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Fig. 6 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 6. Phenotypic variation among the four species represented by the first two coordinate axes of a principal component analysis.Twelve morphological characters were analyzed (Table 3). A Mantel test of the multivariate morphological differences among species was highly significant (P <0.0001). In addition, LO1 shows further differentiation based on geography, with distinct clusters recovered for both Baja and Sonora samples.

Fig. 5. Bayesian skyline plots for three Idarnes species. X in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 5. Bayesian skyline plots for three Idarnes species. X-axes are in units of mutations per site, while y-axes are in units of effective population size scaled by mutation rate. LO1 shows sharp growth in population size, whereas SO1 and SO2 show a similar pattern of consistent population size through time with minimal growth. LO2 was not included as it contains two cryptic species reducing sample sizes too low for analysis.

Fig. 2. A in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 2. A habitus drawing of an Idarnes wasp. The drawing represents a wasp from the LO1 species associated with host Ficus petiolaris. Illustrated are the 12 morphological characters measured for analysis.The characters are as follows: 1) presence of antennal setulae, 2) number of antennal segments, 3) scape length, 4) scape color (amber vs dark), 5) head width, 6) inter-antennal distance, 7) facial width, 8) collar length, 9) stigmal vein length, 10) femur color (amber vs dark), 11) body length, and 12) ovipositor length.

Fig. 3 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 3. Maximum-clade credibility tree for Idarnes mtDNA sequences from wasps associated with Ficus petiolaris. Four distinct clades (LO1, SO1, LO2, SO2) each with a posterior probability of 1.0 were recovered.There is little information in the data as to how these four clades are related. Posterior probabilities ≥0.50 are presented.Taxon names are composed of clade name, locality number, and internal lab numbers. In addition, LO1 sequences show phylogeographic structure, with sequences primarily clustering based on if sampled from Baja California (BC) or Sonora (S). One sequence (denoted with black box) is an exception, where the wasp was sampled from Sonora (locale 12; see Fig. 1) yet clusters with Baja California sequences.

opencc-by-4.0May 2016View details →

Figure 2 in First record of a non-pollinating fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Sycophaginae) from Dominican amber, with estimation of the size of its host figs

Figure 2. Linear regression between Idarnes carme sp. gp ovipositor sheath lengths and median host fig diameters. Lines represent fitted model (red) and fig diameter ±95% CI (blue) for a 1.2 mm ovipositor sheath length, which represents the ovipositor sheath length of I. thanatos sp. nov. Each point represents a different fig wasp species and the fig diameter of its host species.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Plant connectivity underlies plant-pollinator-exploiter distributions in Ficus petiolaris and associated pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps

Mutualism is ubiquitous in nature, and nursery pollination mutualisms provide a system well suited to quantifying the benefits and costs of symbiotic interactions. In nursery pollination mutualisms, pollinators reproduce within the inflorescence they pollinate, with benefits and costs being measured in the numbers of pollinator offspring and seeds produced. This type of mutualism is also typically exploited by seed-consuming non-pollinators that obtain resources from plants without providing pollination services. Theory predicts that the rate at which pollen-bearing "foundresses" visit a plant will strongly affect the plant's production of pollinator offspring, non-pollinator offspring, and seeds. Spatially aggregated plants are predicted to have high rates of foundress visitation, increasing pollinator and seed production, and decreasing non-pollinator production; very high foundress visitation may also decrease seed production indirectly through the production of pollinators. Working with a nursery mutualism comprised of the Sonoran Desert rock fig, Ficus petiolaris, and host-specific pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps, we use linear models to evaluate four hypotheses linking species interactions to benefits and costs: 1) foundress density increases with host-tree connectivity, 2) pollinator production increases with foundress density, and 3) non-pollinator production and 4) seed production decrease with pollinator production. We also directly test how tree connectivity affects non-pollinator production. We find strong support for our four hypotheses, and we conclude that tree connectivity is a key driver of foundress visitation, thereby strongly affecting spatial distributions in the F. petiolaris community. We also find that foundress visitation decreases at the northernmost edge of the F. petiolaris range. Finally, we find species-specific effects of tree connectivity on non-pollinators to be strongly correlated with previously estimated non-pollinator dispersal abilities. We conclude that plant connectivity is highly important for predicting plant-pollinator-exploiter dynamics, and discuss the implications of our results for species coexistence and adaptation.

publicJan 2016View details →

Data from: Plant connectivity underlies plant-pollinator-exploiter distributions in Ficus petiolaris and associated pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps

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publicMar 2021View details →

Low host specificity and broad geographic ranges in a community of parasitic non-pollinating fig wasps (Sycoryctinae; Chalcidoidea)

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publicApr 2021View details →

Differential effects of nematode infection on pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps: can shared antagonism provide net benefits to a mutualism?

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Fig. 4 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 4. Maximum-clade credibility tree representing the complete Idarnes data set.Tips of the tree are labeled with the host fig taxon name.The four Idarnes species associated with Ficus petiolaris do not form a monophyletic group, suggesting a history of host switching for the Idarnes species associated with F. petiolaris. Additionally, LO2 is not monophyletic but forms two distinct clades, with Idarnes sampled from other host fig trees interspersed between them.The two Idarnes samples collected from Ficus pertusa in sympatry with F. petiolaris cluster with one of the LO2 clades (denoted by a circle). Black squares represent posterior probabilities ≥0.95; gray squares represent posterior probabilities <0.95 and ≥0.5. All other nodes had support values below 0.5. Wasps that formed monophyletic groups and were associated with the same host fig species were collapsed for visual purposes.

Fig. 1. Sampling sites for Idarnes wasps associated with Ficus petiolaris. Idarnes wasps were collected from host F in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 1. Sampling sites for Idarnes wasps associated with Ficus petiolaris. Idarnes wasps were collected from host F. petiolaris localities distributed across Sonoran Desert habitats in Baja California (1–11) and Sonora (12–16), Mexico. Locales 1–13 are from F. petiolaris subspecies palmeri and locales 14–16 are from F. petiolaris subspecies petiolaris. See Table 1 for additional details.

Fig. 7 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris

Fig. 7. Idarnes behavioral assays. (A) The proportion of the total number of Idarnes individuals of each species (N at top) observed ovipositing into syconia of each of four developmental stages, from early female phase to interphase (labeled on right). (B) The proportion of I. flavicollis (LO1) and I. carme (SO1+SO2) wasps developing in inner, middle, and outer ranks of ovules within syconia.