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21 results for “neuroanatomy”
Data from: Gut-resident microorganisms and their genes are associated with cognition and neuroanatomy in children
<p>The gastrointestinal tract, its resident microorganisms, and the central nervous system are connected by biochemical signaling, also known as the "microbiome-gut-brain-axis." Both the human brain and the gut microbiome have critical developmental windows in the first years of life, raising the possibility that their development is co-occurring and likely co-dependent. Emerging evidence implicates gut microorganisms and microbiota composition in cognitive outcomes and neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism and anxiety), but the influence of gut microbial metabolism on typical neurodevelopment has not been explored in detail. We investigated the relationship of the microbiome with the neuroanatomy and cognitive function of 381 healthy children, demonstrating that differences in gut microbial taxa and gene functions are associated with overall cognitive function and with differences in the size of multiple brain regions. Using a combination of multivariate linear and machine learning (ML) models, we showed that many species, including <em>Alistipes obesi</em> and <em>Blautia wexlerae</em>, were associated with higher cognitive function, while some species such as <em>Ruminococcus gnavus</em> were more commonly found in children with low cognitive scores after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Microbial genes for enzymes involved in the metabolism of neuroactive compounds, particularly short-chain fatty acids such as acetate and propionate, were also associated with cognitive function. In addition, ML models were able to use microbial taxa to predict the volume of brain regions, and many taxa that were identified as important in predicting cognitive function also dominated the feature importance metric for individual brain regions, and for specific subscales of cognitive function. For example, <em>B. wexlerae</em> was the most important species in models predicting the size of the parahippocampal region in both the left and right hemispheres and was among the top predictors of gross motor and expressive language performance. Several species from the phylum Bacteroidetes, including GABA-producing <em>Bacteroides ovatus</em>, were important for predicting the size of the left accumbens area, but not the right. These findings provide potential biomarkers of neurocognition and brain development and may lead to the future development of targets for early detection and early intervention.</p>
Fig. 4 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina
Fig. 4. Reconstructed endocast of braincase (A–C) and inner ear (D–G) of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 MACN-RN 02) from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia; in left (A, D), right (B), ventral (C), posterior (E), anterior (F), and dorsal (G) views. Endocasts (A–C, D1–G1); line drawings (D2–G2). Blue, encephalon; pink, inner ear; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; p, posterior; r, right.
Fig. 2 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina
Fig. 2. Reconstructed endocast of braincase of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 (MACN-RN 144) from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia; in dorsal (A), ventral (B), left (D), and right (E) views, with a ventral view of both the fossil specimen and the endocast (C). Blue, encephalon; gray, braincase; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; p, posterior; r, right.
Fig. 6. 3D in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina
Fig. 6. 3D-reconstructed endocast based on the information of the studied specimens representing the brain morphology of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia. A. Braincase and endocasts in 3D positioned over a line drawing reconstruction of the skull in left lateral view; based on the mounted skeletons at the MACN (size for the line drawing is estimative). B. Dorsal view of the 3D specimens MACN-RN 144 (transparent red), MACN-RN 143 (transparent green) and MACN-RN 02 transparent blue) in order from left to right and as they were positioned to compile the final endocranial reconstruction. C. Final endocast reconstruction in right (C1) and left (C2), dorsal (C3), and ventral (C4) views. The anatomical labelling was presented in former figures. Blue, encephalon; pink, inner ear; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; p, posterior; r, right. All specimens with their 3D endocasts are presented as a 3D pdf in the SOM.
Fig. 1 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina
Fig. 1. Hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia, braincases and their reconstructed endocasts. A. MACN-RN 144 in dorsal view. B. MACN-RN 02 in posterior view. C. MACN-RN 143 in lateral view. Photographs (A1–C1), CT-scan rendition of endocasts (A2–C2). Transparent gray, braincase; blue, encephalon; pink, inner ear; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; r, right.
Fig. 5 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina
Fig. 5. Reconstructed endocast of braincase of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 (MACN-RN 143) from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia; in lateral right (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views. Blue, encephalon; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; r, right.
Data from: Gut-resident microorganisms and their genes are associated with cognition and neuroanatomy in children
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Intravenous Ketamine Effects on Functional Neuroanatomy
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04205890. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
Data from: Neuroanatomy of the mekosuchine crocodylian Trilophosuchus rackhami Willis, 1993
<p>Although our knowledge on crocodylomorph palaeoneurology has experienced considerable growth in recent years, the neuroanatomy of many crocodylomorph taxa has yet to be studied. This is true for Australian taxa, where thus far only two crocodylian crocodylomorphs have had aspects of their neuroanatomy explored. Here, the neuroanatomy of the Australian mekosuchine crocodylian <em>Trilophosuchus rackhami</em> is described for the first time, which significantly increases our understanding on the palaeoneurology of Australian crocodylians. The palaeoneurological description is based on the taxon's holotype specimen (QMF16856), which was subjected to a µCT scan. Because of the exceptional preservation of QMF16856, most neuroanatomical elements could be digitally reconstructed and described in detail. Therefore, the palaeoneurological assessment presented here is hitherto the most in-depth study of this kind for an extinct Australian crocodylomorph. <em>Trilophosuchus</em> <em>rackhami</em> has a brain endocast with a distinctive morphology that is characterized by an acute dural peak over the hindbrain region. While the overall morphology of the brain endocast is unique to <em>T</em>. <em>rackhami</em>, it does share certain similarities with the notosuchian crocodyliforms <em>Araripesuchus</em> <em>wegeneri</em> and <em>Sebecus</em> <em>icaeorhinus</em>. The endosseous labyrinth displays a morphology that is typical for crocodylians, although a stand-out feature is the unusually tall common crus. Indeed, the common crus of <em>T</em>. <em>rackhami</em> has one of the greatest height ratios among crocodylomorphs with currently known endosseous labyrinths. The paratympanic pneumatic system of <em>T</em>. <em>rackhami</em> is greatly developed and most similar to those of the extant crocodylians <em>Osteolaemus</em> <em>tetraspis</em> and <em>Paleosuchus</em> <em>palpebrosus</em>. The observations on the neuroanatomy of <em>T</em>. <em>rackhami</em> are also discussed in the context of Crocodylomorpha. The comparative palaeoneurology reinforces previous evaluations that the neuroanatomy of crocodylomorphs is complex and diverse among species, and <em>T</em>. <em>rackhami</em> has a peculiar neuromorphology, particularly among eusuchian crocodyliforms.</p>
Phylogenetic matrix from: Osteology and neuroanatomy of a Miocene phasianid (Aves: Galliformes) from the Miocene of Nebraska
<p>Tetraoninae (grouse) and Meleagridinae (turkeys) are conspicuous representatives of the modern North American avifauna. The pre-Pleistocene fossil record of these clades has historically been limited to fragmentary remains, in some cases contributing to confusion rather than improving our understanding of how these charismatic landfowl evolved. We report an exquisitely preserved partial skeleton representing a new species of Late Miocene phasianid from the Ash Hollow Formation of Nebraska. <em>Centuriavis lioae</em> is a phasianid species close in size to modern sage-grouse that diverged prior to the grouse-turkey split and thus offers insight into the early history of this radiation. The cranial endocast resembles other North American phasianids and differs from odontophorids in exhibiting a strongly projected Wulst bordered by a well-defined vallecula. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that <em>Centuriavis</em> <em>lioae</em> gen. et sp. nov. forms a clade with Tetraoninae, Meleagridinae, and <em>Pucrasia</em> <em>macrolopha</em> (Koklass pheasant). The new fossil species provides a late Miocene minimum calibration for the divergence of these extant taxa from other Galliformes and supports the hypothesis of a single dispersal from Asia to North America by a lineage that later gave rise to grouse and turkeys.</p>
Neuroanatomy of Reading in Congenital Deafness.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00400413. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion Perception, Recognition, Learning, and Memory
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00458432. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Phylogenetic matrix from: Osteology and neuroanatomy of a Miocene phasianid (Aves: Galliformes) from the Miocene of Nebraska
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Data from: Neuroanatomy of the mekosuchine crocodylian Trilophosuchus rackhami Willis, 1993
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Data from: Lateralized feeding behavior is associated with asymmetrical neuroanatomy and lateralized gene expressions in the brain in scale-eating cichlid fish
Lateralized behavior ('handedness') is unusual, but consistently found across diverse animal lineages, including humans. It is thought to reflect brain anatomical and/or functional asymmetries, but its neuro-molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlid fish, Perissodus microlepis show pronounced asymmetry in their jaw morphology as well as handedness in feeding behavior – feeding scales preferentially only from one or the other side of their victims. This makes them an ideal model in which to investigate potential laterality in neuroanatomy and transcription in the brain in relation to behavioral handedness. After determining behavioral handedness in P. microlepis (preferred attack side), we estimated the volume of the hemispheres of brain regions and captured their gene expression profiles. Our analyses revealed that the degree of behavioral handedness is mirrored at the level of neuroanatomical asymmetry, particularly in the tectum opticum. Transcriptome analyses showed that different brain regions (tectum opticum, telencephalon, hypothalamus and cerebellum) display distinct expression patterns, potentially reflecting their developmental interrelationships. For numerous genes in each brain region, their extent of expression differences between hemispheres was found to be correlated with the degree of behavioral lateralization. Interestingly, the tectum opticum and telencephalon showed divergent biases on the direction of up- or down-regulation of the laterality candidate genes (e.g., grm2) in the hemispheres, highlighting the connection of handedness with gene expression profiles and the different roles of these brain regions. Hence, handedness in predation behavior may be caused by asymmetric size of brain hemispheres and also by lateralized gene expressions in the brain.
Fig 2 from: Strauß J (2019) What determines the number of auditory sensilla in the tympanal hearing organs of Tettigoniidae? Perspectives from comparative neuroanatomy and evolutionary forces. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 205-219. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.33586
Fig 2 Standardized effects of call patterns in Neoconocephalus on the number of CA sensilla and CA length for a. Pulse rate; b. Structure of continuous or discontinuous calls; and c. Pulse pattern. The evolutionary derived call characters are a slow pulse rate, discontinuous calls, and double pulses. Significance levels: * 0.05 > p > 0.01; ** 0.01 > p > 0.001. Adapted from Strauß et al. 2017, with permission from John Wiley and Sons.
Fig 1 from: Strauß J (2019) What determines the number of auditory sensilla in the tympanal hearing organs of Tettigoniidae? Perspectives from comparative neuroanatomy and evolutionary forces. Journal of Orthoptera Research 28(2): 205-219. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.33586
Fig 1 The auditory system of bushcrickets. a. Schematic of the acoustic trachea (at) from the acoustic spiracle (as) in the thorax into the foreleg with tympanal membranes (ty) in the proximal tibia; b. Transverse section of the tibia at the level of the tympana and crista acustica in Gampsocleis gratiosa; in Gampsocleis gratiosa; c. The sensory organs in the proximal tibia of the male Tettigonia viridissima. The dorsal cuticle has been removed after axonal tracing of the tympanal nerve with cobalt solution to stain sensory neurons of the subgenual organ (SGO), intermediate organ (IO) and crista acustica. The crista acustica is placed between the anterior tympanum (aty) and posterior tympanum (pty). The tympanal flaps (tf) cover the tympanal membranes. Arrows indicate the tectorial membrane; d. Morphological differences of sensory neurons along the crista acustica from G. gratiosa, showing the (di) third-most proximal, (dii) middle, and (diii) third-most distal sensillum. Abbreviations: at, anterior trachea; aty, anterior tympanum; cc, cap cell; de, dendrite; dow, dorsal tracheal wall; hc, haemolymph channel; IO, intermediate organ; nmc, nerve muscle channel; nsc, nucleus of scolopale cell; pn, perikarya of sensory neurons; pt, posterior trachea; pty, posterior tympanum; s, septum; sb, supporting band; scol, scolopale cap and rods; SGO, subgenual organ; sli, slit; sn, sensory neuron; tf, tympanal flap; tm, tectorial membrane. Scales: 500 µm (B), 100 µm (C), 50 µm (D). Figure a. reprinted from Strauß et al. 2014, with permission from John Wiley and Sons. b., d. redrawn from Lin et al. 1994, with permission from John Wiley and Sons.
The Functional Neuroanatomy of the Human Physiological Stress Response
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03867344. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Data from: Lateralized feeding behavior is associated with asymmetrical neuroanatomy and lateralized gene expressions in the brain in scale-eating cichlid fish
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Functional Neuroanatomy and Regional Metabolism Before and After Treatment With Duloxetine
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02658617. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 0.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.