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13 results for “mtDNA evolution”
Aquaculture-driven evolution of the salmon louse mtDNA genome
<p><span>Resistance towards the antiparasitic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, is reported in the Atlantic salmon louse (<em>Lepeophtheirus</em> <em>salmonis</em> <em>salmonis</em>), a persistent ectoparasite of farmed and wild salmonids. The resistance mechanism is linked to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), where genetic markers for resistance have been identified. Here, we investigated how widespread pyrethroid use in aquaculture may have influenced mtDNA variation in lice, and the dispersion of resistant haplotypes across the North Atlantic, using historical (2000–2002 "pre-resistance") and contemporary (2014–2017 "post-resistance") samples. To study this, we sequenced ATPase 6 and cytochrome b, genotyped two genetic markers for deltamethrin resistance, and genotyped microsatellites as "neutral" controls of potential population bottlenecks. Overall, we observed a modest reduction in mtDNA diversity in the period 2000–2017, but no reduction in microsatellite variation was observed. The reduction in mtDNA variation was especially distinct in two of the contemporary samples, fixed for one and two haplotypes respectively. By contrast, all historical samples consisted of close to one mtDNA haplotype per individual. No population genetic structure was detected among the historical samples for mtDNA nor microsatellites. By contrast, significant population genetic differentiation was observed for mtDNA among some of the contemporary samples. However, the observed population genetic structure was tightly linked with the pattern of deltamethrin resistance, and we therefore conclude that it primarily reflects the transient mosaic of pyrethroid usage in time and space. Two historically undetected mtDNA haplotypes dominated in the contemporary samples, both of which were linked to deltamethrin resistance, demonstrating primarily two origins of deltamethrin resistance in the North Atlantic. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the widespread use of pyrethroids in commercial aquaculture has substantially altered the patterns of mtDNA diversity in lice across the North Atlantic, and, that long-distance dispersion of resistance is rapid due to the high level of genetic connectivity that is observed in this species.</span></p>
Aquaculture-driven evolution of the salmon louse mtDNA genome
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FIGURE 4 in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations
FIGURE 4. Type specimens and their labels of two nominative Erirhinini from Southwest China. A–B: Notaris kozlovi, paratype (A) and holotype (B); C: Notaroides brevirostris, holotype.
FIGURE 2. Notaris kozlovi from Southwest China. A in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations
FIGURE 2. Notaris kozlovi from Southwest China. A: V1207 from Mount Emei, Sichuan; B: V2545 from Mount Gongga, Sichuan; C: V5376 from Songpan, Sichuan.
FIGURE 1 in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations
FIGURE 1. Notaris kozlovi from Mount Emei, Sichuan, V4192. A–D: habitus; E–G: aedeagus, tegmen and abdominal sternite 9, ventral (E), right lateral (F), dorsal (G) and right ventro-lateral (H, enlarged).
FIGURE 3. Notaris kozlovi from Southwest China. A in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations
FIGURE 3. Notaris kozlovi from Southwest China. A: V4576 from Mount Haba, Yunnan; B: V6193 from Mount Haba, Yunnan; C: V5377 from Songpan, Sichuan.
FIGURE 6. Maximum Likelihood inference phylogram from Analysis 1 recovering a in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations
FIGURE 6. Maximum Likelihood inference phylogram from Analysis 1 recovering a clade of Notaris + Tournotaris. Terminal labels consist of a taxonomic name (to a genus and/or species), followed by BOLD Sample ID, then by GenBank accession, then by Barcode Index Numbers (BINs, Ratnasingham & Hebert 2013), then by Museum abbreviation. Digits at internodes are bootstrap values from Analysis 1 followed, after a slash, by those from Analysis 2. Habitus images (not to scale) are denoted by abbreviated genus and species letters on the same level with the terminal.
FIGURE 10 in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations
FIGURE 10. Three novel habitat types of Notaris weevils; red rectangles indicate the exact spot where specimens were detected. A: leaf litter in the mountainous deciduous forest on Mount Emei, Sichuan, the collecting spot of V1207; B: leaf litter in the mountainous Rhododendron-dominated shrub on Mount Gongga, Sichuan, the collecting spot of the specimen V2375, note the glacial moraine in the foreground; C–D: leaf litter in the mountainous Rhododendron-dominated shrub in vicinities of Songpan, Sichuan, the landscape (C) and the collecting spot of V5376 and V5377 (D); E–H: rocks in the alpine zone on Mount Haba, Yunnan (F–H: together with a weevil molytine larva of the genus Niphadonyx Schenkling); I–L: rocks in the alpine zone of Trans-Ili Alatau (=Zailiysky Mt. Range), Kazakhstan, habitat of Notaris sp., including V6165.
FIGURE 9 in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations
FIGURE 9. Distribution of flightless Notaris in Asia. The gap between two circled areas is likely a sampling artefact.
FIGURE 7 in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations
FIGURE 7. Same as Fig. 6, with only the Notaris + Tournotaris clade shown. Placement of volant Holarctic N. aethiops shown by a dotted line inside the clade of flightless Notaris of Southwest China is likely an artefact; this terminal is not considered as a member of the clade and, therefore, the Analysis 2 bootstrap support of 17 is indicated (together with those of Analyses 3 and 4, boxed). Four different habitats are colour coded. Multiple sequenced specimen habitus images were randomly selected to illustrate morphological variation; terminals marked with an eye symbol are illustrated in four views and their genitalia dissected (Figs 1–3, 5).
FIGURE 8. Ultrametric time tree obtained from Analysis 5 in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations
FIGURE 8. Ultrametric time tree obtained from Analysis 5 by using BEAST software to date evolutionary events of the Notaris + Tournotaris clade. Numbers at nodes and on the scale below are million years before present. Node bars represent 95% confidence interval of the age estimate. Alternating snowflake and sun symbols denote Pleistocene climatic fluctuations.
FIGURE 5 in Flightless Notaris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae: Erirhinini) in Southwest China: monophyly, mtDNA phylogeography and evolution of habitat associations
FIGURE 5. Flightless Notaris sp. from Kazakhstan, V6165.
Initiation of mtDNA transcription is followed by pausing, and diverge across human cell types and during evolution
GEO Series GSE85747. Caenorhabditis elegans; Drosophila melanogaster; Pan troglodytes; Rattus norvegicus; Mus musculus; Macaca mulatta; Homo sapiens. 0 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Third-party reanalysis.
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