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140 results for “mycorrhizal fungi”
Black Jack Battlefield & Nature Park Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation Study, Wellsville, KS, 2021-2022
Black Jack Battlefield & Nature Park (Wellsville, Kansas, USA) has a rich history of Indigenous stewardship, civil war conflict, agriculture, and, most recently, a decades-old ecological restoration of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem. To potentially aid this recovery, we tested the impact of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi cultured from regional remnant prairies on the survival and growth of 12 native prairie plant species. We grew these plants for a few weeks in the greenhouse with either sterile or AM fungi-inoculated soil. We then planted these into 24 experimental blocks with a 1x1 m field plot for each treatment (48 plots total) containing all 12 plant species when possible. We then tracked the survival and growth of the plants two weeks, about five months, and about fifteen months after planting. Growth was measured as height at all timepoints, and leaf number was included for most species in the latest timepoint. We found impacts of inoculation and species identity on both the survival and growth of the plants.
Mycorrhizal Fungi of Native Red Pine Stands in the Forests of the Huron Mountains (1996-2015).
This data includes mycorrhizal fungi population data in Michigan’s Huron Mountains from 1996-2015 collected by Dana Ritcher. Seven stands consisting of primarily pine forests were surveyed for two separate sampling periods annually during the study period.
CMY01 Mycorrhizal colonization and plant community responses to long-term suppression of Mycorrhizal Fungi
Twenty replicate permanent 2x2 m plots were established in early 1991 along a randomly located transect, with a 2m space between each plot, on the following watersheds: 1B, 1D, annually burned HQB, 10B, 20D and infrequently burned HQB. Ten of the plots were randomly assigned as long-term mycorrhizal suppression plots. In each of these plots, AM fungi were suppressed by the application of the fungicide benomyl as a soil drench (7.5 liters per plot) at the rate of 1.25 g/m2 (active ingredient). The mycorrhizal suppression plots were treated biweekly throughout each growing season (April through October) beginning in 1991. The control plots each received no fungicide, but an equivalent volume of water (7.5 liters) was applied biweekly. To evaluate the effectiveness of the fungicide, three soil cores (2.5 cm diameter x 14 cm deep) were removed from both fungicide-treated and control plots each October throughout the study. Roots were extracted from the soil, washed free of soil, stained in trypan blue (Phillips and Hayman, 1970), and examined microscopically to assess percentage root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi using a Petri dish scored in 1-cm squares (Daniels et al.1981).
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytes root colonization in Upper Green Lakes Valley, 2007-2016
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) are two fungal groups that colonize plant roots and can benefit plant growth, but little is known about their landscape distributions. We performed sequencing and microscopy on a variety of plants across a high-elevation landscape featuring plant density, snowpack, and nutrient gradients. Percent colonization by both AMF and DSE varied significantly among plant species, and DSE colonized forbs and grasses more than sedges. AMF were more abundant in roots at lower elevation areas with lower snowpack and lower phosphorus and nitrogen levels, suggesting increased hyphal recruitment by plants to aid in nutrient uptake. DSE colonization was highest in areas with less snowpack and higher inorganic nitrogen levels, suggesting an important role for these fungi in mineralizing organic nitrogen. Both of these groups of fungi are likely to be important for plant fitness and establishment in areas limited by phosphorus and nitrogen.
Soil extracellular enzyme activities in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the N fertilized and reference watershed at the Fernow Experimental Forest, WV.
Our objective was to detect possible differences in N fertilization responses of soil extracellular enzymes in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) or ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). To do this, we established a plot network of 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated 10 x 10 m plots in both the reference and N fertilized watersheds (N=24 plots) at the Fernow Experimental Forest, Parsons, WV. We assayed the potential activity of hydrolytic enzymes that release N (N-acetylglucosaminidase; NAG), phosphorus (acid phosphatase; AP), and simple carbon (ß-glucosidase; BG). In addition, we measured microbial allocation to complex C degrading oxidative enzymes phenol oxidase and peroxidase. The activities of these enzymes were measured separately in bulk mineral, rhizosphere, and organic horizon soils during the growing season in 2017.
Extracellular enzyme activities in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in the nitrogen fertilized and reference watershed at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA during the final year of N fertilization (2016) and during the year after N fertilization ceased (2017).
Our objective was to detect possible differences in N fertilization responses of extracellular enzymes in plots dominated by trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) or ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). To do this, we established a plot network of 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated (>65% diameter at breast height) 10 x 10 m plots in the lower elevation hardwood zone of both the reference and N fertilized watersheds (N=24 plots) at Bear Brook Watershed, in Maine USA. We assayed the potential activity of hydrolytic enzymes that release N (N-acetylglucosaminidase; NAG), phosphorus (acid phosphatase; AP), and simple carbon (ß-glucosidase; BG). The activities of these enzymes were measured separately in bulk mineral, rhizosphere, and organic horizon soils in the final year of N fertilization at Bear Brook in 2016 and during the year after N fertilization ceased in 2017.
Effect of Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization on Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with a Dominant Grass in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2005)
We studied the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in a semiarid grassland and the effect of long-term nitrogen (N) fertilization on this fungal community. Root samples of Bouteloua gracilis were collected at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (New Mexico, USA) from control and N-amended plots that have been fertilized since 1995. Small subunit rDNA was amplified using AMF specific primers NS31 and AM1. The diversity of AMF was low in comparison with other ecosystems, only seven operational taxonomic units (OTU) were found in B. gracilis and all belong to the genus Glomus. The dominant OTU was closely related to the ubiquitous G. intraradices/G. fasciculatum group. N-amended plots showed a reduction in the abundance of the dominant OTU and an increase in AMF diversity. The greater AMF diversity in roots from N-amended plots may have been the result of displacement of the dominant OTU, which facilitated detection of uncommon AMF. The long-term implications of AMF responses to N enrichment for plant carbon allocation and plant community structure remain unclear.
Data from: The mechanism of promoting rhizosphere nutrient turnover for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi attribute to recruited functional bacterial assembly
<p>Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi improves plant nutrient capture from the soil, yet there is limited knowledge about the diversity, structure, functioning, and assembly processes of AM fungi-related microbial communities. Here, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic sequencing were used to detect bacteria in the rhizosphere of <em>Lotus japonicus</em> inoculated with and without AM fungi, and the <em>L. japonicus</em> mutant <em>ljcbx</em> (defective in symbiosis) inoculated with AM fungi in southern grassland soil. Our results show that AM symbiosis significantly increased bacterial diversity and promoted deterministic processes of bacterial community construction, suggesting that mycorrhizal symbiosis resulted in the directional enrichment of bacterial communities and established a stable rhizosphere bacterial community. AM fungi promoted the enrichment of nine bacteria, including <em>Ohtaekwangia</em>, <em>Niastella</em>, <em>Gemmatimonas</em>, <em>Devosia</em>, <em>Sphingomonas</em>, <em>Novosphingobium</em>, <em>Opitutus</em>, <em>Lysobacter</em>, <em>Brevundimonas</em>, which are positively correlated with NPK-related parameters. Through a functional identification experiment, we found that six of these genera, including <em>Brevundimonas</em>, <em>Lysobacter</em>, <em>Ohtaekwangia</em>, <em>Sphingomonas</em>, <em>Devosia</em>, and <em>Gemmatimonas</em>, demonstrated the ability to mineralize organophosphate and dissolve inorganic phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium. Our study revealed that AM fungi can regulate rhizosphere bacterial community assembly and attract specific rhizosphere bacteria to promote soil nutrient turnover in southern grasslands.</p>
Visualizing mycorrhizal fungi in roots
<p>Step-by-step guide in visualising mycorrhizal fungi in roots. </p> <p>Why should you visualize them?<br> - To study the mycorrhizal status of plant roots<br> - To assess the efficiency of crop cultivars to form AMF symbiosis<br> - To investigate biotic/abiotic factors affecting the root colonization potential of AMF</p> <p>This training material is aimed at researchers in crop science and sustainable agriculture. </p> <p> </p>
Figure 5 in Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity in the rhizosphere of tree seedlings subjected to residual herbicides
Figure 5. Non-metric multidimensional ordering (NMDS) of tree species treated with herbicides and control was performed for all analyzed variables of the tree species.
Figure 1 in Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity in the rhizosphere of tree seedlings subjected to residual herbicides
Figure 1. Percentage of total dry mass in relation to the control treatment of seedlings of forest trees species subjected to the herbicides atrazine and sulfentrazone via sub-irrigation. Averages followed by the same lowercase letter do not differ by Tukey's test at 5% significance for the herbicidal factor. Means followed by the same capital letter do not differ according to the Scott-Knott grouping criterion at 5% significance for the species. CV (Coefficient of variation) = 18.3%.
Figure 3 in Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity in the rhizosphere of tree seedlings subjected to residual herbicides
Figure 3. Spore count percentage in relation to the control treatment of seedlings of forest trees species subjected to the herbicides atrazine and sulfentrazone via sub-irrigation. Averages followed by the same lowercase letter do not differ by Tukey's test at 5% significance for the herbicidal factor. Means followed by the same capital letter do not differ according to the Scott-Knott grouping criterion at 5% significance for the species. CV (Coefficient of variation) = 10.96%.
Figure 4 in Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity in the rhizosphere of tree seedlings subjected to residual herbicides
Figure 4. Percentage of basal soil respiration in relation to the control treatment of seedlings of forest tree species subjected to the herbicides atrazine and sulfentrazone via sub-irrigation. Averages followed by the same lowercase letter do not differ by Tukey's test at 5% significance for the herbicidal factor. Means followed by the same capital letter do not differ according to the Scott-Knott grouping criterion at 5% significance for the species. CV (Coefficient of variation) = 11.63%.
Figure 2 in Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity in the rhizosphere of tree seedlings subjected to residual herbicides
Figure 2. Percentage of rhizospheric colonization by mycorrhizae in relation to the control treatment of seedlings of forest trees species subjected to the herbicides atrazine and sulfentrazone via sub-irrigation. Averages followed by the same lowercase letter do not differ by Tukey's test at 5% significance for the herbicidal factor. Means followed by the same capital letter do not differ according to the Scott-Knott grouping criterion at 5% significance for the species. CV (Coefficient of variation) = 8.93%.
Figure 3 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 3. Dynamics of the soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore density within Desmodium triflorum coverage levels and seasons.
Figure 6 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 6. Conceptual framework demonstrating possible mechanisms of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) during the spreading process of Desmodium triflorum in the Zoysia tenuifolia lawn. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicate different spreading stages of the invasive plant D. triflorum. Corresponding mycorrhizal structures were shown as the four microscopic views. Light-green and medium-yellow circles indicate AM fungal spores predominantly produced by the root mycorrhizal structures of Z. tenuifolia and D. triflorum, respectively. Medium-green and dark-yellow lines indicate the life cycle of spores in Z. tenuifolia plants and in D. triflorum plants, respectively. The AM fungi might influence the spread of D. triflorum by the following steps: (1) the early stage of the lawn's development with only Z. tenuifolia growing but without D. triflorum present. This occurs at the very beginning of the lawn establishment, and the AM fungal spores that previously existed in the lawn soil first infected the fine roots of Z. tenuifolia and completed the life cycle on their own. (2) The early spreading stage of D. triflorum (level 1). The roots of the two plants come into contact with each other, inducing the external hyphae that originally grow closely on the Z. tenuifolia roots to infect the roots of D. triflorum. The difference between the mycorrhizal infections of the two host plants contributes to higher root mycorrhizal colonizations of D. triflorum compared with Z.tenuifolia. However, at this stage,D. triflorum is not as competitive as Z. tenuifolia in the lawn, although it has advantages in terms of mycorrhizal infections. Therefore, the soil AM fungal spores are still predominantly produced by the mycorrhizal structures of the AMF-infected Z. tenuifolia roots. (3) The intermediate spreading stage of D. triflorum (levels 2 and 3). Desmodium triflorum continues to spread in the lawn. The contact of the two plants becomes more frequent and further induces a much closer relationship between the AM infections of the two plants. The increased D. triflorum plants in the lawn and the advantage of D. triflorum in root mycorrhizal infections facilitate the contribution of the mycorrhizal structures of the D. triflorum roots to sporulation. Thus, in this stage, the soil AM fungal spores were produced by the mycorrhizal structures of both plants, thereby inducing insignificant correlations between the spore densities and the root colonizations of either Z. tenuifolia or D. triflorum. (4) The late spreading stage of D. triflorum (levels 4 and 5). Desmodium triflorum is dominant in the lawn.The large numbers of D. triflorum plants and the AM infection advantage of D. triflorum facilitate AMF sporulation in the soil, thereby inducing significant correlations between the spore densities and the root colonizations of D. triflorum. At the different spreading stages of D. triflorum, the soil AM fungal communities also change as a result of the changed contributions of the AMF-infected host plants to the sporulation.
Figure 5 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 5. The relative abundance and community composition at the family (A) and species levels (B) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soils of different Desmodium triflorum coverage levels.
Figure 2 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 2. Dynamics of the total, hyphal, and vesicular colonizations of Zoysia tenuifolia and Desmodium triflorum among different D. triflorum coverage levels and seasons. "Season," "Coverage," and "Species" indicate ANOVA results of each indicator among seasons and D. triflorum coverage levels and between the two plants, respectively.
Figure 4 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 4. Correlations among the root mycorrhizal colonizations, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore densities ("AMF spore density"), and soil properties in different coverage levels of Desmodium triflorum. ZTC, ZHC, and ZVC in light-green circles indicate the total colonization (TC), hyphal colonization (HC), and vesicular colonization (VC) of Zoysia tenuifolia, respectively. DTC, DHC, and DVC in light-red circles indicate the TC, HC, and VC of D. triflorum, respectively. Green lines and green-colored numbers indicate significant correlations between the colonization indicators of Z. tenuifolia and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Red lines and red-colored numbers indicate significant correlations between the colonization indicators of Z. tenuifolia and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Dark-green double arrows and dark-green numbers indicate the correlations between the colonizations of Z. tenuifolia and those of D. triflorum and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Light-blue double arrows and light-blue numbers indicate the correlations between the spore densities and soil properties/root colonizations and corresponding correlation coefficients,respectively. Darkyellow double arrows and dark-yellow numbers indicate the correlations between the soil properties and root colonizations and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Correlation is significant at: *P <0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001. The minus sign indicates a negative correlation. Insignificant correlations are not shown.
Figure 1 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 1. Dynamics of the soil physiochemical properties (average ± SE, n = 5) within different Desmodium triflorum coverage levels and seasons. "Season" and "Coverage" indicate ANOVA results of each indicator among seasons and D. triflorum coverage levels, respectively. Level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4, and level 5 indicate the coverage levels of D. triflorum in the Zoysia tenuifolia lawn, respectively, in this and all following figures.
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