found in Portugal. The low <em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>-values indicate that genetic variation among European populations is still restricted with low potential to react to selection. A considerable fraction of the genetic variation was due to differences between the clonal lineages. The NZMS has apparently not been long enough in Europe to accumulate significant genetic variation relevant for morphological adaptation. As temperature is obviously not the sole factor influencing shell morphology, their interaction will probably not be a factor limiting population persistence under a warming climate in Europe.</p>
Phenotypic traits evolution and morphological traits associated with echolocation calls in cryptic horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae)
<p><span>Bats provide an excellent case study for studying evolution due to their remarkable flight and echolocation capabilities. In this study, we sought to understand the phenotypic evolution of key traits in Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats) using phylogenetic comparative methods. We aim to test the phylogenetic signals of traits and evaluated the best-fit evolutionary models given the data for each trait considering different traits may evolve under different models (i.e., Brownian Motion (BM), Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) and Early Burst (EB)) and reconstruct ancestral character states. We examined how phenotypic characters are associated with echolocation calls and minimum detectable prey size. We measured 34 traits of 10 Asian rhinolophids species (187 individuals). We found that the majority of traits showed a high phylogenetic signal based on Blomberg's K and Pagel's λ, but each trait may evolve under different evolutionary models. Sella traits were shown to evolve under stabilizing selection based on OU models, indicating sella traits have the tendency to move forward along the branches toward some medial value in equilibrium. Our findings highlight the importance of sella characters in association with echolocation call emissions in Rhinolophidae, as calls are important for spatial cognition and also influence dietary preferences. Minimum detectable prey size in Rhinolophidae was associated with call frequency, bandwidth, call duration, wingspan and wing surface area. Ultimately, understanding trait evolution requires sensitivity due to the differential selective pressures which may apply to different characteristics.</span></p>
Phenotype images of Gryllus personatus and five resulting morphological measurements
<p class="MsoNormal">Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and sexual shape dimorphism (SShD) are of interest to evolutionary ecology, but the two phenomena can very easily be conflated by not taking a multivariate approach to measuring size. In our study we draw attention to this problem by measuring four body size dimensions (maxillae span, head width, pronotum length and mean hind femur length) in lab-reared individuals of the badlands cricket (Orthoptera, Gryllinae, <em>Gryllus personatus</em>) and conducting a variety of multivariate analyses to test whether there is SSD and/or SShD.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">We found that males had wider heads and maxillae than females, and females had longer pronota and hind femora than males. This difference in the direction of sexual dimorphism indicates SShD. However, multivariate methods failed to detect SSD, instead confirming that the sexes primarily differ in body shape. We suggest that orthopterists studying sexual dimorphism minimally measure head width, pronotum length and hind femur length as a standard that will allow a more repeatable and generalizable assessment of the prevalence and direction of both SSD and SShD.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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