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70 results for “morphological plasticity”
Morphological and physical chemical characterization of main agricultural plastics articles used for protected cultivation systems during ageing in fields, and collection practices
<p>This dataset includes data generated upon the implementation of the ST 1.2.1 "Analysis of degradation and fragmentation of AP and transfer of MNP to soil". The activities dealt with the study of degradation and fragmentation from weathering and agricultural practices of conventional and biodegradable AP relevant for transfer of MNP to soil (during both use and end of life). In particular, the experimental data refer to characterization of biodegradable mulch films, pristine (coded M-BIO0) or subjected to photo-oxidative weathering (M-BIO192), as well as the same samples buried in soil for varying time periods, up to 353 days. The folders included contain gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI-TOF) data, which account for the change in film molecular weight upon soil burial. Furthermore, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) data and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Water Contact Angle (WCA) images of some selected samples are also provided. The folder named MS RAW FILES.zip includes all the mass spectrometry raw data.</p>
Predator- and competitor-induced plasticity: How changes in foraging morphology affect phenotypic trade-offs.
Studies of phenotypic plasticity frequently demonstrate functional trade-offs between alternative phenotypes by documenting environment-specific costs and benefits. However, the functional mechanisms underlying these trade-offs are often unknown. For example, predator-induced traits typically provide superior predator resistance but slower growth, while competitor-induced traits provide better growth but inferior predator resistance. While the mechanisms underlying predator resistance have been identified, the mechanisms underlying differential growth have remained elusive. To determine whether competitor and predator environments affect individual growth by induced changes in foraging morphology, we raised wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) under a factorial combination of competitors and predators and assessed changes in mouthparts that might affect growth. In general, competitors induced relatively larger oral discs, wider beaks, and longer tooth rows, while predators induced relatively smaller oral discs, narrower beaks, and shorter tooth rows. These effects were interactive; the largest competitor-induced responses occurred under high predator density and the largest predator-induced responses occurred under low competition. Further, one of the tooth rows that commonly appeared under low predation risk was frequently absent under high predation risk. These discoveries suggest that predator and competitor environments can have profound effects on prey foraging structures and that these effects set up growth trade-offs between phenotypes that favor the evolution of phenotypically plastic responses.
Relyea, R. A. 2001. Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. Ecology 82:523-540.
Many organisms can adjust to a changing environment by developing alternative phenotypes that improve their fitness. Our understanding of phenotypic plasticity is largely based upon observations from single species responding to two different environments and measuring a single plastic trait. In this study, I examine predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in tadpoles by observing how six species of larval anurans respond to five different predator environments in 11 different traits (seven morphological traits, two behavioral traits, growth, and development). The results demonstrate that behavioral and morphological plasticity may be ubiquitous in larval anurans. The six prey species exhibited different responses to the same predator species, and each prey exhibited different responses to different predator species. This suggests that responses to a particular predator may not serve as general defense against all predators; rather, prey express predator-specific suites of responses. I also compared relative differences in plasticity among species and among traits. In contrast to earlier findings using only two predator environments, I found that different anurans possess similar degrees of plasticity for most of their traits when reared in a large number of environments. In addition, behavioral traits were always more plastic than morphological traits. Finally, I examined trait integration to address whether there were apparent trade-offs among traits and limits imposed by the abiotic environment. Trait integration, or the degree of correlated responses among traits across predator environments within a prey species, was very low. This further suggests that the suites of responses are predator specific and may be under independent directions of selection in different predator environments. Trait correlations across prey species indicated that there is an apparent trade-off between tail fin depth and body size. This relationship is supported by selection studies with
Relyea, R. A., and E. E. Werner. 2000. Morphological plasticity of four larval anurans distributed along an environmental gradient. Copeia 2000:178-190.
We investigated morphological plasticity to the presence of predators in the tadpoles of four ranid frog species distributed along a pond hydroperiod gradient in southeast Michigan. We first reared all four species (Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica; Leopard Frog R. pipiens; Green Frog, R. clamitans; and Bullfrog, R. catesbeiana) under identical laboratory conditions in the presence and absence of caged larval dragonflies (Anax spp.). We then reared wood frog and leopard frog in outdoor mesocosms to examine the predator-induced responses during ontogeny. Finally, we reared leopard frog with predators fed either leopard frog or wood frog larvae to determine whether prey responses depended upon predators consuming conspecific prey. All four ranids exhibited some degree of morphological change in the presence of Anax; these differences were species specific and fairly robust to different experimental conditions. The responses over ontogeny indicated that the changes were direct responses to the predator’s presence and not an indirect result of the predator slowing anuran growth or development. Finally, larval leopard frog responded similarly to predators feeding on conspecifics and congenerics. Taken together, these results suggest that morphological responses to predators may be relatively common in larval anurans. Further, because many of the responses are known to be adaptive antipredator strategies, predator-induced morphological plasticity has important evolutionary and ecological implications.
Fig. 9 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 9. Scatter plot of resilifer number over ligament length in Isognomon. The two groups that correspond to lithostratigraphy are clearly visible. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.
Fig. 8 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 8. Box plots of size for the three target taxa. A. Size of Arcomytilus based on log transformed geometric means of length and height. B. Size of Isognomon based on log transformed ligament length. C. Size of Eomiodon based on log transformed shell length. Arrangement of boxes corresponding more or less to their stratigraphic succession, from left to right. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.
Fig. 12 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 12. PCA plot of shell shape in Arcomytilus, grouped according to rib number in steps of 25 ribs and displayed as convex hulls.
Fig. 7 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 7. Scatter plots of log transformed values of height over length for the three target taxa. A. Arcomytilus. B. Isognomon. C. Eomiodon. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.
Fig. 6 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 6. Measured distances in the three target taxa. A. Arcomytilus. B. Isognomon. C. Eomiodon. Abbreviations: H, height; L, length; LL, ligament length. Arrow indicates turning point of growth.
Fig. 5 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 5. Specimens of neomiodontid bivalve Eomiodon securiformis (Sharpe, 1850) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. A–C. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, E Arranhó. A. Hinge plates of left and right valve. GML 25915. B. Interior of right valve, showing hinge arrangement and parts of the muscle scars. GML 25916. C. Left valve view of articulated specimen. GML 25917. D. Articulated, strongly elongated, gerontic specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, Santa Cruz. GML 25918. E. Small articulated specimen with clearly visible commarginal lamellae. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Vestiaria. GML 25919. F. Articulated gerontic specimen with ventrally elongated shell. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Salgados. GML 25920. G. Short, rounded, articulated specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, E Arranhó. GML 25921. H. Large, high, and short specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, Porto das Barcas. GML 25922.
Fig. 3 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 3. Specimens of mytilid bivalve Arcomytilus from the Middle and Upper Jurassic of Portugal and France. A–F. Arcomytilus morrisii (Sharpe, 1850). A. Large articulated specimen with pointed umbones and slightly imprinted anterior part. Arranhó II member, earliest Tithonian, Serra de Alrota. GML 25900. B. Small adult specimen, left valve with fine ribbing pattern and relatively straight anterior margin. Alcobaça formation, Late Kimmeridgian, Consolação. GML 25901. C. Young adult specimen, left valve with coarse ribbing pattern and large, elevated disc. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25902. D. Small adult, articulated specimen. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Salir do Porto. GML 25903. E. Large articulated specimen with extremely triangular outline and wide−spaced, strong ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Lameiro das Antas. GML 25904. F. Adult specimen, left valve with bi− and trifurcation and simultaneous insertion of ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25905. G. Arcomytilus asper. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN J 08224. H. Arcomytilus bathonicus. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN, coll. Deshayes 1876−8. I. Arcomytilus pectinatus. Right valve. "Corallien", La Rochelle, Charente−Maritime, France. MNHN, coll. d'Orbigny 4247.
Fig. 11 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 11. Lithostratigraphy plot of Arcomytilus. A. Different species and lithostratigraphically grouped Arcomytilus morrisii are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M; mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic rock suite in the Lusitanian Basin. Modified from Schneider et al. (2009). All units discussed herein are numbered in squared brackets. Formations and members that are not yet formally established are written in lower case letters. Abbreviations: A., Arisphinctes; As., Aspidoceras; Au., Aulacostephanus; C., Crussoliceras; D., Dichotomoceras; Fm., formation; M., Micracanthoceras; Mb., member; Q., Quenstedtoceras; S., Simoceras; Se., Semiformiceras.
Fig. 1 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 1. Geographic and geological overview of the Lusitanian Basin. The numbering of localities refers to Table 1, second column.
Fig. 14 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 14. Lithostratigraphy plot of Eomiodon securiformis. A. Lithostratigraphically arranged groups are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M, mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.
Fig. 16 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 16. Left valve of neomiodontid bivalve Eomiodon sp. from Early Tithonian, Arranhó II member, Santa Cruz (GML 25929) in internal (A) and external (B) views.
Shift in bacterial taxa precedes morphological plasticity in a larval echinoid
Morphological plasticity is an adaptive response to heterogenous environments when a fitness advantage is conferred. Larval sea urchins, for example, increase individual fitness in dilute feeding environments by elongating their feeding structure. Morphological plasticity for larval sea urchins is also coupled with significant shifts in the associated bacterial community, but whether this response occurs before, during, or following the expression of plasticity is unclear. Using the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, we define the temporal pattern of the associated bacterial community throughout the expression of morphological plasticity. From prefeeding through plasticity, we observed that L. variegatus larvae exhibit a four-stage successional pattern and the relatedness of the larval-associated bacterial community directly reflects morphological plasticity and does so prior to expression of the environmental-specific morphology. Based on the structure of the larval-associated bacterial communities, the expression of morphological plasticity correlates short-arm larvae deviating from the microbial trajectory of pre-plastic siblings. Taken together, these data suggest that a holobiont may exhibit shifts in the associated bacterial community corresponding with the environmental variation in absence or anticipation of morphological plasticity.
Shift in bacterial taxa precedes morphological plasticity in a larval echinoid
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Data from: Correlational selection on personality and social plasticity: morphology and social context determine behavioural effects on mating success
Despite a central line of research aimed at quantifying relationships between mating success and sexually dimorphic traits (e.g., ornaments), individual variation in sexually selected traits often explains only a modest portion of the variation in mating success. Another line of research suggests that a significant portion of the variation in mating success observed in animal populations could be explained by correlational selection, where the fitness advantage of a given trait depends on other components of an individual's phenotype and/or its environment. We tested the hypothesis that interactions between multiple traits within an individual (phenotype dependence) or between an individual's phenotype and its social environment (context dependence) can select for individual differences in behaviour (i.e., personality) and social plasticity. To quantify the importance of phenotype- and context-dependent selection on mating success, we repeatedly measured the behaviour, social environment and mating success of about 300 male stream water striders, Aquarius remigis. Rather than explaining individual differences in long-term mating success, we instead quantified how the combination of a male's phenotype interacted with the immediate social context to explain variation in hour-by-hour mating decisions. We suggest that this analysis captures more of the mechanisms leading to differences in mating success. Males differed consistently in activity, aggressiveness and social plasticity. The mating advantage of these behavioural traits depended on male morphology and varied with the number of rival males in the pool, suggesting mechanisms selecting for consistent differences in behaviour and social plasticity. Accounting for phenotype and context dependence improved the amount of variation in male mating success we explained statistically by 30–274%. Our analysis of the determinants of male mating success provides important insights into the evolutionary forces that shape phenotypic variation. In particular, our results suggest that sexual selection is likely to favour individual differences in behaviour, social plasticity (i.e., individuals adjusting their behaviour), niche preference (i.e., individuals dispersing to particular social conditions) or social niche construction (i.e., individuals modifying the social environment). The true effect of sexual traits can only be understood in interaction with the individual's phenotype and environment.
Data for: A histone demethylase links the loss of plasticity to nongenetic inheritance and morphological change
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Plasticity is a widespread feature of development, enabling phenotypic change based on the environment. Although the evolutionary loss of plasticity has been linked both theoretically and empirically to increased rates of phenotypic diversification, molecular insights into how this process might unfold are generally lacking. Here, we show that a regulator of nongenetic inheritance links evolutionary loss of plasticity in nature to changes in plasticity and morphology as selected in the laboratory. Across nematodes of Diplogastridae, which ancestrally had a polyphenism, or discrete plasticity, in their feeding morphology, we use molecular evolutionary analyses to screen for change associated with independent losses of plasticity. Having inferred a set of ancestrally polyphenism-biased genes from phylogenetically informed gene-knockouts and gene-expression comparisons, selection signatures associated with plasticity's loss identify the histone H3K4 di/monodemethylase gene <em>spr-5</em>/<em>LSD1</em>/<em>KDM1A</em>. Manipulations of this gene affect both sensitivity and variation in plastic morphologies, and artificial selection of manipulated lines drives multigenerational shifts in these phenotypes. Our findings thus give mechanistic insight into how traits are modified as they traverse the continuum of greater to lesser environmental sensitivity.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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