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25 results for “ornament size”
Text-fig. 47. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of reticulate-foveolate pollen on the surface of a fruit of Serialis antiquum; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Pollen grain showing angular outline and tectum perforated by foveolae of different sizes; note the braided tectum ornamentation formed by aggregations of small ridges (b); aperture not known; c, d) Pollen grain showing angular outline, tectum perforated by foveolae that become smaller toward the presumed pole; note the relatively smooth tectum and faint pattern of braiding ridges (d); aperture not known. Specimens, TV43-S171535-01 (a, b), TV43-S171535-02 (c, d). Scale bars 6 Μm (a, c), 1 Μm (b, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 47. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of reticulate-foveolate pollen on the surface of a fruit of Serialis antiquum; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Pollen grain showing angular outline and tectum perforated by foveolae of different sizes; note the braided tectum ornamentation formed by aggregations of small ridges (b); aperture not known; c, d) Pollen grain showing angular outline, tectum perforated by foveolae that become smaller toward the presumed pole; note the relatively smooth tectum and faint pattern of braiding ridges (d); aperture not known. Specimens, TV43-S171535-01 (a, b), TV43-S171535-02 (c, d). Scale bars 6 Μm (a, c), 1 Μm (b, d).
Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Burgeria striata gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen surface showing fine striate ornamentation; c–e) Pollen grains showing broad distal colpus with distinct granular ornamentation and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; note the very different sizes of pollen grains in the same pollen clump. Specimen, TV44-S174620. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (c–e), 1.5 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Burgeria striata gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen surface showing fine striate ornamentation; c–e) Pollen grains showing broad distal colpus with distinct granular ornamentation and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; note the very different sizes of pollen grains in the same pollen clump. Specimen, TV44-S174620. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (c–e), 1.5 Μm (b).
Data from: Recurrent evolution of small body size and loss of the sword ornament in Northern swordtail fish
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Data from: The size, symmetry, and color saturation of a male guppy's ornaments forecast his resistance to parasites
Sexually selected ornaments range from highly dynamic traits to those that are fixed during development and relatively static throughout sexual maturity. Ornaments along this continuum differ in the information they provide about the qualities of potential mates, such as their parasite resistance. Dynamic ornaments enable real-time assessment of the bearer's condition: they can reflect an individual's current infection status, or resistance to recent infections. Static ornaments, however, are not affected by recent infection but may instead indicate an individual's genetically-determined resistance, even in the absence of infection. Given the typically aggregated distribution of parasites among hosts, infection is unlikely to affect the ornaments of the vast majority of individuals in a population: static ornaments may therefore be the more reliable indicators of parasite resistance. To test this hypothesis, we quantified the ornaments of male guppies, Poecilia reticulata, before experimentally infecting them with Gyrodactylus turnbulli. Males with more left-right symmetrical black coloration and those with larger areas of orange coloration, both static ornaments, were more resistant. However, males with more saturated orange coloration, a dynamic ornament, were less resistant. Female guppies often prefer symmetrical males with larger orange ornaments, suggesting parasite-mediated natural and sexual selection act in concert on these traits.
Data from: female preference for super-sized male ornaments and its implications for the evolution of ornament allometry
<p><span>It has been argued that disproportionately larger ornaments in bigger males—positive allometry—is the outcome of sexual selection operating on the size of condition dependent traits. We reviewed the literature and found a general lack of empirical testing of the assumed link between female preferences for large ornaments and a pattern of positive allometry in male ornamentation. We subsequently conducted a manipulative experiment by leveraging the unusual terrestrial fish, <em>Alticus </em>sp. cf. <em>simplicirrus</em>, on the island of Rarotonga. Males in this species present a prominent head crest to females during courtship, and the size of this head crest in the genus more broadly exhibits the classic pattern of positive allometry. We created realistic male models standardized in body size but differing in head crest size based on the most extreme allometric scaling recorded for the genus. This included a crest size well outside the observed range for the study population (super-sized). The stimuli were presented to free-living females in a manner that mimicked the spatial distribution of courting males. Females directed greater attention to the male stimulus that exhibited the super-sized crest, with little difference in attention direct to other size treatments. These data appear to be the only experimental evidence from the wild of a female preference function that has been implicitly assumed to drive selection that results in the evolution of positive allometry in male ornamentation.</span></p>
Data for: Size rather than complexity of sexual ornaments prolongs male metamorphosis and explains sexual size dimorphism in sepsid flies
<p><span>Male sexual ornaments often evolve rapidly and are thought to be costly, thus contributing to sexual size dimorphism. However, little is known about their developmental costs, and even less about costs associated with structural complexity. Here, we quantified the size and complexity of three morphologically elaborate sexually dimorphic male ornaments that starkly differ across sepsid fly species (Diptera: Sepsidae). Male forelegs range from being unmodified, like in most females, to being adorned with spines and large cuticular protrusions. The 4th abdominal sternites are either unmodified or are converted into complex de novo appendages. Male genital claspers range from small and simple to large and complex (e.g. bifurcated). </span><span>We tracked the development of 18 sepsid species from egg to adult to determine larval feeding and pupal metamorphosis times of both sexes. We then statistically explored whether pupal and adult body size, ornament size, and/or ornament complexity are correlated with sex-specific development times. Larval growth and foraging periods of male and female larvae did not differ, but the time spent in the pupal stage was ca. 5% longer for sepsid males despite emerging 9% smaller than females on average. Surprisingly, we found no evidence that sexual trait complexity prolongs pupal development beyond some effects of trait size. </span><span>Evolving more complex traits thus does not incur developmental costs.</span></p>
Data from: female preference for super-sized male ornaments and its implications for the evolution of ornament allometry
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Data from: The size, symmetry, and color saturation of a male guppy’s ornaments forecast his resistance to parasites
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Data for: Size rather than complexity of sexual ornaments prolongs male metamorphosis and explains sexual size dimorphism in sepsid flies
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Data from: Odor is linked to adrenocortical function and male ornament size in a colonial seabird
Crested auklets (Aethia cristatella), colonial seabirds of Alaska and Siberia, emit a citrus-like odorant from wick-like feathers. We examined whether the odorant emission is linked to adrenocortical function and correlated with size of the crest feather ornament. Conventional signals like the size of crest ornament are inexpensive to produce and thus may be prone to deception. However, assessment signals such as the odorant could be more reliable if they impose costs and more proximate since they are continually produced. This may be the case for the crested auklet's volatile aldehyde odorant. The signal is composed of highly volatile chemicals that appear to be products of fatty acid metabolism. Adrenocortical function helps to mobilize endogenous resources for metabolism. Elevation of corticosterone may be needed to sustain a reliable chemical signal, but there are physiological costs for prolonged elevation of circulating corticosterone. We predicted that higher odorant emissions would be correlated with larger crest ornaments. Furthermore, we predicted that odorant emissions would be linked to adrenocortical response. Octanal, the most abundant compound in the citrus-like odorant, was positively correlated with crest size in males, and adrenocortical response explained 42% of the variation in octanal emissions, after controlling for stage of the breeding period. Adrenocortical response was positively correlated with octanal emissions (rs = 0.57) in females. We conclude that dominant individuals with greater capacity to mount a more robust stress response may have greater capacity to sustain odorant secretions.
Data from: The size of a melanin-based plumage ornament correlates with glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in the skin of that ornament
Glucocorticoid hormones such as corticosterone (CORT) play crucial roles in many physiological processes. CORT's actions are primarily mediated via binding to two receptors (glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR)) in different target tissues. CORT receptors can be independently regulated from circulating hormone titers, from tissue to tissue and even within different regions of the same tissue type. Increasing evidence has shown relationships between circulating CORT and melanin-based pigmentation in skin and feathers, yet to our knowledge there have been no studies of CORT receptors in the skin of melanized ornaments. Male house sparrows (Passer domesticus) have a black, melanized bib, and evidence suggests that bib size is an important intraspecific signal. We examined the relationship between bib area and tissue sensitivity to CORT by quantifying GR and MR in bib skin and in adjacent paler-feathered belly skin (as a control tissue) at different life history stages using radioligand binding assays. Males with larger bibs relative to their life history stage had less GR in bib skin, but not belly skin, than males with smaller bibs. These results suggest a connection between the size of a melanin-based ornament and the underlying tissue's responsiveness to CORT.
Data from: The size of a melanin-based plumage ornament correlates with glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in the skin of that ornament
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Data from: Odor is linked to adrenocortical function and male ornament size in a colonial seabird
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Data from: Competition for access to mates predicts female-specific ornamentation and male investment in relative testis size
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Data from: Age, condition and dominance-related sexual ornament size before and during the breeding season in the black grouse Lyrurus tetrix
Male ornaments function as honest cues of male quality in many species and are subject to intra- and intersexual selection. These ornaments are generally studied during peak expression, however their size outside the breeding season may determine ultimate ornament size and costliness, and as such reproductive success. We investigated whether male black grouse Lyrurus tetrix eye comb size was related to age, condition and measures of male dominance before and during the breeding season. Total combined eye comb size began to increase ~70 days before the start of the breeding season. Adult males (aged ≥ 2 years old) had consistently larger eye combs than younger males (1 year old) both before and during the breeding season. Heavier and more dominant adult males (attending the lek more frequently and successfully reproducing) had larger eye combs. For younger males, those that were heavier had larger eye combs. Additionally, males that spent more time on the lek showed increased eye comb size as the breeding season approached. Overall we find that ornament size is positively related to dominance and condition before and during the breeding season. Since dominance is accrued through year-round interactions in many species, the ability to maintain larger signals over prolonged periods,
Data from: Ornament size and colour as alternative strategies for effective communication in gliding lizards
Sexual ornamentation needs to be conspicuous to be effective in attracting potential mates and defending territories and indeed, a multitude of ways exists to achieve this. Two principal mechanisms for increasing conspicuousness are to increase the ornament's colour or brightness contrast against the background and to increase the size of the ornament. We assessed the relationship between the colour and size of the dewlap, a large extendible throat-fan, across a range of species of gliding lizards (Agamidae; genus Draco) from Malaysia and the Philippines. We found a negative relationship across species between colour contrast against the background and dewlap size in males, but not in females, suggesting that males of different species use increasing colour contrast and dewlap size as alternative strategies for effective communication. Male dewlap size also increases with increasing sexual size dimorphism, and dewlap colour and brightness contrast increase with increasing sexual dichromatism in colour and brightness, respectively, suggesting that sexual selection may act on both dewlap size and colour. We further found evidence that relative predation intensity, as measured from predator attacks on models placed in the field, may play a role in the choice of strategy (high chromatic contrast or large dewlap area) a species employs. More broadly, these results highlight that each component in a signal (such as colour or size) may be influenced by different selection pressures and that by assessing components individually, we can gain a greater understanding of the evolution of signal diversity.
Data from: Contrasting patterns of selection on the size and coloration of a female plumage ornament in common yellowthroats
Females often possess ornaments that appear smaller and duller than homologous traits in males. These ornaments may arise as nonfunctional by-products of sexual selection in males and cause negative viability or fecundity selection in females in proportion to the cost of their production and maintenance. Alternatively, female ornaments may function as signals of quality that are maintained by sexual or social selection. In a 4-year study of 83 female common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) and their 222 young, we found strong viability and fecundity selection on the yellow bib, a carotenoid-based plumage ornament that is a target of sexual selection in males. Females with larger bibs were older, larger and more fecund than females with smaller bibs. However, bib size positively covaried with bib total brightness and carotenoid chroma, aspects of bib coloration that were under negative viability and fecundity selection. Females with more colourful bibs laid fewer eggs in their first clutch, were more likely to suffer total brood loss due to predation and were less likely to return to the study area. Selection against bib coloration limits the value of bib size as a quality indicator in females and may constrain the elaboration of bib attributes in males.
Negative body size-dependent resource allocation underlies conspicuous sexual ornaments in a territorial damselfly
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Sexual ornaments, signaling individual quality to choosing females or rival males, often show steeper body size scaling compared to non-sexually selected traits. Theory posits such steeper body size scaling is the result of differential resource allocation, reflecting trade-offs between different components of fitness. Yet the process of resource allocation towards body size-dependent sexual ornaments has been rarely understood empirically. Using the Neotropical territorial damselfly <i>Megaloprepus caerulatus</i>, whose males and females carry wax-based, sex-specific white wing bands and white wing tips respectively, we investigated nutrition sensitivity and body size scaling of both traits by manipulating larval food availability and directly quantified both the fat allocated to wing ornaments and the fat reserve from which allocations are made. Both color traits exhibited sensitivity to food availability during larval development and steeper body size scaling compared to control traits. Although the absolute amount of fat invested in developing the color ornaments increased with body size, the proportion of total fat allocated to the ornaments decreased with body size, making exaggerated ornaments less affordable for smaller individuals. Our data demonstrate that knowledge of affordability of exaggeration for resource-based sexual ornament, which requires measuring the resource pool from which ornaments are derived is essential for understanding the maintenance of honesty of sexual signals. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated pollen of Piercipollis sp. (a, b) and Teebacia sp. (c–e); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Isolated pollen grain (arrow) adhering to the much larger pollen of Araucariacites sp. in fragment of a conifer cone; note the size difference between the angiosperm and conifer pollen that is typical in Early Cretaceous floras; b) Pollen grain in (a) enlarged showing the extended aperture and homobrochate reticulum with smooth muri supported by long, scattered, columellae; c) Isolated pollen grains adhering to the outer surface of a Saportanthus parvus flower; d) Pollen grain in (c) enlarged showing the open reticulum and muri ornamented by fine transverse ribs; e) Detail of pollen grain in (d) showing the muri supported by long, scattered columellae; note the fine transverse ribs on the muri. Specimens, Catefica 49-S170139-01 (a, b), Catefica 361-S174322-01 (c–e). Scale bars = 50 Μm (a), 20 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d), 1.5 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated pollen of Piercipollis sp. (a, b) and Teebacia sp. (c–e); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Isolated pollen grain (arrow) adhering to the much larger pollen of Araucariacites sp. in fragment of a conifer cone; note the size difference between the angiosperm and conifer pollen that is typical in Early Cretaceous floras; b) Pollen grain in (a) enlarged showing the extended aperture and homobrochate reticulum with smooth muri supported by long, scattered, columellae; c) Isolated pollen grains adhering to the outer surface of a Saportanthus parvus flower; d) Pollen grain in (c) enlarged showing the open reticulum and muri ornamented by fine transverse ribs; e) Detail of pollen grain in (d) showing the muri supported by long, scattered columellae; note the fine transverse ribs on the muri. Specimens, Catefica 49-S170139-01 (a, b), Catefica 361-S174322-01 (c–e). Scale bars = 50 Μm (a), 20 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d), 1.5 Μm (e).
Data from: Ornament size and colour as alternative strategies for effective communication in gliding lizards
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