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7 results for “niche and fitness differences”
Different measures of niche and fitness differences tell different tales
<p>In Modern Coexistence Theory, species coexistence can either arise via strong niche differences or weak fitness differences. Having a common currency for interpreting these mechanisms is essential for synthesizing knowledge across different studies and systems. However, several methods for quantifying niche and fitness differences exist, with little guidance on how and why these methods differ. Here, we first organize the available methods into three groups and review their differences from a conceptual point of view.Next, we apply four methods to quantify niche and fitness differences to one simulated and one empirical data set. We show that these methods do not only differ quantitatively, but affect how we interpret coexistence. Specifically, the different methods disagree on how resource supply rates (simulated data) or plant traits (empirical data) affect niche and fitness differences. We argue for a better theoretical understanding of what connects and sets apart different methods and more precise empirical measurements to foster appropriate method selection in coexistence theory.</p>
Different measures of niche and fitness differences tell different tales
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Data from: Higher-order species interactions cause time-dependent niche and fitness differences: experimental evidence in plant-feeding arthropods
<p><strong>trajectories.csv </strong>(the raw data)</p> <p><strong>id</strong>: replicate identifier<br><strong>variant</strong>: co-existence status ("competition" or "monoculture")<br><strong>day</strong>: day of experiment<br><strong>species</strong>: mite species ("CRM" or "WCM")<br><strong>n</strong>: population density</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>model.R</strong></p> <p>The R script with the GAMM fitted to the trajectory data (the GAMM model is saved as <strong>model.RData</strong>); also produces simulations from this model (saved as <strong>sim.csv</strong>).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>model.RData</strong></p> <p>The GAMM for growth rates.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>sim.csv</strong> (simulations from the GAMM)</p> <p><strong>day</strong>: day of experiment<br><strong>spec_var</strong>: combination of co-existence status ("competition" or "monoculture") and species ("CRM" or "WCM")<br><strong>X1:X1000</strong>: population densities simulated from the fitted GAMM (on the log scale)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>NFD_over_time_monte_carlo_gam.py</strong></p> <p>Python script to compute niche and fitness differences. Takes <strong>sim.csv</strong> (densities over time for different instantiations) and <strong>model.RData</strong> (stores the GAMM from R for the growth rates) as input and generates the file <strong>Data_NFD_monte_carlo_multi_c.csv</strong> which stores the niche and fitness differences computed for these communities.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>figures.R</strong></p> <p>The R script that produces Figures 2-4.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>plot_biotic_model.py</strong></p> <p>Python code to generate the figures S3 and S4 showing the simulations of a biotic resource competition model. </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>plot_abiotic_model.py</strong></p> <p>Python code to generate the figures S1 and S2 showing simulations of an abiotic resource competition model. </p>
Fitness and niche differences are both important in explaining responses of plant diversity to nutrient addition
<p><span>Plant species loss due to eutrophication is a common phenomenon in temperate perennial grasslands. It occurs in a non-random fashion and is usually explained by increased competitive size asymmetry between co-occurring winner (tall species with optima in productive habitats) and loser species (small-statured plants typical for unproductive habitats). It remains unclear why nutrient addition decreases diversity in communities consisting of losers only, whereas it has little effect on winner-only communities. Here, I used the framework of modern coexistence theory to explore fertilization-driven changes in fitness and niche differences between different combinations of field-identified winner (W) and loser (L) species. I experimentally estimated competition parameters for plant species pairs constructed from a pool of eight species, including pairs of species from the same (WW, LL) and different species categories (LW) grown for approximately two years in control and fertilized conditions. Concurrently, I also followed plant species diversity in mesocosm communities constructed from the same species pool (four-species communities including winners, losers, or both) exposed to control and nutrient addition. </span><span>I found that nutrient addition can reduce but, unexpectedly, also promote species coexistence depending on the type of species pairs. Whereas nutrient addition eroded coexistence of losers with winners, but also with other losers, treatment had the opposite effect on the persistence of winner species. Fertilization induced large fitness differences between species in loser-winner and loser-loser combinations, but had little effect on the fitness differences of species within the winner-winner combination. In addition, the persistence of winner pairs was promoted by larger niche differences compared to loser species, irrespective of soil nutrients. The differences in how nutrient addition modified coexistence at the pairwise level were reflected by differences in evenness of multispecies communities assembled from the corresponding species categories.</span> <span>These results suggest that the effect of eutrophication on plant species richness cannot simply be explained by an increased competitive asymmetry. To fully understand the effect of fertilization on the diversity of temperate grasslands, interspecific and intraspecific interactions should be explored while considering differences in species' ecological optima.</span></p>
Fitness and niche differences are both important in explaining responses of plant diversity to nutrient addition
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Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi equalize differences in plant fitness and facilitate plant species coexistence through niche differentiation
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Data from: Niche and fitness differences determine invasion success and impact in laboratory bacterial communities
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