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Fig. 9 in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 9. Strict consensus tree from the four MPT's obtained from the morphological cladistic analysis of Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. The stars show the alternative positions of Pseudemydura umbrina. The numbers in the left of the lines are Bremer support values, whereas the numbers in the right of the lines are Jackknife and Bootstrap support values, respectively, that exceed 50%. Abbreviations: Af, Africa, SAm, South America, NAm, North America, Au, Australia; l-n, long-necked panchelids, s-n, short-necked panchelids.

Fig. 7 in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 7. Comparison of thoracic vertebrae 1–3 in some extinct and extant pleurodiran turtles. A. Chelodina colliei Gray, 1856 (NHMUK 64-12-22-66). B. Elseya dentata (Gray, 1863) (NHMUK 76-5-19-27). C. Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. (MPCA-AT 258). D. Chelus fimbriatus (Schneider, 1783) (MZUSP 2619). E. Phrynops hilarii (Duméril and Bibron, 1835) (MHNSR H-1550). F. Platemys platycephala (Schneider, 1792) (MHNSR H-1554). G. Rheodytes leukops Legler and Cann, 1980 (QMJ 7693). H. Acanthochelys macrocephala (Rhodin, Mittermeier, and McMorris, 1984) (MACN H-8288). I. Hydromedusa tectifera Cope, 1870 (MHNSR-H 1615). J. Mesoclemmys nasuta (Schweigger, 1812) (MACN H-11967). K. Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia, 1849 (MZUSP 2501). L. Pelomedusa subrufa (Bonnaterre, 1789) (SMF 7953). M. Yaminuechelys gasparinii de la Fuente, Lapparent de Broin, and Manera de Bianco, 2001 (MPA 86-86-IC). Scale bars 20 mm.

Fig. 6 in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 6. The holotype of the panchelid turtle Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. (MPCA-AT 258) from Parrita site, Upper Cretaceous. Thoracic vertebrae 1–3 in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) views. Photographs (A1–C1) and explanatory drawings (A2–C2).

Fig. 4 in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 4. Photographs of the holotype of the panchelid turtle Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. (MPCA-AT 258) from Parrita site, Upper Cretaceous. Carapace in dorsal (A) and visceral (B) views. Plastron in ventral view (C). Carapace and plastron in anterior (D) and lateral (E) views. Note suturally attached pelvic girdle.

Fig. 3. A in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 3. A. General view of the Upper Cretaceous outcrops of the "El Anfiteatro" area, northern Patagonia, Argentina, where the holotype of Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. was found. B. In situ photograph of the holotype of Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. C. Levels of the Plottier Formation (arrow indicates the location of specimen). D. Transportation of the holotype.

Fig. 2 in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic profile of the Plottier Formation outcrop, showing the levels where Rionegrochelys caldieroi de la Fuente, Maniel, and Jannello gen. et sp. nov. was recovered. Colours of deposits are indicated accord to Rock-Color Chart Committee (1991). Modified from Salgado et al. (2009).

Fig. 5 in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 5. Explanatory drawings of the holotype of the panchelid turtle Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. (MPCA-AT 258) from Parrita site, Upper Cretaceous. Carapace in dorsal (A) and visceral (B) views. Plastron in ventral view (C). Carapace and plastron in anterior (D) and lateral (E) views. Note suturally attached pelvic girdle.

Fig. 7 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 7. Details of limb bone microstructure of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978, NSM-VP-21865 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A, B. Mid-diaphyseal section of the radius (see Fig. 2F). C, D. The same section as A, close-up views of inner C) and outer (D) periosteal bone of the radius. E. Cortex of a phalanx (see Fig. 2G). F. The same section as E, close-up view of cortex. Photographed under natural light (A, C, D, F), polarized light without lambda compensator (B), and polarized light with lambda compensator (E).

Fig. 3 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 3. Transverse sections of dorsal ribs of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A, B. NSM-VP-21865, proximal sections; A (see Fig. 2A) and B (see Fig. 2D, upper section). C. NSM-VP-20028, mid-shaft section (see Fig. 2B). D. NSM-VP-21865, mid-shaft section (see Fig. 2D, middle section). E. NSM-VP-20028, distal section (see Fig. 2C). F. NSM- VP-21865, distal section (see Fig. 2D, lower section). Photographed under natural light. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 6. Details of bone microstructure of a humerus (see Fig. 2E) of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978, NSM- VP-21865 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A, B. Periosteal cortex of mid-diaphyseal section. C. Close-up view of cell lacunae in the periosteal cortex. D. Close-up view of primary osteons in the primary periosteal bone. E. Mid-diaphyseal section, internal part of the shaft region. F, G. Cortex of the anterior flange. Photographed under natural light (A, C, D, F), polarized light without lambda compensator (B, G), and polarized light with lambda compensator (E).

Fig. 5 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 5. Mid-diaphyseal sections of limb bones of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978, NSM-VP-21865 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A. Humerus (see Fig. 2E). B. Radius (see Fig. 2F). C. Phalange (see Fig. 2G). Photographed under natural light. Scale bars 2mm.

Fig. 2 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 2. Analysed skeletal elements of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A, D. NSM-VP-21865, dorsal ribs. B, C. NSM- VP-20028, dorsal ribs. E–G. NSM-VP-21865, humerus (E), radius (F), and phalanx (G).The humerus shows a D-shaped outline, consisting of the anterior flange (af) and the shaft region (sr). Grey quadrangles and white lines show the sectional planes. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 4 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 4. Details of dorsal rib microstructure of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A, B. NSM-VP-21865, proximal section (see Fig. 2A). C. NSM-VP-20028, mid-diaphyseal section (see Fig. 2B). D, E. NSM- VP-21865, close-up views of cell lacunae in the inner (D) and outer (E) cortices of proximal dorsal rib (see Fig. 2D). F. NSM-VP-20028, distal section (Fig. 2C). Photographed under natural light (A, C–F) and polarized light without lambda compensator (B).

Fig. 1 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 1. Simplified view of the evolution of the Ichthyopterygia. A. Time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of the Ichthyopterygia. B–D. Schematic drawings from McGowan and Motani 2003) showing the evolution of the body plan within the Ichthyopterygia (not to scale), between the basal ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus (B), the basal ichthyosaurian Mixosaurus (C), and the scombrid fish-shaped neoichthyosaurian Ophthalmosaurus (D). Stratigraphic data compiled after McGowan and Motani (2003), Fernández (2003), Bennett et al. (2012), and Wiman (1910).

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Fig. 3 in Osteohistology of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Southern Brazil

Fig. 3. Stratocladogram of archosauromorph bone histology modified from Botha-Brink and Smith (2011) with the new data from the present study. Lamellar-zonal and parallel-fibred bone indicates slowest growth, represented by white and grey shading, respectively. Black shading indicates rapid growing of fibrollamelar bone. In the Rhynchosauria it occurs during the early ontogenetic stages, similarly to Proterosuchus and Chanaresuchus. Phylogeny from Sues (2003), Dilkes and Sues (2009), and Nesbitt et al. (2009). Histological information from Ricqlès et al. (2008), Nesbitt et al. (2009), Werning and Irmis (2010), and Botha-Brink and Smith (2011). Time scale from Walker and Geissman (2009).

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Fig. 2 in Osteohistology of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Southern Brazil

Fig. 2. Transverse section of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs Hyperodapedon sp. from Santa Maria Supersequence, Santa Maria 2 Sequence, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Upper Triassic. A. UFRGS-PV-0247-T, tibia showing the fibrolamellar bone tissue in the perimedullary region (A 1); humerus showing the fibrolamellar bone tissue with primary osteons (big arrows) (A 2). B. UFRGS-PV-1217-T, radius showing uninterrupted fibrolamellar bone tissue with longitudinal oriented vascular canals (arrow). C. UFRGS-PV-0293-T, tibia showing a poorly defined fibrolamellar bone tissue in the perimedullary region (big arrow) and a parallel-fibred bone tissue (arrow) towards the periphery. D. MMACR-PV-018, humerus with resorption cavities (RC) in the perimedullary region and a growth mark (big arrow) in the mid-cortex. E. UFRGS-PV-408-T, humerus showing the lamellar-zonal bone tissue with growth marks (arrows). Scale bars 1 mm.

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Fig. 1 in Osteohistology of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Southern Brazil

Fig. 1. Transverse section of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs Teyumbaita sulcognathus Montefeltro, Langer and Schultz, 2010 (A–C) and Hyperodapedon sp. (D) from Santa Maria Supersequence, Santa Maria 2 Sequence, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Upper Triassic. A. UFRGS-PV-0298-T, radius, cortex showing a more organized parallel-fibred region (arrows) (A 1); rib, cortex showing primary (arrows) and secondary (big arrow) osteons (A 2); humerus, lamellar-zonal bone with growth marks (arrows) and the EFS (double-headed arrow) on the external surface of the cortex (A 3). B. UFRGS-PV-0232-T, tibia, fibrolamellar bone tissue in the perimedullary region (big arrow) and three growth marks (arrows) near the periosteal surface. C. UFRGS-PV- 0290-T, tibia showing the growth marks present in the parallel-fibred region (arrows). D. UFRGS-PV-0247-T, rib showing the secondary osteons (big arrows) in the perimedullary region. Scale bars 1 mm.

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FIGURE 3. Histological sections taken from Iteravis huchzermeyeri IVPP V18958 in Osteohistology of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation ornithuromorph (Aves) Iteravis huchzermeyeri

FIGURE 3. Histological sections taken from Iteravis huchzermeyeri IVPP V18958: 1, ulna; 2, tibiotarsus; 3, close up of denoted area of the ulna; 4, close up of the contact with the endosteal layer under cross polarized light showing presence of lamellae; 5, close up of denoted area of the tibiotarsus; 6, close up of the tibiotarsus under cross polarized light showing the endosteal layer is parallel fibered. Abbreviations: c, simple canal; icl, inner circumferential layer; po, primary osteon.

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FIGURE 1 in Osteohistology of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation ornithuromorph (Aves) Iteravis huchzermeyeri

FIGURE 1. Simplified cladogram depicting relationships between specimens of Mesozoic birds that have been histologically sampled (modified from Zhou et al., 2014). Red indicates lineages in which rapid growth evolved; the dashed line for Confuciusornis is to indicate that although growing relatively faster than other basal birds, this taxon did not achieve growth rates comparable to derived members of the ornithuromorph lineage. Stages 1-5 (grey numbers) refer to important evolutionary transitions in basal bird bone microstructure: 1, bone shows increased vascularity and a primarily woven matrix but growth is non-continuous; 2, the Confuciusornis lineage evolves at least a period of postnatal growth in which fibro-lamellar bone is formed and growth lines are only found in the outermost cortex indicating these birds approached adult size within the first year; 3, at least one lineage of Late Cretaceous enantiornithines evolves a slow and protracted growth strategy; 4, fibro-lamellar bone matrix indicative of more rapid growth appears in ornithuromorphs but growth lines persist; 5, derived ornithuromorphs evolve uninterrupted growth. Abbreviations: FLB, fibro-lamellar bone; LAG, line of arrested growth; PFB, parallel fibered bone; WB, woven bone.