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13 results for “omnivory”
Figure 2 in How omnivory affects the survival and choices of earwig Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)?
Figure 2. Night feeding time of Doru luteipes with different food sources after 24 and 48 hours starvation. (A) first instar nymphs and 24 hour starvation (p = 0.16); (B) first instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.07); (C) second instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.02*); (D) second instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.60); (E) third instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.17); (F) thirdinstar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.25); (G) fourth-instar nymphs and 24 h starvation (p = 0.84); (H) fourth-instar nymphs and 48 h starvation (p = 0.67); (I) adult and 24 h starvation (p = 0.14), (J) adult and 48 h starvation (p = 0.02*).
Figure 1 in How omnivory affects the survival and choices of earwig Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)?
Figure 1. Survival curves based on Kaplan-Meier estimates nonparametric method for immature stages of Doru luteipes as a food-sources function.
Fig. 2 in Dietary ecology of the extinct cave bear: Evidence of omnivory as inferred from dental microwear textures
Fig. 2. Bivariate plot of complexity (Asfc) and anisotropy (epLsar) of extant ursids and Ursus spelaeus.
Fig. 1 in Dietary ecology of the extinct cave bear: Evidence of omnivory as inferred from dental microwear textures
Fig. 1. Meshed axonometrics of digital elevation models showing microwear features. Examples include Ursus americanus (A), black bear (SBMNH 1381, modern specimen from California); Ursus arctos (B), brown bear (LACM 31256, modern specimen from Alaska), and Ursus spelaeus (C), cave bear (AMNH 11100, Pleistocene fossil specimen from Germany).
Data from: Toward a geography of omnivory: omnivores increase carnivory when sodium is limiting
1. Toward understanding the geography of omnivory, we tested three hypotheses that predict the proportion of animal tissue consumed: The Sodium Limitation Hypothesis predicts that omnivores increase animal consumption in Na-poor environments because Na bioaccumulates from plants to predators; thus, heterotrophs are Na-rich sources. The Nitrogen Limitation and Habitat Productivity Hypotheses use the same logic to predict more animal consumption in N-poor and productive environments respectively. 2. Omnivory is a common trophic strategy, but what determines the balance of plant and animal tissue omnivores consume is relatively unexplored. Most of what we know comes from single populations at local scales. Here we quantitatively test these three hypotheses at a large geographic scale and across 20 species of omnivorous ants. 3. We tested each hypothesis using N stable isotopes (δ 15 N) to quantify the degree of carnivory in ant populations in 20 forests that span 12° latitude from Georgia to Maine, USA. We used the difference in δ 15 N between 20 ant conspecifics in 10 genera between two paired forests (10 pairs of 20 forests) that consisted of a coastal and inland forests on the same latitude to determine if the proportion of animal tissue consumed could be predicted based on Na, N or NPP. 4. Sodium gradients accounted for 18% of the variation in δ 15 N, 45% if one outlier ant species was omitted. In contrast, the Nitrogen Limitation and Habitat Productivity Hypotheses, which predict more animal consumption in N-poor and more productive environments respectively, failed to vary with δ 15 N. 5. Our results reveal a geography of omnivory driven in part by access to Na.
Data from: Toward a geography of omnivory: omnivores increase carnivory when sodium is limiting
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Data from: Omnivory in bees: elevated trophic positions among all major bee families
As pollen- and nectar-foragers, bees have long been considered strictly herbivorous. Their pollen-provisions, however, are host to abundant microbial communities, which feed on the pollen before/while it is consumed by bee larvae. In the process, microbes convert pollen into a complex of plant and microbial components. Since microbes are analogous to metazoan consumers within trophic hierarchies, the pollen-eating microbes are, functionally, herbivores. When bee larvae consume a microbe-rich pollen complex, they ingest proteins from plant and microbial sources, thus should register as omnivores on the trophic "ladder." We tested this hypothesis by examining the isotopic compositions of amino acids extracted from native bees collected in North America over multiple years. We measured bee trophic position across the six major bee families. Our findings indicate that bee trophic identity was consistently and significantly higher than that of strict herbivores, providing the first evidence that omnivory is ubiquitous among bee fauna. Such omnivory suggests that pollen-borne microbes represent an important protein source for larval bees, which introduces new questions as to the link between floral fungicide residues and bee development.
Omnivory in predatory ladybird beetles is widespread and driven by an appetite for sterols
<p>1. Animals maintain physiological and behavioral systems that allow them to detect and consume specific macro- and micronutrients to maximize their fitness. One common physiological system is the nutrient-state-dependent or demand-driven appetite. These systems are well described for macronutrient regulation, but not for micronutrients.</p> <p>2. Sterols are essential micronutrients that all animals need to survive. They are the backbone of many hormones, important in cell signaling, and an integral component of cell membranes.</p> <p>3. Lady beetles are globally distributed predators of insect herbivores. Adult sevenspotted lady beetles maintain a state-dependent sterol appetite and consume plant tissues to obtain sterols, which improves their fitness. Additionally, sevenspotted lady beetles can detect sterols pre-ingestion.</p> <p>4. We used lady beetle species distributed across the three clades of the Coccinellini to determine 1) whether other beetle species maintain a state-dependent sterol appetite, 2) if sterol structure affects beetles' state-dependent sterol appetite, and 3) whether lady beetles consume foliage in a sterol-state dependent manner. Additionally, we determined 1) what sensory organ beetle's use to detect sterols, 2) their limit of detection, and 3) when during development their appetite manifests.</p> <p>5. All six beetle species we tested maintained a state-dependent appetite for sterols. Sterol structure affected beetles' propensity to feed on sterol-treated disks, indicating that the number and position of double bonds in sterol molecules affects beetles' ability to detect or desire to feed on them. Only beetles in clade three fed on plant foliage in response to sterol-limitation. Few beetles in any clade that were supplemented with sterols consumed plant tissue.</p> <p>6. Beetles' appetite for sterols first appeared during the second larval stadium, and the rate of sterol consumption increased with age. Ablations of sensory organs revealed that beetles use their labial palps to detect sterols, and that they detect them at concentrations as low as 1ppm.</p> <p>7. These data demonstrate that lady beetles across the Coccinellini maintain a state-dependent appetite for an essential class of micronutrients. They also provide very strong evidence that lady beetles can taste sterols, raising the possibility that they maintain novel as-yet undescribed gustatory receptors for an essential class of lipids.</p>
Data from: Trophic omnivory across a productivity gradient: intraguild predation theory and the structure and strength of species interactions
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Data from: Omnivory in bees: elevated trophic positions among all major bee families
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Omnivory in predatory ladybird beetles is widespread and driven by an appetite for sterols
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Data from: Functional implications of omnivory for dietary nutrient balance
Captive experiments have shown that many species regulate their macronutrient (i.e. protein, lipid and carbohydrate) intake by selecting complementary food types, but the relationships between foraging strategies in the wild and nutrient regulation remain poorly understood. Using the pine marten as a model species, we collated available data from the literature to investigate effects of seasonal and geographic variation in diet on dietary macronutrient balance. Our analysis showed that despite a high variety of foods comprising the diet, typical of a generalist predator, the macronutrient energy ratios of pine martens were limited to a range of 50–55% of protein, 38–42% of lipids and 5–10% of carbohydrates. This broad annual stabilisation of macronutrient ratios was achieved by using alternative animal foods to compensate for the high fluctuation of particular prey items, and sourcing non-protein energy (carbohydrates and fats) from plant-derived foods, particularly fruits. Macronutrient balance varied seasonally, with higher carbohydrate intake in summer–autumn, due to opportunistic fruit consumption, and higher protein intake in winter–spring. In terms of their proportional dietary carbohydrate intake the pine marten's nutritional strategy fell between that of true carnivores (e.g. the wolf) and more omnivorous feeders (e.g. the European badger). However, in terms of energy contributed by protein pine martens are equivalent to obligate carnivores such as the wolf and domesticated cat, and different to some omnivorous carnivores such as the domesticated dog and grizzly bears.
Data from: Functional implications of omnivory for dietary nutrient balance
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