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28 results for “nitrification”
Hubbard Brook Nitrogen Oligotrophication (HBNO): In-situ Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification, 2021-2023
The goal of this project is to test the overarching hypothesis that positive feedback mechanisms involving changes in seasonal cycles that diminish N availability to plants such that plant N demand is not met by soil N availability in northern forests. Specifically, we hypothesize that increasing N demand by plants (induced by increasing temperatures, longer growing seasons, and other environmental changes) leads to greater N resorption by trees in autumn, increased C:N in litter, and greater net immobilization of N by soil microbes in the following spring. However, the timing of snowmelt and soil freezing in spring may further affect net mineralization and N availability for plants. These hypotheses are being tested with a combination of observational, experimental, and modeling approaches at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire: 1) measurements at 14 previously established sites along an elevation/aspect climate gradient; 2) litter and snow manipulation experiments at six sites along the climate gradient to create variation in soil climate conditions and microbial N immobilization during spring. We leveraged 14 sites previously established along an elevation and aspect-driven climate gradient at Hubbard Brook as a “natural climate experiment" to test our hypothesis that a positive feedback between N cycling during fall senescence and spring contributes to declining N availability in northern forests. This elevation gradient encompasses variation in mean annual air temperature of ~2.5 °C that is similar to the change projected to occur with climate change over the next 50–100 years in the northeastern U.S. There is relatively little variation in soils along the gradient. We are utilizing three sites at higher elevation (~550-660 m, north facing) and three sites at lower elevation (~375-500 m, south facing) for the litter and snow manipulation experiments to maximize the differences in temperature among the 14 sites. Litterbox manipulation: The objecti
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: In-situ Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification measurements for 4 winter climate change projects
These data are from four separate projects undertaken between 1997 and 2017. The first of these are two snow manipulation (freeze) projects: 1) In 1997, as part of a study of the relationships between snow depth, soil freezing and nutrient cycling, we established eight 10 x 10-m plots located within four stands; two dominated (80%) by sugar maple (SM1 and SM2) and two dominated by yellow birch(YB1 and YB2), with one snow reduction (shoveling) and one reference plot in each stand. 2) In 2001, we established eight new 10-m x 10-m plots (4 treatment, 4 reference) in four new sites; two high elevation, north facing and (East Kineo and West Kineo) two low elevation, south facing (Upper Valley and Lower Valley) maple-beech-birch stands. To establish plots, we cleared minor amounts of understory vegetation from all (both treatment and reference) plots (to facilitate shoveling). Treatments (keeping plots snow free by shoveling through the end of January) were applied in the winters of 1997/98, 1998/99, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004. The Climate Gradient Project was established in October 2010. Here we evaluated relationships between snow depth, soil freezing and nutrient cycling along an elevation/aspect gradient that created variation in climate with little variation in soils or vegetation. We established 6 20 x 20-m plots (intensive plots) and 14 10 x 10-m plots (extensive plots), with eight of the plots facing north and twelve facing south. The Ice Storm project was designed to evaluate the damage and changes ice storms cause to northern hardwood forests in forest structure, nutrient cycling and carbon storage. Ten 20x30 meter plots were established in a predominately sugar maple stand, with 4 icing treatments and 2 control plots. The treatments are as follows: Low (0.25"), Mid (0.5"), Midx2 (0.5") 2 Years in a row, High: (0.75"), Control. The icing treatment was conducted in the winter of 2015-2016, with a second year of icing on the Midx2 treatments plots in the winter of 20
Surface and hyporheic porewater chemistry and sediment nitrification potentials in Von Guerard Stream, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2018-2020)
Surface water and hyporheic porewater samples were collected at high frequency during the 2017-18 (01/20/2018-01/21/2018) and 2018-19 (01/10/2019-01/12/2019) flow seasons, and opportunistically throughout the 2019-20 flow season (12/17/2019-1/25/2020) from the lower reaches of Von Guerard Stream, Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Porewater samples were collected using plastic tubing inserted to depths of 15 or 30 cm and drawn out by syringe. This data package includes sampling locations and water chemistry data (including concentrations for dissolved organic nitrogen species, dissolved organic carbon, silica, as well as water isotopes). A laboratory nitrification potential assay was performed on sediments collected from Von Guerard stream during the 2017-18 flow season to assess the functional microbial potential of the hyporheic microbial community to perform nitrification.
Rates of greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) fluxes, denitrification-derived N2O and N2 fluxes and nitrification-derived N2O fluxes from salt marsh soils in Quebec, Canada and Louisiana, U.S. under ambient and elevated temperature and nutrient loading.
<p>Dataset used in <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10533-023-01104-0?utm_source=rct_congratemailt&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=oa_20231214&utm_content=10.1007/s10533-023-01104-0#citeas">Elevated temperature and nutrients lead to increased N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from salt marsh soils from cold and warm climates</a>.</p> <p>The dataset contains fluxes calculated from headspace gas samples taken over a 24 hour period from intact soil cores, as well as corresponding environmental data. Intact soil cores (0-15 cm depth, 2.5 cm diameter) were taken at five sampling locations along a 20 m transect using a soil auger or piston corer. Samples were collected along a transect in four marsh sites in Quebec, Canada (La Pocatière: 47°22'24.7"N 70°03'26.3"W) and Louisiana, U.S. (Barataria Basin: 29°33'47.3"N 90°04'22.8"W and 29°29'52.2"N 89°55'00.2"W) from two vegetation types (<em>Sporobolus alterniflorus</em> formerly known as <em>Spartina alterniflora </em>and<em> Sporobolus pumilus</em> formerly known as<em> Spartina patens</em>). In Quebec, the two vegetation zones were in the same marsh whereas in Louisiana two separate marshes, dominated by the relevant vegetation, were chosen. Soil samples were collected on the 20-21<sup>st</sup> July 2021 from Louisiana and the 9-10<sup>th</sup> August 2021 from Quebec. Environmental data was collected including <em>in-situ</em> soil temperature and salinity, and gravimetric soil moisture, extractable soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), extractable soil total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), extractable soil nitrate, extractable soil ammonium, extractable soil soluble reactive phosphate, soil total carbon, soil total nitrogen, soil carbon to nitrogen ratio, soil d<sup>13</sup>C and soil d<sup>15</sup>N determined from additional 0-15 cm core samples. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement no. 838296, a NSERC Discovery Grant and a Natural Environment Research Council grant number (NE/T012323/1).</p> <p>Stable <sup>15</sup>N tracers were added to the intact soil cores so that at each location, at each treatment level (ambient and elevated, described below), there was one core receiving no tracer for greenhouse gas fluxes, one core receiving <sup>15</sup>N-NO<sub>3</sub><sup>‑ </sup>for denitrification rates and one core receiving <sup>15</sup>N-NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> for nitrification rates. The cores were incubated at ambient temperature (16 ℃ and 28.1 ℃ for Quebec and Louisiana, respectively) and nutrient concentrations (3.2 NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, 2.0 NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>; 2.9 NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, 2.5 NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>; 0.5 NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, 7.3 NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>and 5.7 NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, 2.8 NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> mg g wet soil<sup>-1</sup> for Quebec <em>S. alterniflorus</em>, Quebec <em>S. pumilus</em>, Louisiana <em>S. alterniflorus</em> and Louisiana <em>S. pumilus</em>, respectively), and elevated temperature (ambient temperature +5 ℃) and nutrient concentration (double ambient concentration). Gas samples were collected from the headspace of 0-15 cm intact cores in a 20 cm high PVC pipe, capped at the top and bottom to create a 5 cm headspace. Gas samples were analysed for greenhouse gases (GHGs: N<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>) and <sup>15</sup>N in denitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O, denitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub> and nitrification-derived N­<sub>2</sub>O.</p> <p>Soil temperature (YSI 30, Baton Rouge, USA or DeltaTrak 11050, Pleasanton, USA) and porewater salinity (YSI 30, Baton Rouge, USA or portable ATC refractometer) were measured in-situ or in the laboratory using the portable refactometer. Additional soil samples were used for multiple analyses; one subsample was extracted with ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ) for DOC and TDN analysis, one subsample was extracted with 2M KCl for NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, one subsample was extracted with Olsen-P solution (0.5 M NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, pH 8.5), for soluble reactive phosphate analysis and one subsample was weighed and dried for soil moisture and then finely ground and analysed for total carbon, total nitrogen, d<sup>13</sup>C and d<sup>15</sup>N.</p> <p>N<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations were measured in the gas samples using a gas chromatograph interfaced with a PAL3 autosampler (Agilent 7890A, Agilent Technologies Ltd, USA) fitted with a flame ionisation detector (FID) for CH<sub>4</sub> analysis and a micro electron capture detector (mECD) for N<sub>2</sub>O analysis. CO<sub>2</sub> was methanised to CH<sub>4</sub> before analysis on the FID. The instrument precision as the relative standard deviation was < 5 % for all of the gases, while the minimum detectable concentration difference (MDCD) was 9 ppb N<sub>2</sub>O, 72 ppb CH<sub>4 </sub>and 31 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>. Potential GHG fluxes were calculated from the linear portion or where the highest production was observed in the concentration-time series ( https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.2436). If fluxes were below the MDCD they were set to zero see (https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003783). The <sup>15</sup>N content of the N<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O was determined using a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Elementar Isoprime PrecisION; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany) coupled with a trace-gas pre-concentrator inlet with autosampler (isoFLOW GHG; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany), with a standard deviation of d<sup>15</sup>N < 0.05 %. Extractable dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen were analysed in soil extractant (ultrapure water 18.2 MΩ, 7:1 of extractant to soil) on a TOC/TDN analyser (TOC VCSn + TMN-1, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), with 50 mg C l<sup>-1</sup> and 10 mg l<sup>-1</sup> standards resulting in accuracy and precision of 0.3 and ±0.3 mg C l<sup>-1</sup>, and 0.5 and ±0.3 mg N l<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Extractable nitrate+nitrite (assumed to be nitrate) and ammonium were analysed in soil extractant (2M KCl, 5:1 of extractant to soil) using a microplate reader and methods in Sims et al., 1995 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369298">https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369298</a>) with a limit of detection of 0.1 ppm and accuracy of ±5 %. Extractable phosphate was analysed in soil extractant (Olsen-P solution 0.5M NaHCO­<sub>3</sub>, pH 8.5, 10:1 of extractant to dry soil) using a microplate reader and methods in Jeannotte et al., 2004 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-004-0760-4) with a limit of detection of 1 mg P l<sup>-1</sup> and accuracy of ±6 %. Soil total carbon, total nitrogen, d<sup>13</sup>C and d<sup>15</sup>N analysis was performed using a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Elementar Isoprime PrecisION; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany) coupled with an elemental analyser (EA) inlet (vario PYRO cube; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). The precision was < 5 % for both C and N and the precision as a standard deviation was < 0.06 % for both d<sup>13</sup>C and d<sup>15</sup>N. Results from the experiments were entered into an Excel spreadsheet for ingestion into the Zenodo data repository.</p>
Nitrification and denitrification in the Community Land Model compared to observations at Hubbard Brook Forest
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Plant nitrogen demand decouples net mineralization and nitrification in disturbed forests
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Net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification across Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Sites
This project organizes data files and code associated with a study evaluating the effect of soil C concentration in the relationship between net N mineralization and net nitrification across terrestrial Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites in North America. Data were aggregated from publically-available LTER databases. Replicated-averaged data and code to replicate figures and analyses in Gill et al. 2022. Soil carbon availability decouples net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification across United States Long Term Ecological Research Site. Biogeochemistry.
Data from: Partitioning between atmospheric deposition and canopy microbial nitrification into throughfall nitrate fluxes in a Mediterranean forest
1. Microbial activity plays a central role in nitrogen (N) cycling, with effects on forest productivity. Though N bio-transformations, such as nitrification, are known to occur in the soil, here we investigate whether nitrifiers are present in tree canopies and actively process atmospheric N. 2. This study was conducted in a Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forest in Spain during the transition from hot dry summer to cool wet winter. We quantified NH4+—N and NO3-—N fluxes for rainfall (RF) and throughfall (TF) and used δ15N, δ18O, and Δ17O to elucidate sources of NO3-. Finally, we characterized microbial communities and abundance of nitrifiers on foliage, RF and TF water through metabarcoding and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, respectively. 3. NO3—N fluxes at the site were larger in TF than RF, suggesting a contribution from dry deposition, as also supported by δ15N and δ18O. However, Δ17O indicated that about 20% of NO3- in TF derived from canopies nitrification in August, after a severe drought, with a lower proportion in September (≈ 8%). This seasonal partitioning between biologically and atmospherically derived NO3- coincided with a decreasing trend of the abundance of archaeal nitrifiers. Tree canopies and TF had more diverse microbial communities than RF. Yet, RF showed higher variability in microbial composition, likely associated to the origin of air masses. 4. Synthesis. Atmospheric N deposition is significantly altered after passing through tree canopies. While nitrification has been proposed as one of the mechanisms responsible for these changes, very few studies directly investigate its occurrence. Here, we showed that nitrification by epiphytic leaf microbes contributed to increasing NO3 in TF and that nitrifiers' activity was reduced going from the dry and hot summer to the cool winter. Overall, these results highlight the power of coupling microbial community analysis, functional gene amplification and stable isotope approaches to examine ecosystem-scale processes.
Relative importance between nitrification and denitrification to N2O from a global perspective
<p><span>Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is a potent greenhouse gas and its mitigation is a pressing task in the coming decade. However, it remains unclear which specific process between concurrent nitrification and denitrification dominates worldwide N<sub>2</sub>O emission. We snagged an opportunity to ascertain whence the N<sub>2</sub>O came and which were the controlling factors on the basis of 1315 soil N<sub>2</sub>O observations from 74 peer-reviewed articles. The average N<sub>2</sub>O emission derived from nitrification (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>) was higher than that from denitrification (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub>) worldwide. The ratios of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O to denitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O, hereof N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub>, exhibited large variations across terrestrial ecosystems.<strong> </strong>Although soil carbon and nitrogen content, pH, moisture, and clay content accounted for a part of the geographical variations in the N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratio, ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM):denitrifier ratio was the pivotal driver for the N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratios, since the AOM:denitrifier ratio accounted for 53.7% of geographical variations in N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratios. Compared with natural ecosystems, soil pH exerted a more remarkable role in dictating the N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratio in croplands. This study emphasizes the vital role of functional soil microorganisms in geographical variations of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratio, and lays the foundation for the incorporation of soil AOM:denitrfier ratio into models to better predict N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>d</sub> ratio. Identifying soil N<sub>2</sub>O derivation will provide a global potential benchmark for N<sub>2</sub>O mitigation by manipulating the nitrification or denitrification.</span></p>
Data from: Nitrification is a minor source of nitrous oxide (N2O) in an agricultural landscape and declines with increasing management intensity
<p>The long-term contribution of nitrification to nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions from terrestrial ecosystems is poorly known and thus poorly constrained in biogeochemical models. Here, using Bayesian inference to couple 25 years of <i>in situ</i> N<sub>2</sub>O flux measurements with site-specific Michaelis-Menten kinetics of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O, we test the relative importance of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O across six cropped and unmanaged ecosystems along a management intensity gradient in the U.S. Midwest. We found that the maximum potential contribution from nitrification to <i>in situ</i> N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes was 13-17% in a conventionally fertilized annual cropping system, 27-42% in a low-input cover-cropped annual cropping system, and 52-63% in perennial systems including a late successional deciduous forest. Actual values are likely to be less than 10% of these values because of low N<sub>2</sub>O yields in cultured nitrifiers (typically 0.04 to 8% of NH<sub>3</sub> oxidized) and competing sinks for available NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> <i>in situ</i>. Most nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O was produced by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) rather than archaea (AOA), who appeared responsible for no more than 30% of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O production in all but one ecosystem. Although the proportion of nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O production was lowest in annual cropping systems, these ecosystems nevertheless produced more nitrification-derived N<sub>2</sub>O (higher V<sub>max</sub>) than perennial and successional ecosystems. We conclude that nitrification is minor relative to other sources of N<sub>2</sub>O in all ecosystems examined.</p>
Database of nitrification and nitrifiers in the global ocean
<p>This is a dataset compiling the observations of nitrification rates and nitrifiers' abundance in the global ocean. A template for scientists who want to add their data to the database is also provided. </p> <p>Tang, W., Ward, B. B., Beman, M., Bristow, L., Clark, D., Fawcett, S., Frey, C., Fripiat, F., Herndl, G. J., Mdutyana, M., Paulot, F., Peng, X., Santoro, A. E., Shiozaki, T., Sintes, E., Stock, C., Sun, X., Wan, X. S., Xu, M. N., and Zhang, Y.: Database of nitrification and nitrifiers in the global ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5039–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, 2023.</p>
Data from: Nitrification is a minor source of nitrous oxide (N2O) in an agricultural landscape and declines with increasing management intensity
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Data from: Partitioning between atmospheric deposition and canopy microbial nitrification into throughfall nitrate fluxes in a Mediterranean forest
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Relative importance between nitrification and denitrification to N2O from a global perspective
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Data from: Quantifying soil gaseous nitrogen losses from nitrification and denitrification based on nitrogen isotope model
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Artificial Communities Experiment: Net Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification Potentials
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The seasonal cycle of nitrogen uptake and nitrification in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean
<p>This data set shows winter and summer nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) uptake, net primary production, and nitrification (ammonium and nitrite oxidation) rates from the upper 200 m of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean.</p> <p> </p>
Nitrification test data with tap water and varying natural organic matter
<p>Laboratory scale nitrification tests with tap water. The effect of two different NOM concentrations were tested.</p> <p>This data is linked to the manuscript "Decreased natural organic matter in water distribution decreases nitrite formation in non-disinfected conditions, via enhanced nitrite oxidation" by Pirjo-Liisa Rantanen<sup>a</sup>, Minna M. Keinänen-Toivola<sup>b</sup>, Merja Ahonen<sup>b</sup>, Alejandro Gonzalez-Martinez<sup>c</sup>, Ilkka Mellin<sup>d</sup>, Riku Vahala<sup>a</sup></p> <p><sup>a</sup> Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O Box 15200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland</p> <p><sup>b</sup> Faculty of Technology, Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 1001, FI-28101 Pori, Finland</p> <p><sup>c</sup> Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain</p> <p><sup>d</sup> Department of Mathematics and Systems Analysis, Aalto University, PO Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland</p>
Data for: Effects of plasma treatment of digestates on pH, nitrification and nitrogen turnover during storage and after soil application
<p>Data for the journal article "Effects of plasma treatment of digestates on pH, nitrification and nitrogen turnover during storage and after soil application"- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2024.103578</p>
Nitrification, denitrification, and related functional genes under elevated CO2: a meta-analysis in terrestrial ecosystems
<p>This file encompasses the data that support the findings of the study entitled "Nitrification, denitrification, and related functional genes under elevated CO<sub>2</sub>: a meta-analysis in terrestrial ecosystems" by Robin Gineyts and Audrey Niboyet in Global Change Biology.</p>
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