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51 results for “nitrous oxide emissions”
National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide
<p>A complete description of the dataset is given by <a href="http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1">Jones et al. (2023)</a>. Key information is provided below.</p> <p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2021.</p> <p>National CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2024; Friedlingstein et al., 2024). </p> <p>National CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024).</p> <p>We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).</p> <p>Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).</p> <p>The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).</p> <p><strong>Data records: overview</strong></p> <p>The data records include three comma separated values (.csv) files as described below.</p> <p>All files are in ‘long’ format with one value provided in the <em>Data</em> column for each combination of the categorical variables <em>Year, Country Name, Country ISO3 code, Gas, and Component</em> columns.</p> <p><em>Component</em> specifies fossil emissions, LULUCF emissions or total emissions of the gas.</p> <p><em>Gas</em> specifies CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O or the three-gas total (labelled 3-GHG).</p> <p><em>Country ISO3 codes</em> are specifically the unique ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes of each country.</p> <p><strong>Data records: specifics</strong></p> <p>Data are provided relative to 2 reference years (denoted <em>ref_year </em>below): 1850 and 1991. 1850 is a mutual first year of data spanning all input datasets. 1991 is relevant because the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was operationalised in 1992.</p> <p><em>EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_{ref_year-20}-2023.csv:</em> <em>Data </em>includes annual emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> (Pg CO<sub>2</sub> year<sup>-1</sup>), CH<sub>4</sub> (Tg CH<sub>4</sub> year<sup>-1</sup>) and N<sub>2</sub>O (Tg N<sub>2</sub>O year<sup>-1</sup>) during the period <em>ref_year-20 </em>to 2023. The <em>Data</em> column provides values for every combination of the categorical variables. Data are provided from <em>ref_year-20</em> because these data are required to calculate GWP* for CH<sub>4</sub>.</p> <p><em>EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_{ref_year+1}-2023.csv: Data </em>includes the cumulative CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent emissions in units Pg CO<sub>2</sub>-e<sub>100</sub> during the period <em>ref_year+1</em> to 2023 (i.e. since the reference year). The <em>Data</em> column provides values for every combination of the categorical variables. </p> <p><em>GMST_response_{ref_year+1}-2023.csv:</em> <em>Data</em> includes the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST) due to emissions of the three gases in units °C during the period <em>ref_year+1</em> to 2023 (i.e. since the reference year). The <em>Data</em> column provides values for every combination of the categorical variables. </p> <p><strong>Accompanying Code</strong></p> <p>Code is available at: <a href="https://github.com/jonesmattw/National_Warming_Contributions">https://github.com/jonesmattw/National_Warming_Contributions</a> .</p> <p>The code requires Input.zip to run (see README at the GitHub link).</p> <p><strong>Further info: Country Groupings</strong></p> <p>We also provide estimates of the contributions of various country groupings as defined by the UNFCCC:</p> <ul> <li>Annex I countries (number of countries, n = 42)</li> <li>Annex II countries (n = 23)</li> <li>economies in transition (EITs; n = 15)</li> <li>the least developed countries (LDCs; n = 47)</li> <li>the like-minded developing countries (LMDC; n = 24).</li> </ul> <p>And other country groupings:</p> <ul> <li>the organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD; n = 38)</li> <li>the European Union (EU27 post-Brexit)</li> <li>the Brazil, South Africa, India and China (BASIC) group.</li> </ul> <p>See COUNTRY_GROUPINGS.xlsx for the lists of countries in each group.</p>
GHG Dataset for the frontiers publication "Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission and Methane Exchange from Diversified Cropping Systems in Pannonian Region"
<p>GHG Dataset used in the Frontiers Publication "Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission and Methane Exchange from Diversified Cropping Systems in Pannonian Region". Additionally including CO2 besides N2O and CH4. Includes 3 cropping seasons.</p> <p>The data is also available online on the GHG flux visualisation and calculation tool "gasflxvis": https://sae-interactive-data.ethz.ch/gasflxvis/</p> <p>Further details on the calulation are provided both on gasflxvis and the Frontiers publication. Calculation procedure according the following PLOS ONE publication: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200876</p>
Emissions of nitrous oxide and methane after field application of liquid organic fertilizers and biochar
<p>This dataset corresponds to the open access article "Emissions of nitrous oxide and methane after field application of liquid organic fertilizers and biochar" published in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108642">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108642</a>) funded by the Swiss Federal Offices for the Environment (BAFU), Agriculture (BLW) and Energy (BFE).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Reduced snow cover increases wintertime nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from an agricultural soil in the upper U.S. Midwest
Throughout most of the northern hemisphere, snow cover decreased in almost every winter month from 1967 to 2012. Because snow is an effective insulator, snow cover loss has likely enhanced soil freezing and the frequency of soil freeze–thaw cycles, which can disrupt soil nitrogen dynamics including the production of nitrous oxide (N2O). We used replicated automated gas flux chambers deployed in an annual cropping system in the upper Midwest US for three winters (December–March, 2011–2013) to examine the effects of snow removal and additions on N2O fluxes. Diminished snow cover resulted in increased N2O emissions each year; over the entire experiment, cumulative emissions in plots with snow removed were 69% higher than in ambient snow control plots and 95% higher than in plots that received additional snow (P < 0.001). Higher emissions coincided with a greater number of freeze–thaw cycles that broke up soil macroaggregates (250–8000 µm) and significantly increased soil inorganic nitrogen pools. We conclude that winters with less snow cover can be expected to accelerate N2O fluxes from agricultural soils subject to wintertime freezing.
Data related to "Emissions of atmospherically reactive gases nitrous acid and nitric oxide from arctic permafrost peatlands"
<p>The data file contains the individual (each replicate) values of the soil variables and gas fluxes obtained from the study. It contains data shown in the both main text and supplementary files. </p>
Grazing-related nitrous oxide emissions: from patch scale to field scale - Dataset
<p>Dataset presented and referenced in the corresponding Biogeosciences publication by Voglmeier et al. (2019) [see Related identifiers]. The dataset results from a field experiment in Posieux, Switzerland. During that experiment N2O emissions of two pasture systems were measured over an entire grazing season in 2016. Field scale emissions were quantified using the eddy covariance method while small scale emissions from excreta and background patches were measured with the fast-box technique. The spreadsheet file contains half-hourly values of measured soil and meteo data. A second sheet contains information about the processed fast-box fluxes. Detailed information on the measurement methods and the data evaluation is presented in Voglmeier et al. (2019).</p>
Data from: Reduced snow cover increases wintertime nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from an agricultural soil in the upper U.S. Midwest
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Machine learning reveals dynamic controls of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from diverse long-term cropping systems
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Data from: Differential pulse sensitivity of nitric and nitrous oxide emissions to temperature, carbon, and nitrogen following wetting of desert soils
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Carbon-sink potential of continuous alfalfa agriculture lowered by short-term nitrous oxide emission events
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Data from: Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from subsurface soils of agricultural ecosystems
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major greenhouse gas and cultivated soils are the most important anthropogenic source. N2O production and consumption are known to occur at depths below the A or Ap horizon but their magnitude in situ is largely unknown. At a site in SW Michigan USA we measured N2O concentrations at different soil depths and used diffusivity models to examine the importance of depth-specific production and consumption. We also tested the influence of crop and management practices on subsurface N2O production in 1) till vs. no-till, 2) a nitrogen fertilizer gradient, and 3) perennial crops including successional vegetation. N2O concentrations below 20 cm exceeded atmospheric concentrations by up to 900 times, and profile concentrations increased markedly with depth except immediately after fertilization when production was intense in the surface horizon, and in winter, when surface emissions were blocked by ice. Diffusivity analysis showed that N2O production at depth was especially important in annual crops, accounting for over 50% of total N2O production when crops were fertilized at recommended rates. At nitrogen fertilizer rates exceeding crop need, subsurface N2O production contributed 25-35% of total surface emissions. Dry conditions deepened the maximum depth of N2O production. Tillage did not. In systems with perennial vegetation, subsurface N2O production contributed <20% to total surface emissions. Results suggest that the fraction of total N2O produced in subsurface horizons can be substantial in annual crops, is low under perennial vegetation, appears to be largely controlled by subsurface nitrogen and moisture, and is insensitive to tillage.
Data from: Legacy effects of land use on soil nitrous oxide emissions in annual crop and perennial grassland ecosystems
Land use conversions into and out of agriculture may influence soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas fluxes for many years. We tested the legacy effects of land use on cumulative soil nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes for five years following conversion of 22 year-old Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands and conventionally tilled agricultural fields (AGR) to continuous no-till corn, switchgrass, and restored prairie. An unconverted CRP field served as a reference. We assessed the labile soil C pool of the upper 10 cm in 2009 (the conversion year) and in 2014 using short-term soil incubations. We also measured in situ soil N2O fluxes biweekly from 2009 through 2014 using static chambers except when soils were frozen. The labile C pool was ~2-fold higher in soils previously in CRP than in those formerly in tilled cropland. Five-year cumulative soil N2O emissions were ~3-fold higher in the corn system on former CRP than on former cropland despite similar fertilization rates (~184 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The lower cumulative emissions from corn on former cropland were similar to emissions from switchgrass that was fertilized less (~57 kg N ha-1 yr-1), regardless of former land use, and lowest emissions were observed from the unfertilized restored prairie and reference systems. Findings support the hypothesis that soil labile carbon levels modulate the response of soil N2O emissions to nitrogen inputs, with soils higher in labile carbon but otherwise similar – in this case reflecting land use history – responding more strongly to added nitrogen.
Data from: Nitrous oxide emissions during establishment of eight alternative cellulosic bioenergy cropping systems in the North Central United States
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils are a key sustainability metric of cropping systems. During crop establishment, disruptive land-use change is known to be a critical, but under reported period, for determining GHG emissions. We measured soil N2O emissions and potential environmental drivers of these fluxes from a three-year establishment-phase bioenergy cropping systems experiment replicated in southcentral Wisconsin (ARL) and southwestern Michigan (KBS). Cropping systems treatments were annual monocultures (continuous corn, corn–soybean–canola rotation), perennial monocultures (switchgrass, miscanthus, and poplar), and perennial polycultures (native grass mixture, early successional community, and restored prairie) all grown using best management practices specific to the system. Cumulative three-year N2O emissions from annuals were 142% higher than from perennials, with fertilized perennials 190% higher than unfertilized perennials. Emissions ranged from 3.1 to 19.1 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1 for the annuals with continuous corn > corn–soybean–canola rotation and 1.1 to 6.3 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1 for perennials. Nitrous oxide peak fluxes typically were associated with precipitation events that closely followed fertilization. Bayesian modeling of N2O fluxes based on measured environmental factors explained 33% of variability across all systems. Models trained on single systems performed well in most monocultures (e.g., R2 = 0.52 for poplar) but notably worse in polycultures (e.g., R2 = 0.17 for early successional, R2 = 0.06 for restored prairie), indicating that simulation models that include N2O emissions should be parameterized specific to particular plant communities. Our results indicate that perennial bioenergy crops in their establishment phase emit less N2O than annual crops, especially when not fertilized. These findings should be considered further alongside yield and other metrics contributing to important ecosystem services.
Global nitrous oxide emissions from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs during 1850-2019
<p>Data for paper "Increased nitrous oxide emissions from global lakes and reservoirs since the pre-industrial era", accepted at Nature Communications 2023.</p><p>Data are in ascii-format at a spatial resolution of 30 arcmin. Header for ascii-format files - ncols: 720 - nrows: 354 - xllcorner: -180 - yllcorner: -88.5 - cellsize: 0.5 - NODATA_value: -9999. The unit of the datasets is g N /yr.</p>
Soil nitrous oxide emissions from global specialty crop systems
<p>The data were extracted from published studies. All references and data sources are listed. </p> <p>We conducted an exhaustive literature search using Google Scholar and Web of Science databases. The searched keywords were 'soil nitrous oxide emission', 'soil greenhouse gas emission', and 'soil trace gas emission' respectively combined with each specialty crop. We searched for the common specialty crops listed by USDA, including fruits, tree nuts, and vegetables (https://www.ams.usda.gov/services/grants/scbgp/specialty-crop). The most recent search was in November 2023. For each article returned by the search, we evaluated whether it reported field observations of annual cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. Laboratory and greenhouse studies were excluded. This process identified 1137 observations from 114 studies. These studies covered six continents and four main climate types (Köppen climate classification). Area-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were reported as annual cumulative emissions (kg N<sub>2</sub>O-N ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>). Yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were calculated by dividing area-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by fresh weight yield (kg N<sub>2</sub>O-N Mg fresh yield<sup>−1</sup>). The emission factor (EF) for annual cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O emission was calculated by EF (%) = (E<sub>N</sub> − E<sub>0</sub>)/N<sub>rate</sub>. The E<sub>N</sub> and E<sub>0</sub> are the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions (kg N<sub>2</sub>O-N ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>) with and without N fertilizer, respectively. The N<sub>rate</sub> is the N fertilizer application rate (kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> year<sup>−1</sup>). Soil properties and environmental factors were also listed if they were avalable. Empty cells in the datasheet indicate no data avalable for that category or variable.</p>
Dataset for "Overwinter and spring thaw nitrous oxide fluxes in a northern Prairie cropland are limited but a significant proportion of annual emissions"
<p>This dataset contains the data used in the publication "Overwinter and spring thaw nitrous oxide fluxes in a northern Prairie cropland are limited but a significant proportion of annual emissions" in Global Biogeochemical Cycles. This study presented micrometeorological N2O fluxes measured using the flux-gradient method over 4 years in Saskatchewan, Canada, to evaluate the magnitude of freeze-thaw N2O emissions and investigate its driving factors. The files contain the daily average N2O emissions and supporting environmental data.</p>
Data for: Biological mitigation of soil nitrous oxide emissions by plant metabolites
<p>Plant metabolites significantly affect soil nitrogen (N) cycling, but their influence on nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions has not been quantitatively analyzed on a global scale. We conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of 173 observations from 42 articles to evaluate global patterns of, and principal factors controlling, N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in the presence of root exudates and extracts. Overall, plant metabolites promoted soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by about 10%. However, the effects of plant metabolites on N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from soils varied with experimental conditions and properties of both metabolites and soils. Primary metabolites, such as sugars, amino acids, and organic acids, strongly stimulated soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, by an average of 79%, while secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, terpenoids, and flavonoids, often characterised as both biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) and biological denitrification inhibitors (BDIs), reduced soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by an average of 41%. The emission mitigation effects of BNIs/BDIs were closely associated with soil texture and pH, increasing with increasing soil clay content and soil pH on acidic and neutral soils, and with decreasing soil pH on alkaline soils. We furthermore present soil incubation experiments that show that three secondary metabolite types act as BNIs to reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by 32-45% while three primary metabolite classes possess a stimulatory effect of 56-63%, confirming the results of the meta-analysis. Our results highlight the potential role and application range of specific secondary metabolites in bio-mitigation of global N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, and provide new biological parameters for N<sub>2</sub>O emission models that should help improve the accuracy of model predictions.</p>
Long term lake mesocosm warming experiment: dataset of nitrous oxide concentrations, emissions and ancillary variables
<p>Dataset of nitrous oxide concentrations, emissions and ancillary variables collected at theLong term lake mesocosm warming experiment in Lemming, Denmark. </p>
Dataset for: Exploring the legacy effect of biochar application on soil nitrous oxide emissions
<p><span>This dataset contains data for exploring the legacy effects of biochar addition on soil nitrous oxide emissions and their effects on functional gene abundance associated with soil nitrogen cycling. The dataset contains two data files, one is a data table on the impact of biochar application on soil nitrous oxide emissions, which contains the coordinates of the study site, climate, basic physical and chemical properties of the soil, biochar characteristics and study duration, crop type and management. The other is the data table on the effect of biochar application on the abundance of functional genes related to soil nitrogen cycling, which contains information such as test site coordinates, climate, biochar characteristics, crop type and management. This data can be referenced and reused without any legal or ethical considerations</span>.</p>
Data for: Nitrous oxide emissions from groundnut and millets farms in semi-arid peninsular India
<p>Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions response curves for crops grown outside temperate regions have been rare and have thus far arrived at conflicting conclusions. Most studies reporting N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from tropical cropping systems have examined only one or two nitrogen fertilizer application rate(s) which precludes the possibility of discovering nonlinear changes in emission factors (EF, % of added N converted to N<sub>2</sub>O-N) with increasing fertilizer-N rates. To examine the relationship between N rates and N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes in a tropical region, we compared farming practices with three or four N rates for their yield-scaled impacts from three crops in peninsular India. We measured N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes during nine seasons between 2012 and 2015, with N application rates ranging between 0 and 70, 0 and 90, and 0 and 480 kg-N ha<sup>-1</sup> for foxtail-millet (<em>Setaria italica</em> L., locally called korra), groundnut (<em>Arachis hypogaea</em> L., also called peanut) and finger-millet (<em>Eleusine coracana</em> L., locally called ragi), respectively. In two cases, the highest N application rate greatly exceeded crop-N needs. Potential climate smart farming agricultural practices (with low/optimized N rates) led to a 50-150% reduction in N<sub>2</sub>O emissions intensity (per unit yield) along with a reduction of 0.2-0.75 tCO2e ha<sup>-1</sup> season<sup>-1</sup> as compared to high N conventional applications. We found a non-linear increase in N<sub>2</sub>O flux in response to increasing applied N for both N-fixing and non N-fixing crops and the extent of super-linearity for non N-fixing crops was much higher than what has been reported earlier. If a linear fit is imposed on our datasets, the emission factors (EFs) for finger-millet and groundnut were ~3.5% and ~1.8%, respectively. Our data shows that for low-N tropical cropping systems, even when they have low soil carbon content, increase in N use to levels just above crop needs to enhance productivity might lead to relatively small increase in N<sub>2</sub>O emissions as compared to the impact of equivalent changes in fertilizer-N use in systems fertilized far beyond crop N needs.</p>
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