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Figs. 26-31 in A review of the genus Satonius (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae): taxonomic revision, larval morphology, notes on wing polymorphism, and phylogenetic implications

Figs. 26-31. Larvae of Satonius Endrödy-Younga, 1997. 26, 28, 30 – S. stysi sp. nov., penultimate instar; 27, 29, 31 – S. kurosawai (Satô, 1982), ultimate instar. 26-27 – abdominal segments VII-X, setae of urogomphi omitted; 28-29 – shape of setae of lateral lobes of abdominal segments I-VIII; 30-31 – right urogomphus, ventral view.

Figs. 20-25 in A review of the genus Satonius (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae): taxonomic revision, larval morphology, notes on wing polymorphism, and phylogenetic implications

Figs. 20-25. Larva of Satonius stysi sp. nov., penultimate instar. 20 – left mandible, dorsal view; 21 – left mandible, ventral view; 22 – labium, ventral view; 23 – left metathoracic leg, anterior view; 24 – palmate tibiotarsal seta of prothoracic leg; 25 – left metathoracic leg, posterior view.

Figs. 11-19 in A review of the genus Satonius (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae): taxonomic revision, larval morphology, notes on wing polymorphism, and phylogenetic implications

Figs. 11-19. Larvae of Satonius Endrödy-Younga, 1997. 11-17 – S. stysi sp. nov., penultimate instar; 18-19 – S. kurosawai (Satô, 1982), ultimate instar. 11 – right antenna, dorsal view; 12 – head, dorsal view; 13 – labrum, dorsal view; 14 – labrum, ventral view (epipharynx); 15 – maxilla, ventral view; 16 – maxilla, dorsal view; 17-18 – apical portion of mala; 19 – detail of maxillary palpus and basolateral portion of mala, ventral view.

Fig. 5 in A review of the genus Satonius (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae): taxonomic revision, larval morphology, notes on wing polymorphism, and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 5. Metathoracic wing of Satonius stysi sp. nov.Abbreviations:AA – anterior anal vein; AP – posterior anal vein; C – costa; Cu – cubitus; CuA – anterior cubitus; MP – posterior media; PC – precosta; r – cross-vein connecting branches of radius; RA – anterior radius; RP – posterior radius; rp-mp – radio-median cross-vein; ScA – anterior subcosta; ScP – posterior subcosta. Subscript numbers refer to the branches of the respective vein. Dashed lines: wing folds.

Figs. 1-2 in A review of the genus Satonius (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae): taxonomic revision, larval morphology, notes on wing polymorphism, and phylogenetic implications

Figs. 1-2. Satonius stysi sp. nov., general habitus. 1 – imago (length: 2.2 mm); 2 – larva of penultimate instar (length: 1.7 mm).

Fig. 3 in A review of the genus Satonius (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae): taxonomic revision, larval morphology, notes on wing polymorphism, and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 3. Jade Dragon waterfall (China, Yunnan province), type locality of Satonius stysi sp. nov. Arrows indicate the places at which the specimens were collected.

Figs. 1-2. Laccocoris staudingeri Montandon, 1897 in Intraspecific morphological polymorphism in Naucoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) with notes on nomenclature and synonymy

Figs. 1-2. Laccocoris staudingeri Montandon, 1897, intraspecific variation in the posterolateral angles of the pronotum. 1 – 'Sharp' morph, with reduced hind wing; 2 – 'Rounded' morph, fully macropterous.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

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Pelvic spine reduction affects diet but not gill raker morphology in two polymorphic brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) populations

<p>Pelvic spine polymorphism occurs in several species in the stickleback family (<em>Gasterosteidae</em>). Given parallel selection driving similar phenotypic polymorphisms in multiple stickleback species, we sought to determine the extent of parallelism in the ecological consequences of pelvic spine reduction. Based on a metabarcoding analysis of brook stickleback gut contents in two polymorphic populations, we found a shift towards a planktonic diet was associated with pelvic spine reduction. These results contrast with those found in threespine stickleback where pelvic spine reduction is associated with a shift towards a benthic diet. Hence, we found non-parallel consequences of spine polymorphism across species. Furthermore, a change in gill raker morphology has been consistently implicated in the change in diet in pelvic-reduced threespine stickleback. But we found no evidence of any difference in gill raker morphology associated with pelvic spine polymorphism in brook stickleback.</p>

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Crown morphology in Norway spruce (Picea abies [Karst.] L.) as adaptation to mountainous environments is associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes regulating seasonal growth rhythm

Trees growing at high altitude or latitude have to be adapted, amongst others, to the lower temperatures, a shorter vegetation period, heavier snow load and frost desiccation. Association between molecular genetic markers and climatic variables may provide evidence for the genetic control of climatic adaptation. With increasing genomic resources, several genes with importance to climatic adaptation are identified over a wide range of tree species. Commonly, circadian clock genes are linked to the adaptation to lower temperatures and especially to a shortened vegetation period, as they are regulating metabolic and phenological processes in the day-night shift and seasonal change. Potentially adaptive "candidate" genes associated with latitudinal and elevational gradients were identified in several Picea spp. Before molecular markers became available to study climatic adaptation, phenotypic traits measured in natural populations and/or common garden studies were used to search for their association with climate variables. In Norway spruce, the crown architecture is the most noticeable trait associated with altitude and the related environment. The mountainous narrow-crowned morphotype is characterised by superior resistance to snow breakage in regions with heavy snow fall. In total, the crown shape was assessed in 765 individual trees from mountainous regions in the Thuringian Forest, the Ore Mountains (Saxony) and Harz Mountains (Lower-Saxony/Saxony-Anhalt), and they were genotyped at 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 24 adaptive trait related candidate genes. Six SNPs in three genes, APETALA 2-like 3 (AP2L3), GIGANTEA (GI), and mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF) were associated with variation in crown shape. GI has previously been identified in angiosperms and gymnosperms to be associated with temperature and growth cessation. Our results showed that crown morphology in Norway spruce is associated with genetic markers which are putatively involved in the complex process of genetic adaptation to climatic conditions at high altitudes.

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

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Fig. 32 in A review of the genus Satonius (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae): taxonomic revision, larval morphology, notes on wing polymorphism, and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 32. Known distribution of the genus Satonius Endrödy-Younga, 1997.

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Fig. 4 in A review of the genus Satonius (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Torridincolidae): taxonomic revision, larval morphology, notes on wing polymorphism, and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 4. Jan Růžička collecting Satonius stysi sp. nov. at the Jade Dragon waterfall.

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Pelvic spine reduction affects diet but not gill raker morphology in two polymorphic brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) populations

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Data from: Male clasping ability, female polymorphism and sexual conflict: fine-scale elytral morphology as a sexually antagonistic adaptation in female diving beetles

During sexual conflict, males and females are expected to evolve traits and behaviours with a sexually antagonistic function. Recently, sexually antagonistic coevolution was proposed to occur between male and female diving beetles (Dytiscidae). Male diving beetles possess numerous suction cups on their forelegs whereas females commonly have rough structures on their elytra. These rough structures have been suggested to obstruct adhesion from male suction cups during mating attempts. However, some diving beetle species are dimorphic, where one female morph has a rough elytra and the other has a smooth elytra. Here, we used biomechanics to study the adhesive performance of male suction cups on the female morphs in two diving beetle species: Dytiscus lapponicus and Graphoderus zonatus. We compared adhesion on the rough and the smooth female morphs to infer the function of the rough elytral modifications. We found that the adhesive force on the rough structures was much lower than on other surfaces. These findings support the suggestion of sexual conflict in diving beetles and a sexually antagonistic function of the rough female structures. In addition, males differed in their adhesive capacity on different female surfaces, indicating a male trade-off between adhering to smooth and rough female morphs.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

FIGURES 10A–E in Geographic variation of chromosomes and somatic morphology in the Japanese polymorphic species Leiobunum hiraiwai (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae)

FIGURES 10A–E. Leiobunum hiraiwai, penis, ventral view (left) and tip of penis, lateral view (right), Kinki race. Localities: A. Mt Hoko (14). B. Kisokomakôgen (15). C. Mt Ontake (17). D. Narai (18). E. Mt Kokuzô (19). Numerals in parentheses denote code numbers of localities given in Fig. 7.

FIGURES 1A–L in Geographic variation of chromosomes and somatic morphology in the Japanese polymorphic species Leiobunum hiraiwai (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae)

FIGURES 1A–L. Leiobunum hiraiwai (Sato & Suzuki). A–B. Eye tubercle of male, lateral view. C–F. Genital operculum (C–D male, E–F female). G–H. Labrum of female, lateral view. IK. Chelicera of male, mesal view. L. Body of female, dorsal view. Localities (numerals in parentheses denote code numbers given in Fig. 7): A. Mt Bunagatake (10 — Kinki race). B, J. Mt Utsukushigahara (42 — Utsukushigahara race). C. Mt Hyônosen (8 — Kinki race). D, K. Mt Amagi (40 — Izu race). E, G, L. Kisokomakôgen (15 — Kinki race). F, H. Togakushi (50 — Western Kantô race). I. Mt Hiko (2 — KyushuHiroshima race).

FIGURE 18 in Geographic variation of chromosomes and somatic morphology in the Japanese polymorphic species Leiobunum hiraiwai (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae)

FIGURE 18. Diagrams illustrating the possible evolution of the races in Leiobunum hiraiwai. Details in the text.

FIGURES 5A–E in Geographic variation of chromosomes and somatic morphology in the Japanese polymorphic species Leiobunum hiraiwai (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae)

FIGURES 5A–E. Male karyotypes of Leiobunum hiraiwai. Races: A. KyushuHiroshima race. B–C. Kinki race. D–E. Intermediate populations. Localities: A. Mt Hikosan (2n = 18). B. Mt Bunagatake (2n = 20). C. Tsuetsukitôge Pass (2n = 20). D. Todai (2n = 20). E. Mt Nyûgasa (2n = 20).

FIGURES 6A–E in Geographic variation of chromosomes and somatic morphology in the Japanese polymorphic species Leiobunum hiraiwai (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae)

FIGURES 6A–E. Male karyotypes of Leiobunum hiraiwai. Races: A. Kamikôchi race. B–C. Utsukushigaraha race. D. Western Kantô race. E. Izu race. Localities: A. Ariake Spa (2n = 20). B. Mt Utsukushigahara (2n = 20). C. Kowashimizu, 1630 m alt., Mt Kirigamine (2n = 20). D. Mt BushûMitake (2n = 22). E. Mt Amagi (2n = 22).

FIGURES 14A–F in Geographic variation of chromosomes and somatic morphology in the Japanese polymorphic species Leiobunum hiraiwai (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae)

FIGURES 14A–F. Leiobunum hiraiwai, penis, ventral (left) and lateral view (right), Utsukushigahara race. Localities: A. Yashajintôge Pass (46). B–D. Mt Kirigamine, Kowashimizu, 1660 m alt. (45). E. Tobira Pass (43). F. Mt Utsukushigahara (42). Numerals in parentheses denote code numbers of localities given in Fig. 7.

FIGURES 9A–E in Geographic variation of chromosomes and somatic morphology in the Japanese polymorphic species Leiobunum hiraiwai (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae)

FIGURES 9A–E. Leiobunum hiraiwai, penis, ventral (left) and lateral view (right), Kinki race. Localities: A. Mt Hyônosen (8). B. Mt Bunagatake (10). C. Mt Ibuki (11). D. Mt Gozaisho (12). E. Mt Hakusan (13). Numerals in parentheses denote code numbers of localities given in Fig. 7.