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Fig. 7 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 7. Morphospace (UWI, umbilical width index; WER, whorl expansion rate; CWI, conch width index) with data of 3015 species of Palaeozoic ammonoids with additional points of the ammonoids from the early late Viséan of the Tafilalt (Morocco). Note that data points of juveniles (empty symbols) of Calygirtyoceras darkaouaense and Goniatites lazarus lie at the edge or outside of the cloud of 3015 species. Graph produced using JMP 11.

Fig. 5 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 5. Ammonoids from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). A, C. Calygirtyoceras darkaouaense Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 1999. A. PIMUZ 31516 (A1), Goniatites lazarus with a juvenile specimen in oblique-ventral (A2), lateral (A3), and ventral (A4) views. C. PIMUZ 31513, fragmentary adult in lateral view (C1), cross section (C2). B. Entogonites bucheri sp. nov., PIMUZ 31509, holotype in lateral (B1) and ventral (B2) views. All specimens whitened with NH4Cl-sublimate.

Fig. 3 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 3. Adult specimen of Goniatites lazarus Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005 (PIMUZ 31514) from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco), in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. All specimens whitened with NH4Cl-sublimate

Fig. 6 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 6. Mass occurrence of juvenile ammonoids from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). A. PIMUZ 31518 with 4 specimens of Nomismoceras sp., 3 Prolecanites sp., 4 Entogonites saharensis Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005, 1 Calygirtyoceras darkaouaense Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 1999, and 2 Bollandites sp. B. PIMUZ 31508, overview; many taxa are indicated in the figure. All specimens whitened with NH4Clsublimate.

Fig. 4 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 4. Comparison of cross sections, measurements, and ratios of Goniatites lazarus and other ammonoids. A. Goniatites lazarus, subadult (MB.C. 25130, A1) and juvenile (PIMUZ 31510, A2) from early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). B. Goniatites fimbriatus, MB.C.13299 (after Korn et al. 2008: fig. 23A) from Nehden, Viséan, Rhenish Mountains, Germany. C. Juvenile Kornia citrus, MB.C.10202.1 (after Ebbighausen and Bockwinkel 2007: fig. 30B) from early Tournaisian, Aguelmous (Tafilalt, Morocco); note the conch shape and umbilical ridge, which is similar to juvenile G. lazarus. Whorl width (ww) and umbilical width (uw) indexes (D) and whorl expansion rate (WER) (E) of G. lazarus, G. fimbriatus, and K. citrus.

Fig. 2 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco

Fig. 2. Juvenile (neanic) specimens of Goniatites lazarus Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005, Entogonites saharensis Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005, and Entogonites bucheri sp. nov. All from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). A. PIMUZ 31512, two neanic G. lazarus specimens (white arrows) in ventral views (A1), note the associated E. saharensis and orthocones. Enlarged G. lazarus in lateral view (A2); the narrow umbilicus and the umbilical ridge (A3). B. PIMUZ 31512, a juvenile G. lazarus, a small juvenile and a subadult E. saharensis; G. lazarus in ventral (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. PIMUZ 31520, detail of a fully grown Maxigoniatites saourensis (Pareyn, 1961) with G. lazarus, 3 juvenile E. saharensis, and a subadult E. saharensis and a hatchling of E. bucheri sp. nov. (arrowed); C2, detail of C1, showing G. lazarus and E. bucheri sp. nov. All specimens whitened with NH4Cl-sublimate. Scale bars 10 mm.

FIG. 3 in A new species, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., and its position in the morphospace of the genus Lochriea Scott, 1942 (Conodonta, Mississippian)

FIG. 3. — Morphology of the P1 element of Lochriea Scott, 1942 and the terms for the orientation of the elements (Purnell et al. 2000).

FIG. 6 in A new species, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., and its position in the morphospace of the genus Lochriea Scott, 1942 (Conodonta, Mississippian)

FIG. 6. — Morphological schemes of sinistral (A-D) and dextral (E-G) P1 elements of Lochriea monocarinata n. sp. and scheme of probable occlusion of sinistral (red) and dextral (green) elements (H). The line drawings are based on the SEM microphotographs (see Fig. 5). D, holotype, specimen 445/12. Abbreviations: d, dextral; s, sinistral.

FIG. 1 in A new species, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., and its position in the morphospace of the genus Lochriea Scott, 1942 (Conodonta, Mississippian)

FIG. 1. — Location of the studied sections (*): A, general geographical position of the studied area; B, location of the sections: 1, Kamenka section; 2, Izyayu section; 3, Kozhim section; 4, Bolshaya Nadota section.

FIG. 2 in A new species, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., and its position in the morphospace of the genus Lochriea Scott, 1942 (Conodonta, Mississippian)

FIG. 2. — Correlation of the key sections of the uppermost Viséan-Serpukhovian interval in the North Urals and Cis-Urals (Vevel et al. 2018; Zhuravlev et al. 2023). Abbreviations: m, mudstone; w, wackestones; p, packstone; g, grainstone; f, floatstone; FOD, first occurrence datum; G., Gnathodus Pander, 1856; L., Lochriea Scott, 1942. The stars mark occurrences of Lochriea monocarinata n. sp.

FIG. 5 in A new species, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., and its position in the morphospace of the genus Lochriea Scott, 1942 (Conodonta, Mississippian)

FIG. 5 in A new species, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., and its position in the morphospace of the genus Lochriea Scott, 1942 (Conodonta, Mississippian)

FIG. 5. — Some advanced Lochriea from the Serpukhovian (Lochriea ziegleri Zone) of North of Urals and Cis-Urals region: A, Lochriea ziegleri Nemirovskaya, Perret-Mirouse, Meischner, 1994, specimen 145/24, sample Iz4-51/98, Izyayu section; B, Lochriea ziegleri Nemirovskaya, Perret & Meischner, 1994, specimen 145/19, sample K99-21/22, Kamenka section; C, Lochriea senckenbergica Nemirovskaya, Perret & Meischner, 1994, specimen 145/22, sample 125-19/22, Kamenka section; D, Lochriea ziegleri Nemirovskaya, Perret & Meischner, 1994, specimen 145/20, sample K99-21/22, Kamenka section; E, Lochriea senckenbergica Nemirovskaya, Perret & Meischner, 1994-Lochriea cruciformis (Clarke, 1960) transition, specimen 145/23, sample Iz4-52/98, Izyayu section; F, Lochriea senckenbergica Nemirovskaya, Perret & Meischner, 1994 – Lochriea cruciformis (Clarke, 1960) transition, specimen 145/27, sample Iz4-53/98, Izyayu section; G, Lochriea mononodosa (Rhodes, Austin & Druce, 1969), specimen 145/15, sample N2-1-11/99, Bolshaya Nadota section; H, Lochriea sp., specimen 145/12 sample N2-1-7/99, Bolshaya Nadota section; I, Lochriea ziegleri Nemirovskaya, Perret & Meischner, 1994, specimen 145/18, sample K99-21/22, Kamenka section; J, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp.-Lochriea ziegleri Nemirovskaya, Perret & Meischner, 1994 transition, specimen 145/14, sample N2-1-10/99, Bolshaya Nadota section; K, Lochriea monocostata (Pazukhin & Nemirovskaya in Kulagina et al., 1992), specimen 145/4, sample Iz4-53/98, Izyayu section; L, Lochriea mononodosa (Rhodes, Austin & Druce, 1969), specimen 145/8, sample Iz4-52/98, Izyayu section; M, Lochriea ziegleri Nemirovskaya, Perret & Meischner, 1994, specimen 145/21, sample K99-21/22, Kamenka section; N, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., specimen 145/16, sample N2-1-11/99, Bolshaya Nadota section; O, Lochriea commutata (Branson & Mehl, 1941)-Lochriea mononodosa (Rhodes, Austin & Druce, 1969) transition, specimen 145/11, sample N2-1-5/99, Bolshaya Nadota section; P, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., specimen 145/17, sample N2-1-11/99, Bolshaya Nadota section; Q, Lochriea mononodosa (Rhodes, Austin & Druce, 1969)-Lochriea monocarinata n. sp. transition, specimen 145/3, sample Iz4-53/98, Izyayu section; R, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., specimen 145/7, sample Iz4- 52/98, Izyayu section; S, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., specimen 145/6, sample Iz4-52/98, Izyayu section; T, Lochriea mononodosa (Rhodes, Austin & Druce, 1969)-Lochriea monocarinata n. sp. transition, specimen145/9, sample Iz4-60/98, Izyayu section; U, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., specimen 145/10, sample N2-1-5/99, Bolshaya Nadota section; V, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., specimen 145/2, sample Iz4-53/98, Izyayu section; W, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., specimen 145/1, sample K99-21/22, Kamenka section; X, Lochriea mononodosa (Rhodes, Austin & Druce, 1969), specimen 145/25, sample Iz4-45/98, Izyayu section; Y, Lochriea monocostata (Pazukhin & Nemirovskaya in Kulagina et al., 1992)-Lochriea monocarinata n. sp. transition, specimen 145/13, sample N2-1- 8/99, Bolshaya Nadota section; Z, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., holotype, specimen 445/12, sample Iz4-52/98, Izyayu section; AA, Lochriea sp., P2 element, specimen 145/26, sample Iz4-51/98, Izyayu section. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Fig. 9. N-dimensional morphospace for the 28 in Taxonomic implications of describing a new species of Loimia (Annelida, Terebellidae) with two size-dependent morphotypes

Fig. 9. N-dimensional morphospace for the 28 species of Loimia Malmgren, 1866, calculated for the larger (body length>100 mm, grey) and smaller (body length <100 mm, pink) species separately; red dots = larger and smaller individuals of Loimia davidi sp. nov.; large points with white borders = centroids of each hypervolume; hypervolume shape and boundaries defined by 5000 random points; table = summary of hypervolume richness, dispersion and evenness.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Morphospace disparity and species diversity in Sri Lankan phytophagous scarab beetles – a comparison by forest types, altitude, and sites

The files contain the supporting information and raw data of the masnucript, Morphospace disparity and species diversity in Sri Lankan phytophagous scarab beetles – a comparison by forest types, altitude, and sites. It includes the following: Raw Data: Suppl. Table 1: Details of sampling sites (Sri Lanka); L number, coordinates, elevation, elevation zone and forest types. Elevation zones; EZ1: 0-500m, EZ2: 501-1000m, EZ3: 1001-1500m, EZ4: 1501-2000m, EZ5; 2001-2500m. Forest types; WL: evergreen wet lowland forests, DL: evergreen dry lowland forests, SM: sub-montane forests, MO: montane forests. Suppl. Table 2. Morphometric measurements and metadata of all studied specimens. Metadata include species identification, voucher number, occurrence data regarding sampling location in Sri Lanka, elevation zone (EZ), and forest type (F). Units of measurements are mm. WL: evergreen wet lowland forests, LD: evergreen dry lowland forests, SM: sub-montane forests, MO: montane forests; EZ1: 0-500m, EZ2: 501-1000m, EZ3: 1001-1500m, EZ4: 1501-2000m, EZ5; 2001-2500m; L1: Aranayake; L2: Riverston; L3: NIFS Arboretum; L4: Deenston; L5: Nuwara Eliya; L6: Horton Plains; L8: Hiyare; L9: Kottawa; L10: Kanneliya; L11: Piduruthalagala; L12: Uda Peradeniya; L13: Gannoruwa; L14: Udawattakele. Morphological measurements abbreviations are explained in Sup. Fig.1. Results: Suppl. Table 3: Proportion of variance explained by PC axes in principal component analysis for the data subsets of lineages (derived from shape and size data). Values of axes reflecting the 95% of explained cumulative variation are highlighted in bold. Suppl. Table 4: Euclidean distances between species (mean/median/maximum) for shape and size partitioned by forest types and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). WL: Wet lowland; DL: Dry lowland; SM: Sub-montane; MO: Montane. Suppl. Table 5: Euclidean distances between species mean/median/maximum) for shape and size partitioned by elevational zones and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). EZ1: 0-500m. EZ2: 501-1000m. EZ3: 1001-1500m. EZ4: 1501-2000m. EZ5: 2001-2500m. Suppl. Table 6: Euclidean distances between species (mean/median/maximum) for shape and size partitioned by localities (L1-14), and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Suppl. Table 7: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores partitioned for shape and size forest types and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics. WL: Wet lowland; DL: Dry lowland; SM: Sub-montane; MO: Montane. Suppl. Table 8: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores for shape and size partitioned for elevational zones and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics. EZ1: 0-500m. EZ2: 501-1000m. EZ3: 1001-1500m. EZ4: 1501-2000m. EZ5: 2001-2500m. Suppl. Table 9: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores partitioned for localities and lineages for shape (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics. Suppl. Table 10: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores partitioned for localities and lineages for size (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics.   Figure S1. Illustration of the measured morphological traits (after Eberle et al., 2014). Schematic drawings of a Sericini beetle, in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, and (C) lateral aspect. Body: BH - maximal body height, EH - maximal elytra height, EL - maximal elytra length, Eld - maximal diagonal elytra length, Elmb - length from maximal body width to elytral apex, EW - maximal elytra width, Ewb - elytral width at middle of scutellum, PL - maximal pronotum length, PW - maximal pronotum width; Head: ED - maximal eye diameter, HW - maximal head with including eyes, IOD - minimal interocular distance (dorsal view); Legs: MCL - maximal length of metacoxa, MFL - maximal length of metafemur, MFW - maximal width of metafemur, MTL - maximal length of metatibia, MTW - maximal width of metatibia, PFL - maximal length of profemur, PFW - maximal width of profemur, PTL - maximal length of protibia. Figure S2. Biplots of PC1 and 2 from principal components analysis, illustrating trait contribution to the principal patterns of morphospace (raw measurements). Trait abbreviations are explained in Figure S1. Figure S3. Patterns of morphospace disparity of all Pleurosticts derived from raw measurements in individual localities. Symbols represent genus or other family-group level, color of symbols single species.   Figure S4. Patterns of morphospace disparity of Sericini derived from raw measurements in individual localities. Colored dots represent single species. Locality L12 had no Sericini recorded.   Figure S5. Patterns of morphospace disparity (PCA plots of PC1 and PC2) derived from raw measurements of Sericini chafers partitioned for forest types (A), elevation zones (B), localities (C)(enlarged visualization from Fig. 2). Colored dots represent single species, outlines grouping entities grouped by forest types, elevation zone, or locality.

FIGURE A5-2 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE A5-2. Results of the principal component analysis based on the hemimandible shape dataset, combined of S. araneus and S. tundrensis samples. Samples dispersion displayed as convex hulls. Key: ars, specimens of S. araneus from 'non-chromosomal' samples; Dan'(D), sample of S. tundrensis from Dan' village; tdr, S. tundrensis. See the main text and Figure 5B.

FIGURE A5-1 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE A5-1. Results of the principal component analysis based on the skull shape, combined of S. araneus and S. tundrensis samples. A. Morphospace within PC1–2 with clear separation both species; B1. Skull shape (in ventral view) in a transformation frame on the negative end of PC1 that corresponding to S. tundrensis; B2. Skull shape (in a transformation frame on the positive end of PC1 that corresponding to S. araneus. Abbreviations: A1–A5 — upper antemolar row; Dan' — Dan' sample; for. ovale — foramen ovale (lm19); I1 — first upper incisor; lm — landmark; M — upper molar; P4 — fourth upper premolar; pal — palatinum; PtU — Ulashevo sample (Pechora race); SeV — reference sample of S. araneus; tdr — reference sample of S. tundrensis; zpmx — zygomatic proce ss of the maxilla.

FIGURE A3-4 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE A3-4. 'Specimen conglomerator' (SC). A, Autodesk 3Ds Max screen with three variants of conlomerator. B, The conglomerator dimensions supposed to be used 15 mL Falcon Centrifuge Tubes as a transportable container (Falcon used without cap). C, A view of four hemimandibles, scanned with SC in the CTVox software ver. 3.3.0 r1403 (64-bit) (Brucker microCT). D, Transversal digital section of SC, with the four mounted hemimandibles. E, An overall view of the Falcon tubes (source: https://www.amazon.in/Falcon-Centrifuge-Tubes-Polypropylene-352096/). Abbreviations: a — SC with a cross- shaped bearing part (for 4, 8 or 12 small [width <6 mm] items); b, c — SC with a flatted bearing pa rt (for 2 or 4 flat and width items, e.g., skull of tiny shrews); d — a mounting area; e — an inner diameter of SC that is inserted into the Falcon tube. An outer diameter (4 mm) serves as a cap; f — a transversal section of the dentary; g — a layer of the Dental Orthodontic Wax used for the bones mounting; h — part of the cro ss-shaped SC. SC models in STL-format are available by the request (Leonid.Voyta@zin.ru).

FIGURE A3-2. m1 images preparation protocol. A in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE A3-2. m1 images preparation protocol. A, Two-dimensional images of m1 give from three-dimensional model of a hemimandible. B, Interface MorphoDig software (Lebrun, 2020) for work with the models. C, Model alignment to the 'Functional View' in sense to Polly (2003), see details in Figure A3-3. D, Obtaining separate images via 'Snipping Tool' for three repeats, A, B, and C. E, Landmarking ready images via tpsDig software (Rohlf, 2007). F, Obtaining three separate data sets required for assessing the 'metering error' influence or obtaining a final work data set as a mean between repeats. Abbreviations: a, b — rotation along of the space planes for a model alignment.

FIGURE 9 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data

FIGURE 9. Results of PCA based on the combined 'Fossil/Recent' datasets of hemimandible shape. A, Mandibular morphospace of PC1-2. B, 'Timespan inset' with information on the supposed shape changes between fossil Uralian samples of S. tundrensis from DKS3, Sim3 and the recent Dan' localities (see details in Figure 2, Table 3). Time scale has been reversed due to corresponding the samples position in the morphospace. C, Inset with information on the supposed shape changes between fossil Uralian samples of S. araneus from DKS3, Sim3 and the recent Dan' localities. Key: a, re-defined specimens of S. araneus (to S. tundrensis: Sim3, S18 and S19); b, magnified relationships between specimens from DKS3 sample; c, common area of DK08 and DK09 (DKS3), repeating by the m1 and mandibular shape (cf. Figure 8); d, cooling in the Late Holocene stage (see Figure 2: arrow 'a'); e, warming from the Early to Middle Holocene stages (see Figure 2: arrow 'b'); f, shape changes trajectory, associated with size increasing between the Early Holocene DKS3 and the Late Holocene Sim3 samples of S. tundrensis; g, shape changes trajectory, associated with size decreasing between the Late Holocene Sim3 sample and the recent Dan' sample of S. tundrensis; h, shape similarity between the Early Holocene DKS3 and the Late Holocene Sim3 samples of S. araneus; hatched area displays the overall convex hull of Dan' S. tundrensis subsample; y, the shape changes trajectory, associated with size decreasing between the Late Holocene Sim3 sample and the recent Dan' sample of S. araneus (changes weaker than 'g'); see also Figures 5, 8.