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62 results for “mycorrhizae”
BMS01 Mycorrhizae spore density and composition in the Belowground Plot Experiment at Konza Prairie
Spore densities of 14 groups (13 species + unknown) were measured the 64 belowground plots (record type 1). Effects of burning, mowing, and N + P additions on spore densities (an index of AM fungi infection rates). Community indices and percent root colonization (record type 2). Effects of burning, mowing, and N + P additions on mycorrhizal community composition and root colonization.
Bacterial traits, N deposition and mycorrhiza. qSIP Aspartic Acid
<p>Nitrogen (N) deposition increases soil carbon (C) storage by reducing microbial activity. These effects vary in soil beneath trees that associate with arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Variation in carbon C and N uptake traits among microbes may explain differences in soil nutrient cycling between mycorrhizal associations in response to high N loads, a mechanism not previously examined due to methodological limitations. Here, we used quantitative Stable Isotope Probing (qSIP) to measure bacterial C and N assimilation rates from an added organic compound, which we conceptualize as functional traits. As such, we applied a trait-based approach to explore whether variation in assimilation rates of bacterial taxa can inform shifts in soil function under chronic N deposition. We show taxon-specific and community-wide declines of bacterial C and N uptake under chronic N deposition in both AM and ECM soils. N deposition-induced reductions in microbial activity were mirrored by declines in soil organic matter mineralization rates in AM but not ECM soils. Our findings suggest C and N uptake traits of bacterial communities can predict C cycling feedbacks to N deposition in AM soils but additional data, for instance on the traits of fungi, may be needed to connect microbial traits with soil C and N cycling in ECM systems. Our study also highlights the potential of employing qSIP in conjunction with trait–based approaches to inform how ecological processes of microbial communities influence soil functioning</p>
Figure 2 in Influence of Mycorrhizae and Irrigation on Growth and Mineral Uptake by Corn (Zea mays L.) Seedlings in a Calcareous Soil
Figure 2. Average of macronutrients N, P, K, Mg, and Ca uptake (mg/plant) by shoots of corn seedlings grown in Guam cobbly clay soil, either inoculated (■) or not inoculated (♦) with Glomus aggregatum and provided one of four volumes of water: W1=7200 mL, W2=3600 mL, W3=1800 mL, and W4=900 mL during the 3-week experiment. Crossbars represent standard deviations of means of four replications.
Figure 3 in Influence of Mycorrhizae and Irrigation on Growth and Mineral Uptake by Corn (Zea mays L.) Seedlings in a Calcareous Soil
Figure 3. Average of micronutrients Fe, Mn, B, Cu, and Zn uptake (mg/plant) by shoots of corn seedlings grown in Guam cobbly clay soil, either inoculated (■) or not inoculated (♦) with Glomus aggregatum and provided one of four volumes of water: W1=7200 mL, W2=3600 mL, W3=1800 mL, and W4=900 mL during the 3-week experiment. Crossbars represent standard deviations of means of four replications.
Figure 1 in Influence of Mycorrhizae and Irrigation on Growth and Mineral Uptake by Corn (Zea mays L.) Seedlings in a Calcareous Soil
Figure 1. Average of shoot and root biomass (g/plant), leaf width (cm), and chlorophyll SPAD reading of corn seedlings grown in Guam cobbly clay soil, either inoculated (■) or not inoculated (♦) with Glomus aggregatum, and provided one of four volumes of water: W1=7200 mL, W2=3600 mL, W3=1800 mL, and W4=900 mL during a 3-week experiment. Crossbars represent standard deviations of means with four replications.
Bacterial traits, N deposition and mycorrhiza. qSIP Aspartic Acid
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Data for: Warming increases negative interactions of a juvenile fescue and nearby plants in a tundra, moss facilitates mycorrhizae
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Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: soil, litter, plant and microbial attributes on mycorrhizae litter decomposition plots
Studies show mycorrhizal fungi can influence leaf litter decomposition in a variety of ways, but the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi on litter decay in forests vary widely across published reports. We experimentally reduced the presence of fine roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi by soil trenching within a series of plots spanning a gradient of mycorrhizal dominance containing from 96% AM to 100% ECM-associated trees at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in Woodstock, NH. We incubated four species of leaf litter in mesh decomposition bags in areas with reduced access to roots and mycorrhizal fungi and in adjacent areas with intact roots and mycorrhizal fungi. After 608 days of decomposition (November 2017 through July 2019), we found that litter decayed more rapidly in the presence of fine roots and mycorrhizal hyphae in all plots, regardless of dominant tree mycorrhizal type. Root and mycorrhizal exclusion did not affect enzyme activities on decomposing litter or soil microbial community composition. Despite reports that both AM and ECM fungi may reduce litter decay rate, our results indicate that AM and ECM-associated fine roots stimulate litter decomposition.
Data from: Partial mycoheterotrophy in green plants forming Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhiza requires a thorough investigation
<p>Recently, many green plants forming <em>Paris</em>-type arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) have been suggested to receive fungal carbon (Giesemann <em>et al.</em> 2020b, 2021). Whereas the enrichment of natural abundance of heavy stable isotopes (particularly <sup>13</sup>C) has been considered as strong evidence for this 'partial mycoheterotrophy,' we show our own data on isotopic abundances and mycorrhizal colonization in Japanese plants and argue that the <sup>13</sup>C-enrichment may not always be the result of acquiring carbon from AM fungi.</p>
Climate and mycorrhizae mediate the relationship of tree species diversity and carbon stocks in subtropical forests
<p><span>1. </span><span>It is increasingly being recognized that tree species diversity has positive effects on forest ecosystem carbon (C) stock. However, at broad spatial scales this relationship may depend on climate conditions and species mycorrhizal associations.</span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>Here, observations from 667 forest plots in subtropical China, were used to investigate the effects of species diversity, mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT) and mycorrhizal type (arbuscular or ectomycorrhizal) on the forest C stock</span> <span>and its components (tree C stock, shrub layer C stock, herb layer C stock, litter layer C stock, root C stock and soil C stock).</span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>We found positive effect of tree species diversity on total forest C stock.</span><span> MAP had positive effects on total forest C stock and its components, while MAT had consistently negative effects on total forest C stock and most of its components.</span><span> Different levels of MAP and MAT </span><span>did modulate the strength of effect of species diversity on forest C stock and its components. In addition, species diversity, MAT and MAP showed a significant positive relationship with arbuscular mycorrhiza-associated tree C stock but had no or negative relationship with ectomycorrhiza-associated tree C stock.</span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Synthesis.</span><span> Our results indicate that maintaining high level of species diversity may support the buffering of negative effects resulting from climate warming. Furthermore,</span> <span>under climate warming the specific C stock of AM trees can increase, which can potentially promote forest C stock. Taken together, our study suggests that afforestation policies should consider not only tree species diversity to increase forest C stock but also the effects of different tree mycorrhizal types.</span></p>
Mycorrhizae influence plant vegetative and floral traits and intraspecific trait variation
<p>Premise. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can strongly influence host plant vegetative growth, but less is known about AMF effects on other plant traits, the relative impacts of AMF on vegetative growth versus floral traits, or AMF-induced intraspecific variation in traits.</p> <p>Key results. AMF species varied in their effects on host plants, from negative to positive effects. AMF often had inconsistent effects on vegetative biomass versus floral traits, and therefore quantifying one or the other may provide a misleading representation of potential AMF effects. AMF treatments generated key variation in plant traits, especially floral traits, with potential consequences for plant-pollinator interactions. Given increased intraspecific trait variation in Linum lewisii plants across AMF species compared to uninoculated individuals or single AMF treatments, local AMF diversity and their host plant associations may scale up to influence community-wide patterns of trait variation and species interactions.</p> <p>Conclusions. These results have implications for predicting how aboveground communities are affected by belowground communities. Including AMF effects on not just host plant biomass but also functional traits and trait variation will deepen our understanding of community structure and function, including pollination.</p>
Eco-evolutionary consequences of living with close relatives: Resistance to herbivores and climatic stress increases with investment into mycorrhiza in adult oaks
<p><span>1. Mycorrhizas are known to increase plant resistance to herbivores and climatic stress. However, it is unknown if particularly hostile environments select for increased investment of plants into mycorrhiza. </span></p> <p><span>2. We studied hostile biotic environments: phylogenetically proximate neighbourhoods known to increase herbivory and pedoclimatic stress. In a common garden, we studied the resistances, tri-trophic interactions and microclimate of 28-years-old oaks (Quercus petraea), descending from provenances of contrasting phylogenetic neighbourhoods.</span></p> <p><span> 3. We found that oaks descending from phylogenetically proximate neighbourhoods had increased ectomycorrhizal enzymatic activities without affecting mycorrhization rate of root tips. We also found that increased ectomycorrhizal enzymatic activity decreased damages by one group of specialist herbivores (leaf-miners), without affecting another (galls) or generalists (ectophages). Consistently, descendants from phylogenetically proximate neighbourhoods showed decreased damage by leaf miners. We finally found that oaks descending from phylogenetically proximate neighbourhoods were most capable of maintaining leaf chlorophyll under heat-induced drought, reflecting their increased ectomycorrhizal enzymatic activities. </span></p> <p><span>4. Synthesis. Overall, oaks living with closely related neighbours can rapidly evolve increased investment into ectomycorrhizas and thereby resistances to herbivores and climatic stress, ultimately facilitating coexistence among closely related neighbours. </span><span>While phylogenetically diverse forests remain essential for maintaining biodiversity, the selection regimes in less diverse forests can be used as a source of native genotypes resistant to future climate change, rather than using exotic populations and species as a source pool.</span></p>
Transgenerational effects of mycorrhiza are stronger in sexual than in clonal offspring of Fragaria vesca and are partly adaptive (dataset)
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Table 4 in Influence of Mycorrhizae and Irrigation on Growth and Mineral Uptake by Corn (Zea mays L.) Seedlings in a Calcareous Soil
<p>Table 4. Analysis of variance for micronutrient (Fe, Mn, B, Cu, and Zn) uptake by shoots of corn seedlings. Numbers are P values with F statistics in parentheses. Plants were grown in Guam cobbly clay soil, inoculated or not inoculated with <i>Glomus aggregatum</i> and provided one of four levels of water.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th><b>Micronutrients</b></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Source</b></th><td><i>df</i></td><td>Fe</td><td>Mn</td><td>B</td><td>Cu</td><td>Zn</td></tr><tr><th>Water (W) *</th><td>3</td><td>0.75 (0.36)</td><td><0.01 (9.57)</td><td>0.22 (1.67)</td><td>0.12 (0.89)</td><td><0.05 (7.23)</td></tr><tr><th>Inoculation (I)</th><td>1</td><td><0.001 (31.16)</td><td><0.001 (169.46)</td><td><0.001 (69.93)</td><td><0.001 (38.63)</td><td><0.001 (436.02)</td></tr><tr><th>W × I</th><td>3</td><td>0.88 (0.37)</td><td>0.18 (1.83)</td><td>0.65 (0.62)</td><td>0.59 (0.91)</td><td>0.24 (1.29)</td></tr></tbody></table><p>*Water treatment (W) was tested against main-plot error while both inoculation (I) and interaction (W × I) were tested against the sub-plot error.</p>
Table 5 in Influence of Mycorrhizae and Irrigation on Growth and Mineral Uptake by Corn (Zea mays L.) Seedlings in a Calcareous Soil
<p>Table 5. Correlation analysis of plant growth parameters (shoot biomass, root biomass, leaf width, SPAD chlorophyll reading) and uptake of macro- and microelements in leaf tissues.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th><b>Macroelements</b></th><th><b>plant)</b></th><th></th><th></th><th><b>Microelements</b></th><th><b>plant)</b></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Growth parameter</b></th><td>N</td><td>P</td><td>K</td><td>Mg</td><td>Ca</td><td>Fe</td><td>Mn</td><td>B</td><td>Cu</td><td>Zn</td></tr><tr><th>Shoot biomass (g)</th><td>0.8873</td><td>0.9521</td><td>0.9482</td><td>0.9746</td><td>0.9551</td><td>0.7587</td><td>0.9439</td><td>0.8959</td><td>0.8534</td><td>0.9321</td></tr><tr><th>Root biomass (g)</th><td>0.8258</td><td>0.9079</td><td>0.9150</td><td>0.9452</td><td>0.9497</td><td>0.7199</td><td>0.9112</td><td>0.9358</td><td>0.7390</td><td>0.8730</td></tr><tr><th>Leaf width (cm)</th><td>0.8569</td><td>0.9067</td><td>0.9394</td><td>0.9251</td><td>0.8954</td><td>0.8011</td><td>0.8957</td><td>0.8779</td><td>0.8478</td><td>0.9030</td></tr><tr><th>Chlorophyll (SPAD)</th><td>0.852</td><td>0.8211</td><td>0.8664</td><td>0.8104</td><td>0.7893</td><td>0.7284</td><td>0.7616</td><td>0.7377</td><td>0.7400</td><td>0.8377</td></tr></tbody></table><p>All correlations are highly significant at P <, Pearson.</p>
Table 3 in Influence of Mycorrhizae and Irrigation on Growth and Mineral Uptake by Corn (Zea mays L.) Seedlings in a Calcareous Soil
<p>Table 3. Analysis of variance for macronutrient (N, P, K, Mg and Ca) uptake by shoots of corn seedlings. Numbers are P values with F statistics in parentheses. Plants were grown in Guam cobbly clay soil, inoculated or not inoculated with <i>Glomus aggregatum</i>, and provided one of four levels of water.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th><b>Macronutrients</b></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Source</b></th><td><i>df</i></td><td>N</td><td>P</td><td>K</td><td>Mg</td><td>Ca</td></tr><tr><th>Water (W)*</th><td>3</td><td><0.05 (4.19)</td><td><0.05 (6.06)</td><td><0.01 (6.23)</td><td><0.01 (8.03)</td><td><0.01 (6.75)</td></tr><tr><th>Inoculation (I) 1</th><td><0.001 (159.51)</td><td><0.001 (437.94)</td><td><0.001 (816.51)</td><td><0.001 (364.49)</td><td><0.001 (116.39)</td></tr><tr><th>W × I</th><td>3</td><td>0.27 (2.30)</td><td>0.07 (2.70)</td><td>0.37 (0.95)</td><td>0.08 (2.44)</td><td>0.18 (2.27)</td></tr></tbody></table><p>*Water treatment (W) was tested against main-plot error while both inoculation (I) and interaction (W × I) were tested against the sub-plot error.</p>
Table 2 in Influence of Mycorrhizae and Irrigation on Growth and Mineral Uptake by Corn (Zea mays L.) Seedlings in a Calcareous Soil
<p>Table 2. Analysis of variance for shoot biomass, root biomass, leaf width, and SPAD chlorophyll reading of corn seedlings. Numbers are P values with F statistics in parentheses. Plants were grown in Guam cobbly clay soil, inoculated or not inoculated with <i>Glomus aggregatum</i>, and provided one of four water treatments.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th><b>Growth parameters</b></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Shoot biomass</td><td>Root biomass</td><td>Leaf width</td><td>SPAD chlorophyll</td></tr><tr><th><b>Source</b></th><td><i>df</i></td><td>(g/plant)</td><td>(g/plant)</td><td>(cm)</td><td>reading</td></tr><tr><th>Water (W)*</th><td>3</td><td><0.01 (12.52)</td><td><0.01 (11.73)</td><td><0.01 (10.19)</td><td>0.62 (3.77)</td></tr><tr><th>Inoculation (I)</th><td>1</td><td><0.001 (406.63)</td><td><0.001 (272.41)</td><td><0.001 (195.20)</td><td><0.001 (234.03)</td></tr><tr><th>W × I</th><td>3</td><td><0.01 (6.06)</td><td><0.05 (4.09)</td><td>0.44 (0.97)</td><td><0.01 (1.68)</td></tr></tbody></table><p>*Water treatment (W) was tested against main-plot error while both inoculation (I) and interaction (W × I)</p><p>were tested against the sub-plot error.</p>
Table 1 in Influence of Mycorrhizae and Irrigation on Growth and Mineral Uptake by Corn (Zea mays L.) Seedlings in a Calcareous Soil
<p>Table 1. Chemical characteristics of Guam cobbly clay soil used in the experiment.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Parameter</b></th><th><b>Unit</b></th><th><b>Value</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>pH</th><td></td><td>7.0</td></tr><tr><th>Organic Matter</th><td>g kg-1</td><td>6.4</td></tr><tr><th>P</th><td>mg kg-1</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><th>K</th><td>mg kg-1</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><th>Ca</th><td>mg kg-1</td><td>5678</td></tr><tr><th>Mg</th><td>mg kg-1</td><td>123</td></tr><tr><th>Mn</th><td>mg kg-1</td><td>5.6</td></tr><tr><th>Fe</th><td>mg kg-1</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><th>Zn</th><td>mg kg-1</td><td>0.9</td></tr><tr><th>Cu</th><td>mg kg-1</td><td>0.7</td></tr></tbody></table>
The diversity of mycorrhiza-associated fungi and trees shape subtropical mountain forest ecosystem functioning
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>: </span><span>Mycorrhiza play key roles in ecosystem structure and functioning in forests. However, how different mycorrhizal types influence mountain forest biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships is largely unknown. We evaluate how the diversity of distinct mycorrhiza-associated fungi and trees shape forest carbon storage along elevational gradients.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>:</span><span> Gaoligong Mountains within Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Taxon</strong>: </span><span>Seed plants and mycorrhizal fungi.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span>We used the data from 31 subtropical forest plots along elevational gradients on two aspects (east and west) of the mountain. We quantified species richness of trees and symbiotic fungi and assigned both to their mycorrhizal type (arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), ectomycorrhiza (EcM) and ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM)). We then examined the diversity effects of mycorrhiza-associated fungi and trees on above-ground carbon stored in trees and organic carbon stored in soils. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> Species richness was highest for AM trees (79.5%), followed by ErM trees (13.4%) and then EcM trees (7.1%). Species richness of AM-associated trees and fungi decreased with increasing elevation, while ErM-associated trees and fungi showed an opposite trend. EcM-associated diversity followed a hump-shaped relationship with elevation. Positive relationships between diversity and above-ground carbon were detected in all three mycorrhizal associations, but despite low species number, canopy-dominating EcM trees comprised 64.4% of the amount of above-ground carbon. Furthermore, community-weighted means of height exhibited positive correlations with forest above-ground carbon, indicating that positive selection effects occur. Soil organic carbon was positively related to EcM-associated fungi diversity, above-ground carbon mass and soil nitrogen availability, with the latter having the strongest direct effects. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>: </span><span>The distributions of forest biodiversity and carbon storage can be modulated by distinct mycorrhizal fungi and trees. Moreover, future global changes (e.g., climate warming, intensifying nitrogen deposition) could alter the mycorrhizal-mediated biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in mountain forests.</span></p>
Data for: Mycorrhizas drive the evolution of plant adaptation to drought
<p class="MsoNormal">Plant adaptation to drought facilitates major ecological transitions, and will likely play a vital role under looming climate change. Mycorrhizas, i.e. strategic associations between plant roots and soil-borne symbiotic fungi, can exert strong influence on the tolerance to drought of extant plants. Here, I show how mycorrhizal strategy and drought adaptation have been shaping one another throughout the course of plant evolution. To characterize the evolutions of both plant characters, I applied a phylogenetic comparative method using data of 1,638 extant species globally distributed. The detected correlated evolution unveiled gains and losses of drought tolerance occurring at faster rates in lineages with ecto- or ericoid mycorrhizas, which were on average about 15 and 300 times faster than in lineages with the arbuscular mycorrhizal and naked root (non-mycorrhizal alone or with facultatively arbuscular mycorrhizal) strategy, respectively. My study suggests that mycorrhizas can play a key facilitator role in the evolutionary processes of plant adaptation to critical changes in water availability across global climates.</p>
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