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211 results for “mutualists”
MCR LTER: Coral Reef: Habitat Utilization and Pairing Patterns of Mutualistic Shrimps and Gobies from 7 Indo-Pacific regions
We analyzed network level specialization for eight Indo-Pacific networks of obligate, mutualistic gobies and shrimps, and elucidated ecological and evolutionary factors driving specialization. To accomplish this we collected and analyzed data on species pairings in Moorea, French Polynesia (lat. -17.49, long. -149.84), Kenting, Taiwan (lat. 21.95, long. 120.76), and Kimbe Bay, New Britain, Papua New Guinea (PNG; lat. -5.50, long. 150.12), and combined these observations with previously published data from Seychelles Islands (Polunin and Lubbock 1977), Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Cummins 1979), Red Sea, Israel (Karplus et al. 1981), Japan (Yanagisawa 1984), and the Gulf of Thailand, Thailand (Nakasone and Manthachitra 1986). We also systematically collected and analyzed habitat data for shrimps and gobies in Moorea, Taiwan, and PNG. We found specialization was affected by variability in habitat use for both gobies and shrimps and by phylogenetic history for shrimps. Habitat use was phylogenetically conserved among shrimp, and thus effects of shrimp phylogeny on partner choice were mediated in part by habitat. By contrast, habitat use and pairing patterns in gobies were not related to phylogenetic history. This asymmetry appears to result from evolutionary constraints on partner use in shrimps and convergence among distantly-related gobies to utilize burrows provided by multiple shrimp species. Results indicate that the evolution of mutualism is affected by life history characteristics that transcend environments and that different factors constrain interactions in disparate ecosystems. These data are associated with this publication: Thompson AR, Adam TC, Hultgren KM, Thacker CE (in press). Ecology and evolution affect network structure in an intimate marine mutualism. The American Naturalist. This is a collection of short term studies spanning 1972 to 2011.
Data from: Evolutionary origins and diversification of proteobacterial mutualists
Mutualistic bacteria infect most eukaryotic species in nearly every biome. Nonetheless, two dilemmas remain unresolved about bacterial–eukaryote mutualisms: how do mutualist phenotypes originate in bacterial lineages and to what degree do mutualists traits drive or hinder bacterial diversification? Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the hyperdiverse phylum Proteobacteria to investigate the origins and evolutionary diversification of mutualistic bacterial phenotypes. Our ancestral state reconstructions (ASRs) inferred a range of 34–39 independent origins of mutualist phenotypes in Proteobacteria, revealing the surprising frequency with which host-beneficial traits have evolved in this phylum. We found proteobacterial mutualists to be more often derived from parasitic than from free-living ancestors, consistent with the untested paradigm that bacterial mutualists most often evolve from pathogens. Strikingly, we inferred that mutualists exhibit a negative net diversification rate (speciation minus extinction), which suggests that mutualism evolves primarily via transitions from other states rather than diversification within mutualist taxa. Moreover, our ASRs infer that proteobacterial mutualist lineages exhibit a paucity of reversals to parasitism or to free-living status. This evolutionary conservatism of mutualism is contrary to long-standing theory, which predicts that selection should often favour mutants in microbial mutualist populations that exploit or abandon more slowly evolving eukaryotic hosts.
Pre- and post-association barriers to host switching in sympatric mutualists
<p>Coevolution between mutualists can lead to reciprocal specialization, potentially causing barriers to host switching. In the present study, we conducted assays to identify pre- and post-association barriers to host switching by endosymbiotic bacteria, both within and between two sympatric nematode clades. In nature, <em>Steinernema </em>nematodes and <em>Xenorhabdus </em>bacteria<em> </em>form an obligate mutualism. Free-living juvenile nematodes carry <em>Xenorhabdus</em> in a specialized intestinal receptacle. When nematodes enter an insect, they release the bacteria into the insect hemocoel. The bacteria aid in killing the insect and facilitate nematode reproduction. Prior to dispersing from the insect, juvenile nematodes must form an association with their symbionts; the bacteria must adhere to the intestinal receptacle. We tested for pre-association barriers by comparing the effects of bacterial strains on native verses non-native nematodes via their virulence towards, nutritional support of, and ability to associate with different nematode species. We then assessed post-association barriers<strong> </strong>by measuring the relative fitness of nematodes carrying each strain of bacteria. We found evidence for both pre- and post-association barriers between nematode clades. Specifically, some bacteria were highly virulent to nonnative hosts, and some nematode hosts carried fewer cells of nonnative bacteria, leading to pre-association barriers. In addition, reduced infection success and lower nematode reproduction were identified as post-association barriers. No barriers to symbiont switching were detected between nematode species within the same clade. Overall, our study suggests a framework that could be used to generate predictions for the evolution of barriers to host switching in this and other systems.</p>
Data for: Mutualistic Acacia Ants exhibit reduced aggression and more frequent off-tree movements near termite mounds
<p>These are the raw data used in the paper "Mutualistic Acacia Ants exhibit reduced aggression and more frequent off-tree movements near termite mounds". Please see the README file for a more detailed description of the two CSV files. </p>
Fig.1. Bipartite graph depicting a plant-animal mutualistic network involving 10 in The Role Of Macaca Spp. (Primates: Cercopithecidae) In Seed Dispersal Networks
Fig.1. Bipartite graph depicting a plant-animal mutualistic network involving 10 frugivores (left) and 170 of the plant species (right) they disperse at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. The list of plant species is based on Kitamura et al. (2002), then the list of frugivores dispersing each species has been completed thanks to data from bin Kassim (1987), Kitamura et al. (2005), Datta & Rawat (2008), Brockelman (2009), McConkey & Brockelman (2011), Albert et al. (2013), Ngoprasert (2012), Khamcha (pers. comm.), Latinne (pers. comm.), Martmoon (pers. comm.).
The impact of individual variation on abrupt collapses in mutualistic networks
<p>R Data and R scripts for the paper in Ecology Letters "The impact of individual variation on abrupt collapses in mutualistic networks"</p> <p>Contact: <a href="mailto:gbaruahecoevo@gmail.com">gbaruahecoevo@gmail.com</a></p>
Mutualistic coevolution and community diversity favor persistence in metacommunities under environmental changes
<p>Linking local to regional ecological and evolutionary processes is key to understand the response of Earth's biodiversity to environmental changes. Here we integrate evolution and mutualistic coevolution in a model of metacommunity dynamics to understand how coevolution can shape species distribution and persistence in landscapes varying in space and time. Using simulations, we show that coevolution and species richness can synergistically shape distribution patterns by increasing colonization and reducing extinction of populations in metacommunities. Although conflicting selective pressures emerging from mutualisms may increase mismatches with the local environment and the rate of local extinctions, coevolution increases trait matching among mutualists at the landscape scale, counteracting local maladaptation and favoring colonization and range expansions. Our results show that by facilitating colonization, coevolution can also buffer the effects of environmental changes, preventing species extinctions and the collapse of metacommunities. Our findings reveal the mechanisms whereby coevolution can favor persistence under environmental changes and highlight that these positive effects are greater in more diverse systems that retain landscape connectivity.</p>
Phenotypic divergence of traits that mediate antagonistic and mutualistic interactions between island and continental populations of the tropical plant, Tribulus cistoides (Zygophyllaceae)
<p><span><strong>Premise</strong>:</span><span> Island systems have long served as a model for evolutionary processes due to their unique species interactions. Many studies of the evolution of species interactions on islands have focused on endemic taxa. Fewer studies have focused on how antagonistic and mutualistic interactions shape the phenotypic divergence of widespread non-endemic species living on island populations. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> We used the widespread plant <em>Tribulus</em> <em>cistoides</em> (Zygophyllaceae) to test phenotypic divergence in traits that mediate antagonistic interactions with vertebrate granivores (birds) and mutualistic interactions with pollinators and how this is explained by bioclimatic variables. We used both herbarium specimens and field-collected samples to compare phenotypic divergence between continental and island populations. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> Fruits from island populations were larger than on continents, but the presence of lower spines on mericarps was lower on islands. The presence of spines was largely explained by environmental variation among islands. Petal length was on average 9% smaller on island than continental populations, an effect that was especially accentuated on the Galápagos Islands. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Conclusions</strong>:</span><span> <em>Tribulus</em> <em>cistoides</em> exhibits phenotypic divergence between island and continental habitats for antagonistic traits (seed defence) and mutualistic traits (floral traits). Further, the evolution of phenotypic traits that mediate antagonistic and mutualistic interactions depended on the abiotic characteristics of specific islands. This study shows the potential of using a combination of herbarium and field samples for comparative studies on a globally distributed species to test phenotypic divergence on island habitats.</span></p>
Shifts from non-obligate generalists to obligate specialists in simulations of mutualistic network assembly
<p>Understanding ecosystem recovery after perturbation is crucial for ecosystem conservation. Mutualisms contribute key functions for plants such as pollination and seed dispersal. We modelled the assembly of mutualistic networks based on trait matching between plants and their animal partners that have different degrees of specialization on plant traits. Additionally, we addressed the role of non-obligate animal mutualists, including facultative mutualists or non-resident species that have their main resources outside the target site. Our computer simulations show that non-obligate animals facilitate network assembly during the early stages, furthering colonization by an increase in niche space and reduced competition. While non-obligate and generalist animals provide most of the fitness benefits to plants in the early stages of the assembly, obligate and specialist animals dominate at the end of the assembly. Our results thus demonstrate the combined occurrence of shifts from diet, trait, and habitat generalists to more specialised animals.</p>
Figs 1–5 in Unusual behaviour - unusual morphology: mutualistic relationships between ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Diaphorina enderleini (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), associated with Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae)
Figs 1–5. Fifth instar larva of Diaphorina enderleini: (1) habitus, dorsal surface left, ventral surface right; (2) detail of forewing pad, outer margin; (3) antenna; (4) tarsus with claws and tarsal arolium; (5) caudal plate, dorsal surface left, ventral surface right.
Figs 6–10. Ants attending D in Unusual behaviour - unusual morphology: mutualistic relationships between ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Diaphorina enderleini (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), associated with Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae)
Figs 6–10. Ants attending D. enderleini on V. amygdalina leaves: (6) shelter enclosing psyllid larvae and Pheidole megacephala workers; (7) psyllid females and eggs with P. megacephala workers; (8) psyllid females and larvae with Crematogaster striatula workers and carton shelter's remains; (9) psyllid females and eggs with Camponotus acvapimensis workers; (10) psyllid larvae with Myrmicaria opaciventris workers.
Root mutualistic fungi tailor the induction of direct and indirect antiherbivore defense strategies to enhance plant resistance
<p>GCMS raw data in netCDF format for the manuscript "Root mutualistic fungi tailor the induction of direct and indirect antiherbivore defense strategies to enhance plant resistance" </p> <p>Mutualistic microbes can trigger plant defenses against herbivores. Little is known about how microbes orchestrate multiple induced defense strategies that may trade-off against each other. We investigated how two root mutualistic fungi trigger simultaneously direct and indirect antiherbivore-defenses, and the regulatory mechanisms involved</p>
Pre- and post-association barriers to host switching in sympatric mutualists
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Trait data for the evolution of plasticity in pairwise competitive and mutualistic community of brewer's yeast
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Data from: Evolutionary origins and diversification of proteobacterial mutualists
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Phenotypic divergence of traits that mediate antagonistic and mutualistic interactions between island and continental populations of the tropical plant, Tribulus cistoides (Zygophyllaceae)
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An Abundant Mutualist Can Protect Corals From Multiple Stressors
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Sexually transmitted mutualist nematodes promote host growth across dung beetle species
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Challenges in the early ontogeny of a mutualistic plant: Resource availability and plant defense in juvenile Cecropia ant-plants
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Shifts from non-obligate generalists to obligate specialists in simulations of mutualistic network assembly
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