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150 results for “multiple testing”
Interlaboratory testing of CuSO4 toxicity in the “Standardized Aquatic Microcosm” protocol consisting of multiple phytoplankton and animals in a chemically defined medium.
Four different laboratories conducted a total of ten experiments of the “Standardized Aquatic Microcosm” to test the reproducibility of results to control, low, medium, and high concentrations of CuSO4. In nine experiments, treatments consisted of six replicates of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppb Cu++. One experiment, ME74, used 0, 127, 255, 509 ppb. The purpose was to test a chemically defined medium (thus negating differences due to local water supplies) and the same 10 species of phytoplankton and 5 animals, including Daphnia. Microbes were undefined. The protocol included the weekly re-introduction of small numbers of each species to allow potential recovery from toxicity. Control microcosms had a “spring algal bloom” terminated by zooplankton grazing and multiple competitive interactions. The copper inhibited some phytoplankton more than others and killed many grazers, especially Daphnia. The data set presented several interesting statistical properties that would yield new insights. (a) The results were very similar, but the timing varied— the higher the concentration of copper, the longer the inhibition and mortality of organisms, so those at 500 ppb recovered earlier, the 1000 ppb recovered later, and at 2000 ppb most never recovered. But if compared on each sampling day, e.g., 10, 14, … to 64, results appear highly variable. (b) In at least one experiment, the toxicity of copper was challenging to demonstrate statistically because high variability in the timing of recovery of the intermediate concentration increased pooled variances. (c) The elimination of highly-sensitive dominant organisms allowed less-sensitive organisms to increase in abundance. Within natural environments, the observation that some species increase in the presence of toxic substances has been used to discredit toxicity testing without considering the relative sensitivities of competing or predatory species. (d) The competitive interactions among organisms, e.g., cyanobacteria and green alga
Synthesizing Multiple Long-Term Datasets to Test Flow Ecology Relationships
<p>This database is comprised of time series of fish abundances at stream and river sites across the contiguous United States, along with associated hydrologic and land cover metrics. The database has been assembled in order to test hypothesized fish flow-ecology relationships across diverse species assemblages and riverine contexts. Methods for compilation of the database and additional information can be found in two accompanying files: "SynthesizingDatasetsForFlowEcology_v1_0_0.pdf" contains detailed methodology and results, and "ReadMe_FishFlow_v1_0_0.csv" contains information about the variables found within each database file. This project was funded by a US Army Corps of Engineers contract to the US Geological Survey, with a subcontract to the University of Georgia. Please note, the contract number for this project is G21AC10482, not G21AS00529 as is stated in the summary document (SynthesizingDatasetsForFlowEcology_v1_0_0.pdf).</p>
Data from: Ecological forensic testing: Using multiple primers for eDNA detection of marine vertebrates in an estuarine lagoon subject to anthropogenic influences
<p>Many critical aquatic habitats are in close proximity to human activity (i.e., adjacent to residences, docks, marinas, etc.), and it is vital to monitor biodiversity in these and similar areas that are subject to ongoing urbanization, pollution, and other environmental disruptions. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is an accessible, non-invasive genetic technique used to detect and monitor species diversity and is a particularly useful approach in areas where traditional biodiversity monitoring methods (e.g., visual surveys or video surveillance) are challenging to conduct. In this study, we implemented an eDNA approach that used a combination of three distinct PCR primer sets to detect marine vertebrates within a canal system of Biscayne Bay, Florida, an ecosystem representative of challenging sampling conditions and a myriad of impacts from urbanization. We detected fish species from aquarium, commercial, and recreational fisheries, as well as invasive, cryptobenthic, and endangered vertebrate species, including charismatic marine mammals such as the protected West Indian manatee, <em>Trichechus manatus</em>. Our results support the potential for eDNA analyses to supplement traditional biodiversity monitoring methods and ultimately serve as an important tool for ecosystem management. This approach minimizes stress or disturbance to organisms and removes the intrinsic risk and logical limitations of SCUBA diving, snorkeling, or deploying sensitive equipment in areas that are subject to high vessel traffic and/or low visibility. Overall, this work sets the framework to understand how biodiversity may change over different spatial and temporal scales in an aquatic ecosystem heavily influenced by urbanization and validates the use of eDNA as a complementary approach to traditional ecological monitoring methods.</p>
Testing relationships between multiple regional features and biogeographic processes of speciation, extinction, and dispersal
<p>The spatial and environmental features of regions where clades are evolving are expected to impact biogeographic processes such as speciation, extinction, and dispersal. Any number of regional features (such as altitude, distance, area, etc.) may be directly or indirectly related to these processes. For example, it may be that distances or differences in altitude or both may limit dispersal rates. However, it is difficult to disentangle which features are most strongly related to rates of different processes. Here, we present an extensible Multi-feature Feature-Informed GeoSSE (MultiFIG) model that allows for the simultaneous investigation of any number of regional features. MultiFIG provides a conceptual framework for incorporating large numbers of features of different types, including categorical, quantitative, within-region, and between-region features, along with a mathematical framework for translating those features into biogeographic rates for statistical hypothesis testing. Using traditional Bayesian parameter estimation and reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo, MultiFIG allows for the exploration of models with different numbers and combinations of feature-effect parameters, and generates estimates for the strengths of relationships between each regional feature and core process. We validate this model with a simulation study covering a range of scenarios with different numbers of regions, tree sizes, and feature values. We also demonstrate the application of MultiFIG with an empirical case study of the South American lizard genus <em>Liolaemus</em>, investigating sixteen regional features related to area, distance, and altitude. Our results show two important feature-process relationships: a negative distance/dispersal relationship, and a negative area/extinction relationship. Interestingly, although speciation rates were found to be higher in Andean versus non-Andean regions, the model did not assign significance to Andean- or altitude-related parameters. These results highlight the need to consider multiple regional features in biogeographic hypothesis testing.</p>
Data from: Testing multiple substrates for terrestrial biodiversity monitoring using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding
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Testing relationships between multiple regional features and biogeographic processes of speciation, extinction, and dispersal
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Data from: Ecological forensic testing: Using multiple primers for eDNA detection of marine vertebrates in an estuarine lagoon subject to anthropogenic influences
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Determinants of offspring sex in kangaroos: a test of multiple hypotheses
When the fitness costs and benefits of sons and daughters differ, offspring sex ratio manipulation could be an important reproductive tactic. We explored the effects of environment and maternal caring ability on offspring sex to test four adaptive sex ratio modification hypotheses: the Extrinsic Modification (EMH), Carrying Capacity (CCH), Trivers-Willard (TWH) and Cost-of-Reproduction (CRH) hypotheses. The EMH and CCH propose that environmental conditions shape offspring sex ratios, directly or in interaction with maternal condition. The TWH and CRH predict a positive relationship between maternal condition and production of the costlier sex. The TWH predicts that mothers with superior caring ability should produce more of the sex that can provide the greatest fitness returns from additional maternal allocation, and the CRH proposes that females with limited caring ability should reduce fitness costs by producing the cheaper sex. Repeated measures on 83 known-age eastern grey kangaroos, polygynous marsupials with strong sexual dimorphism, revealed that offspring sex ratio was independent of per capita forage, supporting neither the EMH nor CCH, but was dependent on maternal mass, consistent with the TWH and CCH. Our results, however, cannot clearly identify the ultimate cause of the relationship between maternal mass and greater production of sons. One of the three assumptions of the TWH could not be verified, and mothers of sons suffered only marginal additional fitness costs. Sex ratios in higher vertebrates are likely not solely explained by factors dependent on maternal control.
Data from: Employing hypothesis testing and data from multiple genomic compartments to resolve recalcitrant backbone nodes in Goodenia s.l. (Goodeniaceae)
Goodeniaceae is a primarily Australian flowering plant family with a complex taxonomy and evolutionary history. Previous phylogenetic analyses have successfully resolved the backbone topology of the largest clade in the family, Goodenia s.l., but have failed to clarify relationships within the species-rich and enigmatic Goodenia clade C, a prerequisite for taxonomic revision of the group. We used genome skimming to retrieve sequences for chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear markers for 24 taxa representing Goodenia s.l., with a particular focus on Goodenia clade C. We performed extensive hypothesis tests to explore incongruence in clade C and evaluate statistical support for clades within this group, using datasets from all three genomic compartments. The mitochondrial dataset is comparable to the chloroplast dataset in providing resolution within Goodenia clade C, though backbone support values within this clade remain low. The hypothesis tests provided an additional, complementary means of evaluating support for clades. We propose that the major subclades of Goodenia clade C (C1–C3 + Verreauxia) are the result of a rapid radiation, and each represents a distinct lineage.
Function of a multimodal signal: a multiple hypothesis test using a robot frog
<p>1. Multimodal communication may evolve because different signals may convey information about the signaller (content-based selection), increase efficacy of signal processing or transmission through the environment (efficacy-based selection), or modify the production of a signal or the receiver's response to it (inter-signal interaction selection).</p> <p>2. To understand the function of a multimodal signal (aggressive calls + toe flags) emitted by males of the frog Crossodactylus schmidti during territorial contests, we tested two hypotheses related to content-based selection (quality and redundant signal), one related to efficacy-based selection (efficacy backup), and one related to inter-signal interaction selection (context). For each hypothesis we derived unique predictions based on the biology of the study species.</p> <p>3. In a natural setting, we exposed resident males to a robot frog simulating aggressive calls (acoustic stimulus) and toe flags (visual stimulus), combined and in isolation, and measured quality-related traits from males and local levels of background noise and light intensity.</p> <p>4. Our results provide support to the context hypothesis, as toe flags (the context signal) are insufficient to elicit a receiver's response on their own. However, when toe flags are emitted together with aggressive calls, they evoke in the receiver qualitatively and quantitatively different responses from that evoked by aggressive calls alone. In contrast, we found no evidence that toe flags and aggressive calls provide complementary or redundant information about male quality, which are key predictions of the quality and redundant signal hypotheses, respectively. Finally, the multimodal signal did not increase the receiver's response across natural gradients of light and background noise, a key prediction of the efficacy backup hypothesis.</p> <p>5. Toe flags accompanying aggressive calls seem to provide contextual information that modify the receiver's response in territorial contests. We suggest this contextual information is increased motivation to escalate the contest, and discuss the benefits to the signallers and receivers of adding a contextual signal to the aggressive display. Examples of context-dependent multimodal signals are rare in the literature, probably because most studies focus on single hypotheses assuming content- or efficacy-based selection. Our study highlights the importance of considering multiple selective pressures when testing multimodal signal function. </p>
Cloud computing is one of the most popular and sophisticated technologies adopted by organizations worldwide. Some world-leading organizations enhance their efficiency and effectiveness by using cloud computing technology. Working from home (WFH) has been a popular trend among organizations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The COVID-19 saw a breakthrough in work cultures and environments where working from home was a remarkable success in remote working environments, despite being a rare phenomenon in Sri Lanka. Yet, it is argued that the deployment of work from home has not been effective among Sri Lankan business organizations due to a lack of IT infrastructure, facilities, and knowledge. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of cloud computing, embracing the service models (Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service, and Software as a Service) as theoretical lenses and testing the COVID-19 as the moderator. The study has been conducted based on a deductive approach and adopted a stratified random sampling method. The sample consisted of 384 IT employees among those who had experienced working from home. The study utilized multiple regression and found that cloud computing service models significantly impact work from home with the moderating effect of COVID-19.
<p>Cloud computing is one of the most popular and sophisticated technologies adopted by organizations worldwide. Some world-leading organizations enhance their efficiency and effectiveness by using cloud computing technology. Working from home (WFH) has been a popular trend among organizations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The COVID-19 saw a breakthrough in work cultures and environments where working from home was a remarkable success in remote working environments, despite being a rare phenomenon in Sri Lanka. Yet, it is argued that the deployment of work from home has not been effective among Sri Lankan business organizations due to a lack of IT infrastructure, facilities, and knowledge. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of cloud computing, embracing the service models (Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service, and Software as a Service) as theoretical lenses and testing the COVID-19 as the moderator. The study has been conducted based on a deductive approach and adopted a stratified random sampling method. The sample consisted of 384 IT employees among those who had experienced working from home. The study utilized multiple regression and found that cloud computing service models significantly impact work from home with the moderating effect of COVID-19.</p>
Decomposition disentangled: a test of the multiple mechanisms by which nitrogen enrichment alters litter decomposition
<ol> <li>Nitrogen (N) enrichment has direct effects on ecosystem functioning by altering soil abiotic conditions and indirect effects by reducing plant diversity and shifting plant functional composition from dominance by slow to fast growing species. Litter decomposition is a key ecosystem function and is affected by N enrichment either by a change in litter quality (the recalcitrance of the plant material) or through a change in soil quality (the abiotic and biotic components of the soil that affect decomposition). How the direct and indirect effects of N alter soil and litter quality remains poorly known.</li> <li>We designed a large grassland field experiment manipulating N enrichment, plant species richness and functional composition in a full factorial design. We used three complementary litterbag experiments, combined in a structural equation model (SEM), to quantify the effects of the treatments and various measures of functional composition and diversity on litter and soil quality and overall decomposition.</li> <li>Our results revealed multiple drivers of litter quality and showed that nutrient concentrations (N and calcium) were about twice as important as structural components (leaf dry matter content, fibres) in determining litter quality. Overall the experimental results suggest that N enrichment increases litter decomposition mostly indirectly through a shift in functional composition toward faster growing plant species, producing higher quality litter. N enrichment also altered soil quality and thereby litter decomposition, through its effects on vegetation cover.</li> <li>Our approach provides a mechanistic tool to test the drivers of litter decomposition across different ecosystems. Our results show that litter quality is determined by several nutrient and structure traits and highlight the importance of considering shifts in plant species composition when assessing the effects of N enrichment on decomposition.</li> </ol>
Data from: Detection of the endangered European weather loach (Misgurnus fossilis) via water and sediment samples: testing multiple eDNA workflows.
<p>The European weather loach (<i>Misgurnus fossilis</i>) is classified as highly endangered in several countries of Central Europe. Populations of <i>M. fossilis</i> are predominantly found in ditches with low water levels and thick sludge layers and are thus hard to detect using conventional fishing methods. Therefore, environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring appears particularly relevant for this species. In previous studies, <i>M. fossilis</i> was surveyed following eDNA water sampling protocols, which were not optimized for this species. Therefore, we created two full factorial study designs to test six different eDNA workflows for sediment samples and twelve different workflows for water samples. We used qPCR to compare the Threshold cycle (Ct) values of the different workflows, which indicate the target DNA amount in the sample, and spectrophotometry to quantify and compare the total DNA amount inside the samples. We analyzed 96 water samples and 48 sediment samples from a pond with a known population of <i>M. fossilis</i>. We tested several method combinations for long-term sample preservation, DNA capture and DNA extraction. Additionally, we analyzed the DNA yield of samples from a ditch with a natural <i>M. fossilis</i> population monthly over one year to determine the optimal sampling period. Our results showed that the long-term water preservation method commonly used for eDNA surveys of <i>M. fossilis </i>did not lead to optimal DNA yields, and we present a valid long-term sample preservation alternative. A cost-efficient high salt DNA extraction led to the highest target DNA yields and can be used for sediment and water samples. Furthermore, we were able to show that in a natural habitat of <i>M. fossilis</i>, total and target eDNA were higher between June and September, which implies that this period is favorable for eDNA sampling. Our results will help to improve the reliability of future eDNA surveys of <i>M. fossilis</i>.</p>
Study to Evaluate the Effect of 2 Dosage Strengths of Lemborexant (E2006) on a Multiple Sleep Latency Test in Participants With Insomnia Disorder
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02350309. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Multi-Arm Study to Test the Efficacy of Immunotherapeutic Agents in Multiple Sarcoma Subtypes
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02815995. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Testing Multiple Behavioral Science Strategies to Increase Flu-Shot Rates
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04565353. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
Function of a multimodal signal: a multiple hypothesis test using a robot frog
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Detection of the endangered European weather loach (Misgurnus fossilis) via water and sediment samples: testing multiple eDNA workflows.
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Decomposition disentangled: a test of the multiple mechanisms by which nitrogen enrichment alters litter decomposition
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Determinants of offspring sex in kangaroos: a test of multiple hypotheses
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.