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Data from: Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing reveals local adaptation despite high levels of gene flow in Sardinella lemuru (Bleeker, 1853) along the northern coast of Mindanao, Philippines
<p>Stock identification and delineation are important in the management and conservation of marine resources. These were highlighted as priority research areas for Bali sardinella (<em>Sardinella lemuru</em>) which is among the most commercially important fishery resources in the Philippines. Previous studies have already assessed the stocks of <em>S. lemuru</em> between Northern Mindanao Region (NMR) and Northern Zamboanga Peninsula (NZP), yielding conflicting results. Phenotypic variation suggests distinct stocks between the two regions, while mitochondrial DNA did not detect evidence of genetic differentiation for this high gene flow species. This paper tested the hypothesis of regional structuring using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) acquired through restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). We examined patterns of population genomic structure using a full panel of 3,573 loci, which was then partitioned into a neutral panel of 3,348 loci and an outlier panel of 31 loci. Similar inferences were obtained from the full and neutral panels, which were contrary to the inferences from the outlier panel. While the full and neutral panels suggested a panmictic population (global F<sub>ST</sub> ~ 0, p > 0.05), the outlier panel revealed genetic differentiation between the two regions (global F<sub>ST</sub> = 0.161, p = 0.001; F<sub>CT</sub> = 0.263, p < 0.05). This indicated that while gene flow is apparent, selective forces due to environmental heterogeneity between the two regions play a role in maintaining adaptive variation. Annotation of the outlier loci returned five genes that were mostly involved in organismal development. Meanwhile, three unannotated loci had allele frequencies that correlated with sea surface temperature. Overall, our results provided support for local adaptation despite high levels of gene flow in <em>S. lemuru</em>. Management therefore should not only focus on demographic parameters (e.g., stock size, catch volume), but also consider the preservation of adaptive variation.</p>
Fig. 1 in First description of the breeding biology and behaviour of the near threatened northern sooty woodpecker Mulleripicus funebris (Valenciennes 1826) (Piciformes: Picidae) in Luzon Island, Philippines
Fig. 1 - Cavity nest excavated by the northern sooty woodpecker: a) nest entrance; b) nest contents. / Nido scavato dal picchio fuligginoso: a) ingresso del nido; b) contenuto del nido. (Photo: / Foto: Erwin S. Quijano, 29 May 2022).
Fig. 2 in First description of the breeding biology and behaviour of the near threatened northern sooty woodpecker Mulleripicus funebris (Valenciennes 1826) (Piciformes: Picidae) in Luzon Island, Philippines
Fig. 2 - Contribution of male and female northern sooty woodpecker to different breeding activities in one full daylight observation period (06:00-18:00). Nest building and brooding efforts were expressed as proportions of time spent (%) from total observation hours whereas feeding and faecal sac removal as proportions of counts (%) from total number of incidences. / Contributo del maschio e della femmina di picchio fuligginoso alle diverse attività riproduttive durante un intero periodo di osservazione diurna (06:00-18:00). Lo sforzo per la costruzione del nido e la cova è stato espresso come proporzione del tempo trascorso (%) rispetto al totale delle ore di osservazione, mentre l'alimentazione e la rimozione delle sacche fecali come proporzione dei conteggi (%) rispetto al numero totale di incidenze.
Figure 3 in Two New Species Of The Genus Metapocyrtus Heller 1912, Subgenus Dolichocephalocyrtus Schultze 1925 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) From Northern Mindanao, Philippines
Figure 3. Male genitalia of Metapocyrtus (Dolichocephalocyrtus) malindangensis sp. nov.: A. penis in dorsal view, B. idem. in lateral view, C. sternite IX in dorsal view. Male genitalia of Metapocyrtus (Dolichocephalocyrtus) baulorum sp. nov.: D. penis in dorsal view, E. idem. in lateral view, F. sternite IX in dorsal view.
Figure 2 in Two New Species Of The Genus Metapocyrtus Heller 1912, Subgenus Dolichocephalocyrtus Schultze 1925 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) From Northern Mindanao, Philippines
Figure 2. Metapocyrtus (Dolichocephalocyrtus) baulorum sp. nov. – A–C, Holotype male; A. dorsal view, B. lateral view, C rostrum (dorsal view). D–F, Paratype female; D. dorsal view, E. lateral view, and F. rostrum (dorsal view).
Figure 5 in Two New Species Of The Genus Metapocyrtus Heller 1912, Subgenus Dolichocephalocyrtus Schultze 1925 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) From Northern Mindanao, Philippines
Figure 5. Species of plants associated with Metapocyrtus (Dolichocephalocyrtus) baulorum sp. nov.: A– Philippine oak tree, Lithocarpus sulithi (Soepadmo 1970); B– leaves of a Philippine oak tree with visible chew marks; C– M. (D.) baulorum sp. nov. perching on its natural habitat.
Figure 1 in Two New Species Of The Genus Metapocyrtus Heller 1912, Subgenus Dolichocephalocyrtus Schultze 1925 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) From Northern Mindanao, Philippines
Figure 1. Metapocyrtus (Dolichocephalocyrtus) malindangensis sp. nov. – A–C, Holotype male; A. dorsal view, B. lateral view, C rostrum (dorsal view). D–F, Paratype female; D. dorsal view, E. lateral view, and F. rostrum (dorsal view).
Figure 4 in Two New Species Of The Genus Metapocyrtus Heller 1912, Subgenus Dolichocephalocyrtus Schultze 1925 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) From Northern Mindanao, Philippines
Figure 4. Species of plants associated with Metapocyrtus (Dolichocephalocyrtus) malindangensis sp. nov.: A– Elephant fern, Angiopteris evecta (Hoffm 1796), locally known as "Lukdo-lukdo"; B– Pteridium aquilinum (Kuhn 1879); C– Cyathea sp.; D– Medinilla sp.
FIGURE 6. Grasshoffia profundica n in The Genus Grasshoffia with the Description of a New Deep-water Species from the Northern Philippines (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea: Virgulariidae)
FIGURE 6. Grasshoffia profundica n. sp. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites from polyps and polyp leaves. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.
FIGURE 3. Grasshoffia profundica n in The Genus Grasshoffia with the Description of a New Deep-water Species from the Northern Philippines (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea: Virgulariidae)
FIGURE 3. Grasshoffia profundica n. sp. External morphology. A. Holotype (CAS 207514). B. Paratype (CAS 207515); scale bar for A and B = 40 mm. C. Detail of holotype rachis. D. Detail of holotype rachis. E. Detail of paratype rachis; scale bar for C-E = 10 mm. F. Detail of rachis of paratype showing broadly ovate polyp leaves with narrow proximal region attached to the rachis; scale bar = 5.0 mm. G. Diagram of a single autozooid, pinnules not shown; scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in The Genus Grasshoffia with the Description of a New Deep-water Species from the Northern Philippines (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea: Virgulariidae)
FIGURE 2. Late afternoon view from the eastern shore of Balayan Bay, southern Luzon, Philippines – the eastern part of the bay shown here is the type locality of Grasshoffia profundica sp. nov.
FIGURE 4. Grasshoffia profundica n in The Genus Grasshoffia with the Description of a New Deep-water Species from the Northern Philippines (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea: Virgulariidae)
FIGURE 4. Grasshoffia profundica n. sp. Scanning electron micrographs of axial morphology. A. Transverse section of axis from the distal region of the rachis showing arrangement of wedge-shaped sections of calcareous material radiating outward from the central core; scale bar = 0.3 mm. B. Enlarged detail of the central region from Fig. 2A showing concentration of organic matter in the central core and several elongated, tadpole-shaped channels surrounding the core; scale bar = 0.2 mm. C. Longitudinal external view of portion of axis from the distal region of the rachis showing uniformly smooth surface; scale bar = 0.5 mm. D. Enlarged detail of axial surface (from Fig. 2C) showing short, slit-shaped orifices; scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 7. Grasshoffia profundica n in The Genus Grasshoffia with the Description of a New Deep-water Species from the Northern Philippines (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea: Virgulariidae)
FIGURE 7. Grasshoffia profundica n. sp. Scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites from polyps and polyp leaves. Scale bars = 0.02 mm.
Fig. 5 in A new subspecies of Pachyrhynchus corpulentusSchultze, 1922 (Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) from Northern Mindanao, the Philippines with notes on species ecology
Fig. 5. Mount Balatukan (a) and some of the common threats in the area such as the clearing of forests forFalcata (b) and squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) (b) plantations.
Fig. 4 in A new subspecies of Pachyrhynchus corpulentusSchultze, 1922 (Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) from Northern Mindanao, the Philippines with notes on species ecology
Fig. 4.Habitat of Pachyrhynchus corpulentus balatukansubsp. nov. (b), a mixed agro-forest (a) of Mount Balatukan, Civoleg, Gingoog City, Misamis Oriental, Mindanao, Philippines.
Fig. 1 in A new subspecies of Pachyrhynchus corpulentusSchultze, 1922 (Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) from Northern Mindanao, the Philippines with notes on species ecology
Fig. 1. Map of the Philippines and Mindanao showing Mount Balatukan, Civoleg, Gingoog City, Misamis Oriental (8°43'26" N, 125°00'13" E; 1,294 m asl) where the specimens of the new subspecies were collected.
Fig. 3 in A new subspecies of Pachyrhynchus corpulentusSchultze, 1922 (Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) from Northern Mindanao, the Philippines with notes on species ecology
Fig. 3. Pachyrhynchus corpulentus balatukansubsp. nov. male aedegus in lateral (a), ventral (b), dorsal (c). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Fig. 2 in A new subspecies of Pachyrhynchus corpulentusSchultze, 1922 (Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) from Northern Mindanao, the Philippines with notes on species ecology
Fig. 2. Pachyrhynchus corpulentus balatukan subsp. nov. habitus holotype male (c, d), paratype female (a, b), dorsal (a, c), and lateral (b, d) views. Scale bar: 3 mm.
Data from: Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing reveals local adaptation despite high levels of gene flow in Sardinella lemuru (Bleeker, 1853) along the northern coast of Mindanao, Philippines
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Fig. 8. Rostrum ofP. corpulentus corpulentusSchultze, 1922 in A new subspecies of Pachyrhynchus corpulentusSchultze, 1922 (Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) from Northern Mindanao, the Philippines with notes on species ecology
Fig. 8. Rostrum ofP. corpulentus corpulentusSchultze, 1922.
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