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85 results for “nectaries”
Figure 2 in Ant-herbivore interactions in an extrafloral nectaried plant: are ants good plant guards against curculionid beetles?
Figure 2. Florivory rates (mean ± SE) in Banisteriopsis malifolia based on the presence or absence of Camponotus blandus. Anthonomus florivory rates were higher in branches without ants, but this difference was not statistically significant. The number of flower buds analysed in each treatment is given inside bars. p = 0.3676 (Wilcoxon test) indicates no statistical significant differences between treatments.
Figure 1 in Ant-herbivore interactions in an extrafloral nectaried plant: are ants good plant guards against curculionid beetles?
Figure 1. Ant–plant–herbivore interactions in Banisteriopsis malifolia. (A) Leaf with active extrafloral nectaries, growing close to flower buds. (B) Adult Anthonomus. (C) Camponotus blandus foraging on a flower. (D) C. blandus attacking an Anthonomus. Scale: A, B – 10 mm; C, D, – 5 mm.
Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron micrographs (a–f, h) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (g) of flowers from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Taxon 27, epigynous flower, no. NM-F 4504; b: Taxon 30, epigynous flower, remains of two thick sepals, a massive nectary disk (arrowhead) and two styles, no. NM-F 3199; c: Taxon 29, flower with stamens have long filament, calyx (ca) and corolla (co), no. NM-F 3198; d: Taxon 32, flower, no. NM-F 4503; e–h: Taxon 14, e – hypogenous flower, no. NM-F 3196, f – floral bud with a thick pedicel, no. NM-F 3196, g – flower with gynoecium showing central placentation and several seeds, no. NMF 3196, h – flower with gynoecium showing several seeds, no. NM-F 4505. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron micrographs (a–f, h) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (g) of flowers from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Taxon 27, epigynous flower, no. NM-F 4504; b: Taxon 30, epigynous flower, remains of two thick sepals, a massive nectary disk (arrowhead) and two styles, no. NM-F 3199; c: Taxon 29, flower with stamens have long filament, calyx (ca) and corolla (co), no. NM-F 3198; d: Taxon 32, flower, no. NM-F 4503; e–h: Taxon 14, e – hypogenous flower, no. NM-F 3196, f – floral bud with a thick pedicel, no. NM-F 3196, g – flower with gynoecium showing central placentation and several seeds, no. NMF 3196, h – flower with gynoecium showing several seeds, no. NM-F 4505.
Fig. 3 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Fig. 3. Choice of cups with either unscented sucrose solution or with bananascented sucrose solution made by Tamarixia radiata following a pre-test exposure to either 1.0 M sucrose solution or 1.0 M sucrose solution and banana flavor extract (G-test; ** = P ≤ 0.01; NS = not significant).
Fig. 1 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of nectary architectures presented to Tamarixia radiata in foraging evaluations. Location of nectaries shown in red. A. Cy- athium of euphorbiaceous species with exposed nectaries. B. Partially exposed nectaries as found in buckwheat. C. Partially hidden nectaries as found in alyssum. D. Partially exposed nectaries covered with trichomes as found in marjoram. E. Hidden nectaries as found in composites. Drawings are only indicative of size and spatial relationships and are not to scale.
Fig. 2 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Fig. 2. Mean (± SE) feeding time of Tamarixia radiata when presented with different concentrations of sugars commonly occurring in nectar (sucrose, fructose, glucose) and honeydew (melizitose, raffinose). Bars within the same concentration having different letters are different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA).
FIG. 2 in Extranuptial nectaries in Carapa Aubl. (Meliaceae-Cedreloideae)
FIG. 2 — Extrafloral nectaries in Carapa: A, B, rachis nectary in C. littoralis Kenfack near Limbe, Cameroon (A) and a dried specimen (Kenfack 2068, MO) of C. macrantha Harms from Lalara-Alembe road, Gabon (B); C, bract nectary in a dried specimen (Kenfack 2067, MO) of C. macrantha from near Makokou, Gabon; D, E, mucro nectary on living and dried specimen (Kenfack 2067, MO) of C. mac- rantha; F, petaline nectary on a dried specimen (Vasquez & Jaramillo 4827, MO) of C. vasquezii Kenfack from Loreto, Peru; G, H, fruit nectaries in C. procera C.DC. from Ejura, Ghana (G) and Mali (H); I, fruit nectaries on a young fruit of C. zemagoana Kenfack from Mokoko, Cameroon; J, K, ants foraging on exudate from petiolar (J) and petal (K) nectaries in C. microcarpa A. Chev. from Sagymaase, Ghana and C. procera from Mali, respectively; L, dried petiolar nectaries in C. microcarpa from Sagymaase, Ghana.
FIG. 1 in Extranuptial nectaries in Carapa Aubl. (Meliaceae-Cedreloideae)
FIG. 1 — Extrafloral nectaries in Carapa Aubl.: A, ants on a C. procera C.DC. twig in Ejura, Ghana; B, ant chamber on the inflorescence of C. procera in Casamance, Senegal; C, ant nest on the inflorescence of C. parviflora Harms near Libreville, Gabon; D-G, petiolar nectaries in C. microcarpa A. Chev. in Ghana (D), C. parviflora in Korup National Park, Cameroon (E), C. macrantha Harms near Makokou, Gabon (F), and C. guianensis Aubl. in Waini River, Guyana (G); H, I, petiolar nectaries on inflorescence bracts in C. parviflora near Libreville, Gabon (H) and C. macrantha near Makokou, Gabon (I).
Survey of aspen leaf mining and leaf defenses, including foliar phenolic glycosides and extrafloral nectaries
This dataset characterizes the insect damage levels and chemical defenses of aspen (Populus tremuloides) leaves collected from multiple sites near Fairbanks, Alaska in June 2007. The intent of the data set was to relate leaf mining damage by the aspen leaf miner, Phyllocnistis populiella, to the concentration of phenolic glycosides (secondary metabolites; putative defensive compounds) in leaves.
Data from: Plant protection services mediated by extrafloral nectaries decline with aridity but are not influenced by chronic anthropogenic disturbance in Brazilian Caatinga
<p>1. Most terrestrial species occur in human-modified landscapes that are experiencing climate change. In addition to direct impacts on species, both anthropogenic disturbance and climate change can have important effects through changes in species interactions, including the disruption of ecological services provided by them.</p> <p>2. Here we investigate how chronic anthropogenic disturbance (CAD) and aridity affect the effectiveness of plant protection services provided by ants to plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs).</p> <p>3. The study was conducted across 13 01-ha plots distributed along CAD and aridity gradients in Caatinga vegetation of northeastern Brazil. We focused on Pityrocarpa moniliformis, the most abundant and widely distributed EFN-bearing tree species occurring in our study area, and used experimental attack rates on termites as a measure of effectiveness of ant protection services. We investigated the relative roles of nectar production (volume and concentration) and ant species composition in mediating the effects of CAD and aridity on the effectiveness of protection services.</p> <p>4. Attack rates by ants declined with increasing aridity but were not related to CAD. The volume of extrafloral nectar declined with increasing CAD but was not affected by aridity, whereas the concentration was not related to either CAD or aridity. The composition of attendant ant species varied with aridity but not with CAD.</p> <p>5. Synthesis: The decline in ant-protection services with increased aridity was therefore mediated by changes in the composition of attendant ant species rather than by changes in the production of extrafloral nectar. Our findings suggest that CAD does not affect plant-protection services provided by ants but highlights the vulnerability of EFN-bearing plants to climate change through decreased predation of herbivores.</p>
Climate seasonality drives ant-plant-herbivore interactions via plant phenology in an extrafloral nectary-bearing plant community
<ol> <li>Interactions between ants and plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are among the most common mutualisms in Neotropical regions. Plants secrete extrafloral nectar, a carbohydrate-rich food that attracts ants, which in return protect plants against herbivores. This ant-plant mutualism is subjected to temporal variation, in which abiotic factors can drive the establishment and frequency of such mutualistic interaction. However, studies investigating how abiotic factors (e.g., climate) directly and indirectly influence ant-plant-herbivore interactions are incipient.</li> <li>In this study, we investigated direct and indirect (via plant phenology) effects of temperature and rainfall on ant-plant-herbivore interactions. To address these goals, we estimated six plant phenophases (newly flushed leaves, fully-expanded leaves, deciduousness, floral buds, flowers, and fruits) monthly, the activity of EFNs and abundance of ants and herbivores in 18 EFN-bearing plant species growing in a markedly seasonal region (the Brazilian Cerrado) during a complete growing season.</li> <li>Our results showed that (i) there were marked seasonal patterns in all plant phenophases, EFN activity, and the abundance of ants and herbivores; (ii) the peak of EFN activity and ant and herbivore abundance simultaneously occurred at the beginning of the rainy season, when new leaves flushed; and (iii) rainfall directly and indirectly (via changes in theproduction of new leaves) influenced EFN activity and this in turn provoked changes in ant abundance (but not on herbivores).</li> <li> <i>Synthesis</i>: Overall, our results build toward a better understanding of how climate drives seasonal patterns in ant-plant-herbivore interactions, explicitly considering plant phenology over time.</li> </ol>
CRABS CLAW-independent floral nectary development in Penstemon barbatus
<p>Data and Scripts for the "CRABS CLAW-independent floral nectary development in Penstemon barbatus" manuscript.</p> <p> </p> <p>Scripts:</p> <ol> <li>fastp.sh - filter and quality trim reads using fastp on all samples</li> <li>1ribo_detect.sh - detect and filter rRNA. Example script for 1 sample.</li> <li>gffread.sh - convert P. barbatus genome annotation GFF to a GTF for use in STAR</li> <li>star_initalize.sh - initalize STAR for the P. barbatus genome</li> <li>1star_ribo.sh - Example script for aligning reads from 1 sample to the genome.</li> <li>htseq_ribo.sh - counting reads for each sample using HTseq</li> <li>deseq2_code.R - R script for running the transcriptome tissue comparisons in DEseq2 with the output from HTseq.</li> <li>deseq_PCA.R - R script for the generation of the PCA plots for the samples. To be used in conjuction with the deseq2_code.R script.</li> <li>20230321_topGO_script.R - R script for Gene Ontology analyses in topGO.</li> <li>area_perimeter_cor.R - R script for vasculature ANOVAs.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p>Data:</p> <ol> <li>Genome files <ul> <li>4_LG_2022_maker.all.maker.proteins.fasta - protein sequences for all genes in the P. barbatus genome in Wessinger et al. 2023</li> <li>4_LG_2022_maker.all.maker.noseq.gff - GFF file for all genes in the P. barbatus genome in Wessinger et al. 2023</li> </ul> </li> <li>HTseq output trimmed to only the counts (excludes other log information) - trimmed_htseq_35404342.txt</li> <li>DEseq2 output <br> <ul> <li>Early stage <ul> <li>barb_early_nect_nonect_FDR0.01_LFC0.csv</li> <li>barb_early_nect_nonect_FDR0.01_LFC0.annotated.csv</li> </ul> </li> <li>Late stage <ul> <li>barb_late_nect_nonect_FDR0.01_LFC0.csv</li> <li>barb_late_nect_nonect_FDR0.01_LFC0.annotated.csv</li> </ul> </li> <li>Nectar removal <ul> <li>barb_stage5_6_FDR0.01_LFC0.csv</li> <li>barb_stage5_6_FDR0.01_LFC0.annotated.csv</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Orthofinder output - N0.tsv</li> <li>Vasculature raw data - 20231025_bud_measurements_pbarb.csv</li> <li>Archive_Images directory - contains raw section images stained with either Alcian Blue & Safranin O or </li> </ol>
Pericarpial nectary-visiting ants do not provide fruit protection against pre-dispersal seed predators regardless of ant species composition and resource availability
<p> This dataset describes the number of flowers, fruits and seed set of <em>Tocoyena formosa</em> in branches exposed (control) and isolated (ant exclusion) from ants, as well as the visiting ants and seed predators reared from fruits collected from both treatments.</p>
Plant species with larger extrafloral nectaries produce better quality nectar only when needed and favour interactions with best ant partners
<p>Few studies investigated the phenotypic plasticity of extrafloral nectary (EFN) functioning associated with indirect plant defense across species. Here, we experimentally investigate in three sympatric legume species the role of EFNs, hypothesizing that plant species with larger EFNs have higher induced nectar secretion after herbivory events, greater control over secretion, and are more likely to interact with more protective ant partners. We targeted 30 individuals of each legume species and estimated EFN size and activity in the field. We conducted field experiments to evaluate the phenotypic plasticity of nectar production after leaf damage and censused ant species feeding on EFNs. Plant species increased nectar after leaf damage but in different ways. Supporting our hypothesis, <em>C. duckeana</em>, with the largest EFNs, increased all nectar descriptors, taking its place as the most productive and intense post-herbivory induced response, attracting more dominant ants than the other plant species. The higher control over reward production in plant species with larger-sized EFN reflects an induction mechanism under damage that reduces costs and increases the potential benefits of indirect biotic defences. Together, these plant traits shape the patterns of ant attendance and defence against herbivores, possibly favouring the maintenance of plant protection mutualisms widespread in nature.</p>
Data from: Plant protection services mediated by extrafloral nectaries decline with aridity but are not influenced by chronic anthropogenic disturbance in Brazilian Caatinga
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Variation in the production of plant tissues bearing extrafloral nectaries explains temporal patterns of ant attendance in Amazonian understory plants
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Plant species with larger extrafloral nectaries produce better quality nectar only when needed and favour interactions with best ant partners
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Data from: Ants on flowers: Protective ants impose a low but variable cost to pollination, moderated by location of extrafloral nectaries and type of flower visitors
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Data from: Nectary size is a pollination syndrome trait in Penstemon
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Plant species-specificity of ant-plant mutualistic interactions: Differential predation of termites by Camponotus crassus on five species of extrafloral nectaried plants
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