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Figure 3 in Comparative ossification and development of the skull in palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 3. Evolution of embryonic and adult palatal morphology of the ratites (phylogeny sensu Bledsoe, 1988, palaeognathous characters 1–3 sensu Zusi & Livezey, 2006). Top row: adult morphology (Parker, 1869, 1891; Beddard, 1898; Simonetta, 1960; Zusi & Livezey, 2006; Silveira & Höfling, 2007). Bottom row: embryonic morphology. Gallus (Jollie, 1957), Rhea, Apteryx (Parker, 1891), and Dromaius are all stage 37; Struthio (Parker, 1866) is slightly older; Aepyornis (Balanoff & Rowe, 2007) and Eudromia (Tinamidae) are late-stage individuals. The palatine is shaded to facilitate comparison.
Figure 2 in Comparative ossification and development of the skull in palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 2. Palatal view of selected palaeognath embryos. A, B, Struthio camelus (modified from Parker, 1866). C, Rhea americana, stage 37 (day 17 of incubation, RM 7219). D, Rhea americana (modified from Müller, 1963). E, Dromaius novaehollandiae, stage 37 (day 28 of incubation, RM 8026). F, Eudromia elegans, day 14 of incubation (YPM 112524). Scale bars = 5 mm. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; exo, exoccipital; mx, maxilla; pal, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; psl, parasphenoid lamina; psr, parasphenoid rostrum; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; v, vomer.
Figure 1 in Enzymatic activity of bone markers on Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) growth during the ossification process
Figure 1. Effect of pH on p NPPase activity of alkaline phosphatase released by PIPLC present in the SPIPLC fraction of tadpole epiphysis and diaphysis and frog epiphysis. T.E.= Tadpole Epiphysis; T.D. = Tadpole Diaphysis; F.E. = Frog Epiphysis.
Fig. 6 in Paedomorphosis and neurocranial ossification in two Devonian lungfishes
Fig. 6. Phylogenetic relationships of lungfishes. 50% majority rule consensus of three equally parsimonious trees at 39 steps (CI = 0.6154, RI = 0.6809) with bootstrap values on branches. The lungfish group has grey branches and other Devonian sarcopterygians (outgroups) have black branches.
Fig. 3 in Paedomorphosis and neurocranial ossification in two Devonian lungfishes
Fig. 3. Micro-CT-scan 3D model of the palate and neurocranial cavities (preserved as pyrite concretions) of the lungfish Scaumenacia curta (Whiteaves, 1881) (MHNM 04-728A) from the Escuminac Formation, middle Frasnian, Upper Devonian at Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. A. 3D model in dorsal view (A1), interpretative drawing (A2). B. 3D model in ventral view (B1), interpretative drawing (B2). Black lines, dermal bones outlines; red lines, pyrite concretions; pink infilling, interpreted as neurocranial parts.
Fig. 2 in Paedomorphosis and neurocranial ossification in two Devonian lungfishes
Fig. 2. Micro-CT-scan 3D model of the skull and pectoral girdle of the lungfish Scaumenacia curta (Whiteaves, 1881) (MHNM 04-243) from the Escuminac Formation, middle Frasnian, Upper Devonian at Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. Right (A1) and left (A2) side in lateral view; dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views.
Fig. 5 in Paedomorphosis and neurocranial ossification in two Devonian lungfishes
Fig. 5. Skull and anterior part of postcranial skeleton of the lungfish Pentlandia macroptera (Traquair, 1888) (NMS G.2022.10.436.1) from Eday Flags, Givetian (Middle Devonian) at Herston Taing, South Ronaldsay, Orkney, UK. Specimen in dorsal view (A1), external view of the skull roof and part of the ossified neurocranium (A2; microCTscan rendering, viewed in Drishti Render).
Fig. 4 in Paedomorphosis and neurocranial ossification in two Devonian lungfishes
Fig. 4. Micro-CT-scan 3D model of the palate and neurocranial cavities (preserved as pyrite concretions) of the lungfish Scaumenacia curta (Whiteaves, 1881) (MHNM 04-728A) from the Escuminac Formation, middle Frasnian, Upper Devonian at Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. A. 3D model in right lateral view (A1), interpretative drawing (A2). B. 3D model in left lateral view (B1), interpretative drawing (B2).
Fig. 1 in Paedomorphosis and neurocranial ossification in two Devonian lungfishes
Fig. 1. Skulls of the lungfish Scaumenacia curta (Whiteaves, 1881) from the Escuminac Formation, middle Frasnian, Upper Devonian at Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. A. MHNM 04-728A, right side in lateral view (A1) and dorsal view (A2); whitened with ammonium chloride. B. MHNM 04-243, left side in lateral view (B1) and dorsal view (B2). Scale bars 10 mm.
Figure 4 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 4. Graph of stage (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951) of first occurrence of ossification for fore- and hindlimb elements for chicken, turkey, emu and rhea embryos. The order in which the elements are presented is standardized against the chicken sequence. Stage 40.5 is the same as stage 40+ in the text, whereas stage 45 represents elements that are ossified in the adult but unossified in the oldest embryo examined. The digit number is in roman numerals; the phalanges are numbered proximally to distally in arabic numerals.
Figure 2 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 2. Lateral view of the hindlimb and pelvic girdle of palaeognath embryos. A–C, Dromaius novaehollandiae: A, stage 32 (RM 8052); B, stage 36 (day 25 of incubation, RM 8023); C, stage 40+ (day 36 of incubation, RM 8034). E–G, Struthio camelus: E, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112437); F, day 21 of incubation (YPM 112444); G, day 34 of incubation (YPM 112459). I, J, Eudromia elegans: I, day 10 of incubation (YPM 112520); J, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112525). D, H, Rhea americana: D, stage 34 (day 14 of incubation, RM 7217); H, stage 40+ (day 26 of incubation, RM 7223). Grey shaded regions represent cartilage; black regions represent ossified tissue. The density of stippling reflects the relative degree of ossification. Scale bar, 5 mm.
Figure 3 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 3. Comparable developmental stages of Meleagris gallopavo (A), Rhea americana (B) and Dromaius novaehollandiae (C). Each embryo is at stage 34 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951) and to the same scale. Arrows mark the proximal and distal extents of the developing wings. Scale bar, 1 cm.
Data from: Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non-feather integumentary structures in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs
<p class="MsoBodyText">Modern birds are typified by the presence of feathers, complex evolutionary innovations that were already widespread in the group of theropod dinosaurs (Maniraptoriformes) that include crown Aves. Squamous or scaly reptilian-like skin is, however, considered the plesiomorphic condition for theropods and dinosaurs more broadly. Here, we review the morphology and distribution of non-feathered integumentary structures in non-avialan theropods covering squamous skin and naked skin as well as dermal ossifications. The integumentary record of non-averostran theropods is limited to tracks, which ubiquitously show a covering of tiny reticulate scales on the plantar surface of the pes. This is consistent also with younger averostran body fossils, which confirm an arthral arrangement of the digital pads. Among averostrans, squamous skin is confirmed in<i> </i>Ceratosauria (<i>Carnotaurus</i>), Allosauroidea (<i>Allosaurus, Concavenator, Lourinhanosaurus</i>), Compsognathidae (<i>Juravenator</i>), and Tyrannosauroidea (<i>Santanaraptor, Albertosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Tarbosaurus, Tyrannosaurus</i>), whereas dermal ossifications consisting of sagittate and mosaic osteoderms are restricted to <i>Ceratosaurus.</i> Naked, non-scale bearing skin is found in the contentious tetanuran <i>Sciurumimus</i>, possibly ornithomimosaurians (<i>Pelecanimimus</i>) and tyrannosauroids (<i>Santanaraptor</i>), and also on the patagia of scansoriopterygids (<i>Ambopteryx, Yi</i>). Scales are surprisingly conservative among non-avialan theropods compared to some dinosaurian groups (e.g., hadrosaurids); however, the limited preservation of tegument on most specimens hinders further interrogation. Scale patterns vary between and/or within body regions in <i>Carnotaurus</i>, <i>Concavenator</i> and <i>Juravenator</i>, and include polarised, snake-like ventral scales on the tail of the latter two genera. Unusual but more uniformly-distributed patterning also occurs in <i>Tyrannosaurus</i>, whereas feature scales are present only in <i>Albertosaurus</i> and <i>Carnotaurus.</i> Few theropods currently show compelling evidence for the cooccurrence of scales and feathers (e.g., <i>Juravenator,</i> <i>Sinornithosaurus</i>), although reticulate scales were probably retained on the mani and pedes of many theropods with a heavy plumage. Feathers and filamentous structures appear to have replaced widespread scaly integuments in maniraptorans<i>.</i> Theropod skin, and that of dinosaurs more broadly, remains a virtually untapped area of study and the appropriation of commonly-used techniques in other palaeontological fields to the study of skin holds great promise for future insights into the biology, taphonomy and relationships of these extinct animals.</p>
Heterotopic Ossification Prophylaxis
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04867278. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
Prevention of Heterotopic Ossification With Arcoxia After Total Hip Replacement
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01022190. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Data from: Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non-feather integumentary structures in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Gene expression in the phenotypically plastic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): a focus on growth and ossification at early stages of development
Gene expression during development shapes the phenotypes of individuals. Although embryonic gene expression can have lasting effects on developmental trajectories, few studies consider the role of maternal effects, such as egg size, on gene expression. Using qPCR, we characterize relative expression of 14 growth and/or skeletal promoting genes across embryonic development in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). We test to what extent their relative expression is correlated with egg size and size at early life‐stages within the study population. We predict smaller individuals to have higher expression of growth and skeletal promoting genes, due to less maternal resources (i.e., yolk) and prioritization of energy toward ossification. We found expression levels to vary across developmental stages and only three genes (Mmp9, Star, and Sgk1) correlated with individual size at a given developmental stage. Contrary to our hypothesis, expression of Mmp9 and Star showed a non‐linear relationship with size (at post fertilization and hatching, respectively), whilst Sgk1 was higher in larger embryos at hatching. Interestingly, these genes are also associated with craniofacial divergence of Arctic charr morphs. Our results indicate that early life‐stage variation in gene expression, concomitant to maternal effects, can influence developmental plasticity and potentially the evolution of resource polymorphism in fishes.
Multi-center observational study on occurrence and related clinical factors of neurogenic heterotopic ossification in patients with disorders of consciousness
<p><strong>Aims</strong>: to assess occurrence and clinical correlates of neurogenic heterotopic ossifications (NHO) in patients with prolonged disorder of consciousness (DoC).<strong>Design</strong>: multi-center cross-sectional observational study.<strong>Setting</strong>: 23 intensive neurorehabilitation units.<strong>Subjects</strong>: 287 patients with prolonged disorder of consciousness (DoC; 150 in vegetative state, VS, and 128 in minimally conscious state, MCS) of different etiology (vascular = 125, traumatic = 83, anoxic = 56, others = 14).<strong>Main Measures</strong>: clinical evidence of NHO confirmed by standard radiological and/or sonographic evaluation; Coma Recovery Scale-Revised; Disability Rating Scale (DRS); Early Rehabilitation Barthel Index; presence of ventilator support, spasticity, bone fractures and paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity.<strong>Results</strong>: 31 patients (11.2%) presented NHO. Univariate analyses showed that NHO was associated with VS diagnosis, traumatic etiology, high DRS category and total score, and high occurrence of limb spasticity and bone fractures. A cluster-corrected binary logistic regression model (excluding spasticity available in a subset of patients) showed that only lower DRS total score and presence of bone fractures were independently associated with NHO.<strong>Conclusions</strong>: NHO are relatively frequent in patients with DoC, and are independently associated with functional disability, bone fractures and spasticity. These findings contribute to identifying patients with DoC prone to develop NHO and requiring special interventions to improve functional recovery.</p>
Figure 17 in Ontogeny of the skeleton of Moenkhausia pittieri (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) with discussion on functional demands and ossification patterns in the Characidae
Figure 17. Caudal fin of Moenkhausia pittieri. A, 5.4 mm standard length (SL), 21 days post-hatching (dph). B, 5.7 mm SL, 25 dph. C, 6.6 mm SL, 31 dph. D, 6.8 mm SL, 34 dph. E, 9.1 mm SL, 37 dph. F, adult, 28.8 mm SL. Abbreviations are explained in Table 1. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figure 18 in Ontogeny of the skeleton of Moenkhausia pittieri (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) with discussion on functional demands and ossification patterns in the Characidae
Figure 18. Sequence of ossification of the skeleton of Moenkhausia pittieri. A, early stages, showing bones that start to ossify from 3.4 mm notocord length (NL) to 6.1 mm standard length (SL). B, later stages, showing bones that start to ossify from 6.2 mm SL onwards. The thin vertical lines represent lengths (NL and SL, in mm) at which ossification can be present or absent. The thick horizontal lines represent the fixed presence of ossifications.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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