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48 results for “palaeognath”
Figure 3 in Comparative ossification and development of the skull in palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 3. Evolution of embryonic and adult palatal morphology of the ratites (phylogeny sensu Bledsoe, 1988, palaeognathous characters 1–3 sensu Zusi & Livezey, 2006). Top row: adult morphology (Parker, 1869, 1891; Beddard, 1898; Simonetta, 1960; Zusi & Livezey, 2006; Silveira & Höfling, 2007). Bottom row: embryonic morphology. Gallus (Jollie, 1957), Rhea, Apteryx (Parker, 1891), and Dromaius are all stage 37; Struthio (Parker, 1866) is slightly older; Aepyornis (Balanoff & Rowe, 2007) and Eudromia (Tinamidae) are late-stage individuals. The palatine is shaded to facilitate comparison.
Figure 2 in Comparative ossification and development of the skull in palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 2. Palatal view of selected palaeognath embryos. A, B, Struthio camelus (modified from Parker, 1866). C, Rhea americana, stage 37 (day 17 of incubation, RM 7219). D, Rhea americana (modified from Müller, 1963). E, Dromaius novaehollandiae, stage 37 (day 28 of incubation, RM 8026). F, Eudromia elegans, day 14 of incubation (YPM 112524). Scale bars = 5 mm. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; exo, exoccipital; mx, maxilla; pal, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; psl, parasphenoid lamina; psr, parasphenoid rostrum; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; v, vomer.
Fig. 3 in Hindlimb morphology of Palaeotis suggests palaeognathous affinities of the Geranoididae and other "crane-like" birds from the Eocene of the Northern Hemisphere
Fig. 3. Tarsometatarsi of palaeotidid, geranoidid, eogruid, and struthionid birds. A–C. Palaeotis weigelti Lambrecht, 1928 (Palaeotididae) from the middle Eocene of the Geiseltal, Germany. A. GMH 4362; right tarsometatarsus in dorsal view. B. GMH IX-566-1953; proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B1), plantar (B2, B4), and proximal (B3) views. C. Holotype: GMH 4416; distal end of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C1), plantar (C2), and distal (C3) views. D. Galligeranoides boriensis Bourdon, Mourer-Chauviré, and Laurent, 2016 (Palaeotididae) from the early Eocene of southern France, MHNT.PAL.2013.16.2; right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D1), plantar (D2), distal (D3), and proximal (D4) views (from Bourdon et al. 2016; D1–D3 mirrored). E. cf. Eogeranoides campivagus Cracraft, 1969 (Geranoididae) from the early Eocene of Wyoming, USA, AMNH 5127; left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (E1) and dorsolateral (E2, E3) views (the fossil consists of several fragments, which were assembled for the photo). F. Eogrus aeola Wetmore, 1934 (Eogruidae) from the middle Eocene of Inner Mongolia, China, AMNH 2937; right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (F1), plantar (F2, F5), distal (F3), and →
Fig. 2 in Hindlimb morphology of Palaeotis suggests palaeognathous affinities of the Geranoididae and other "crane-like" birds from the Eocene of the Northern Hemisphere
Fig. 2. Tibiotarsi of palaeotidid, geranoidid, eogruid, and struthionid birds. A. Palaeotis weigelti Lambrecht, 1928 (Palaeotididae) from the middle Eocene of the Geiseltal, Germany, GMH XXXVIII-6-1964; distal end of right tibiotarsus in cranial (A1, A2), medial (A3, A4), and distal (A5) views; in A2 and A4 surrounding matrix was digitally removed, the dotted line in A4 indicates the reconstructed outline of the missing caudal portion of the condylus medialis. B. Palaeogrus princeps Portis, 1885 (?Palaeotididae) from the middle Eocene of Italy; distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial (B1), medial B2), and distal (B3) views (from Portis 1885; mirrored). C. Galligeranoides boriensis Bourdon, Mourer-Chauviré, and Laurent, 2016 (Palaeotididae) from the early Eocene of southern France, paratype: MHNT.PAL.2013.16.1; distal end of right tibiotarsus in cranial view (from Bourdon et al. 2016). D. Galligeranoides boriensis Bourdon, Mourer-Chauviré, and Laurent, 2016 from the early Eocene of southern France, holotype, MHNT.PAL.2013.16.3; distal end of right tibiotarsus in cranial view (from Bourdon et al. 2016; mirrored). E. Eogrus aeola Wetmore, 1934 (Eogruidae), AMNH 2946; distal end of right tibiotarsus in cranial view (mirrored). F. cf. Eogeranoides campivagus Cracraft, 1969 from the early Eocene of Wyoming, USA, AMNH 5127; distal end of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F1) and medial (F2) views (mirrored). G. Palaeophasianus meleagroides Shufeldt, 1913 (Geranoididae) from the early Eocene of Wyoming, USA, holotype, AMNH 5128; distal end of left tibiotarsus of in cranial (G1) and medial (G2) views (mirrored). H. Extant Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758 (Struthionidae), SMF 2438; distal end of right tibiotarsus in cranial (H1) and medial (H2) views. Scale bars 10 mm (for B scale is based on measurements in Portis 1885).
Fig. 1 in Hindlimb morphology of Palaeotis suggests palaeognathous affinities of the Geranoididae and other "crane-like" birds from the Eocene of the Northern Hemisphere
Fig. 1. Fossils of the palaeotidid bird Palaeotis weigelti Lambrecht, 1928, all specimens are from the middle Eocene of the Geiseltal, Germany. A. GMH XXXVIII-6-1964, partial skeleton. B. GMH 5882, right tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus; holotype of Palaeogrus geiseltalensis. C. GMH 3402, tibiotarsus lacking distal end, intratendinous ossification, and pedal phalanges. D. GMH 4363, pelvis. E. GMH 4361, tarsometatarsi. F. GMH 4362, partial skeleton. G. GMH 4415, 4416, 4418, holotype: distal end of left tarsometatarsus, pedal phalanx, and possible wing phalanx. H. GMH IX-566-1953, proximal end of right tarsometatarsus. Scale bars 50 mm.
Fig. 4 in A New Specimen of the Fossil Palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark
Fig. 4. Some preserved postcranial elements of MGUH 26770. A, right coracoid in dorsal view; B, distal carpometacarpus and digit; C, pelvis in lateral view. Scale bars are 10 mm.
Fig. 3. MGUH 26770 in A New Specimen of the Fossil Palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark
Fig. 3. MGUH 26770, closeup views of cervical vertebrae (A, B), lateral sides (sp, spinous processes). Scale bar is 10 mm.
Fig. 1 in A New Specimen of the Fossil Palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree redrawn from Lee et al. (1997) that shows the interrelationships of living palaeognaths (based on molecular and morphological data). We have added the position of the lithornithids based on Dyke (2003).
Fig. 2. MGUH 26770 in A New Specimen of the Fossil Palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark
Fig. 2. MGUH 26770, specimen referred to Lithornis. A, skull in articulation with complete postcranial skeleton; B, skull preserved in oblique lateral view, exposing right side; C, palate of MGUH 26770 in ventral view. Anatomical abbreviations: ba, basitemporal plate; de, dentary; pa, palatine; pt, pterygoid; vo, vomer.
Figure 4 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 4. Graph of stage (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951) of first occurrence of ossification for fore- and hindlimb elements for chicken, turkey, emu and rhea embryos. The order in which the elements are presented is standardized against the chicken sequence. Stage 40.5 is the same as stage 40+ in the text, whereas stage 45 represents elements that are ossified in the adult but unossified in the oldest embryo examined. The digit number is in roman numerals; the phalanges are numbered proximally to distally in arabic numerals.
Figure 2 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 2. Lateral view of the hindlimb and pelvic girdle of palaeognath embryos. A–C, Dromaius novaehollandiae: A, stage 32 (RM 8052); B, stage 36 (day 25 of incubation, RM 8023); C, stage 40+ (day 36 of incubation, RM 8034). E–G, Struthio camelus: E, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112437); F, day 21 of incubation (YPM 112444); G, day 34 of incubation (YPM 112459). I, J, Eudromia elegans: I, day 10 of incubation (YPM 112520); J, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112525). D, H, Rhea americana: D, stage 34 (day 14 of incubation, RM 7217); H, stage 40+ (day 26 of incubation, RM 7223). Grey shaded regions represent cartilage; black regions represent ossified tissue. The density of stippling reflects the relative degree of ossification. Scale bar, 5 mm.
Figure 3 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 3. Comparable developmental stages of Meleagris gallopavo (A), Rhea americana (B) and Dromaius novaehollandiae (C). Each embryo is at stage 34 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951) and to the same scale. Arrows mark the proximal and distal extents of the developing wings. Scale bar, 1 cm.
Paleoneurology of stem palaeognaths clarifies the plesiomorphic condition of the crown bird central nervous system
<p>This dataset contains additional brain and endosseous labyrinth endocasts generated by Widrig et al. (2024) Paleoneurology of stem palaeognaths clarifies the plesiomorphic condition of the crown bird central nervous system.</p>
Data from: Nocturnal giants: evolution of the sensory ecology in elephant birds and other palaeognaths inferred from digital brain reconstructions
The recently-extinct Malagasy elephant birds (Palaeognathae, Aepyornithiformes) included the largest birds that ever lived. Elephant bird neuroanatomy is understudied but can shed light on the lifestyle of these enigmatic birds. Paleoneurological studies can provide clues to the ecologies and behaviors of extinct birds because avian brain shape is correlated with neurological function. We digitally reconstruct endocasts of two elephant bird species, Aepyornis maximus and A. hildebrandti, and compare them with representatives of all major extant and recently-extinct palaeognath lineages. Among palaeognaths, we find large olfactory bulbs in taxa generally occupying forested environments where visual cues used in foraging are likely to be limited. We detected variation in olfactory bulb size among elephant bird species, possibly indicating interspecific variation in habitat. Elephant birds exhibited extremely reduced optic lobes, a condition also observed in the nocturnal kiwi. Kiwi, the sister taxon of elephant birds, have effectively replaced their visual systems with hyperdeveloped olfactory, somatosensory and auditory systems useful for foraging. We interpret these results as evidence for nocturnality among elephant birds. Vision was likely deemphasized in the ancestor of elephant birds and kiwi. These results show a previously unreported trend toward decreased visual capacity apparently exclusive to flightless, nocturnal taxa endemic to predator-depauperate islands.
Microstructural and crystallographic evolution of palaeognath (Aves) eggshells
<p>The avian palaeognath phylogeny has been recently revised significantly due to the advancement of genome-wide comparative analyses and provides the opportunity to trace the evolution of the microstructure and crystallography of modern dinosaur eggshells. Here, eggshells of all major clades of Palaeognathae (including extinct taxa) and selected eggshells of Neognathae and non-avian dinosaurs are analysed with electron backscatter diffraction. Our results show the detailed microstructures and crystallographies of (previously) loosely categorized ostrich-, rhea-, and tinamou-style morphotypes of palaeognath eggshells. All rhea-style eggshell appears homologous, while respective ostrich-style and tinamou-style morphotypes are best interpreted as homoplastic morphologies (independently acquired).</p> <p>Ancestral state reconstruction and parsimony analysis additionally show that rhea-style eggshell represents the ancestral state of palaeognath eggshells both in microstructure and crystallography. The ornithological and palaeontological implications of the current study are not only helpful for the understanding of evolution of modern and extinct dinosaur eggshells, but also aid other disciplines where palaeognath eggshells provide a useful archive for comparative contrasts (e.g. palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, geochronology, and zooarchaeology).</p>
Effect of different types of sequence data on palaeognath phylogeny
<div class="page"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Palaeognathae consists of five groups of extant species: flighted tinamous (1) and four flightless groups: kiwi (2), cassowaries and emu (3), rheas (4), and ostriches (5). Molecular studies supported the groupings of extinct moas with tinamous and ele- phant birds with kiwi as well as ostriches as the group that diverged first among the five groups. However, phylogenetic re- lationships among the five groups are still controversial. Previous studies showed extensive heterogeneity in estimated gene tree topologies from conserved nonexonic elements, introns, and ultraconserved elements. Using the noncoding loci to- gether with protein-coding loci, this study investigated the factors that affected gene tree estimation error and the relation- ships among the five groups. Using closely related ostrich rather than distantly related chicken as the outgroup, concatenated and gene tree–based approaches supported rheas as the group that diverged first among groups (1)–(4). Whereas gene tree estimation error increased using loci with low sequence divergence and short length, topological bias in estimated trees oc- curred using loci with high sequence divergence and/or nucleotide composition bias and heterogeneity, which more occurred in trees estimated from coding loci than noncoding loci. Regarding the relationships of (1)–(4), the site patterns by parsimony criterion appeared less susceptible to the bias than tree construction assuming stationary time-homogeneous model and sug- gested the clustering of kiwi and cassowaries and emu the most likely with ∼40% support rather than the clustering of kiwi and rheas and that of kiwi and tinamous with 30% support each.</p> </div> </div> </div>
Effect of different types of sequence data on palaeognath phylogeny
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Data from: Nocturnal giants: evolution of the sensory ecology in elephant birds and other palaeognaths inferred from digital brain reconstructions
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Microstructural and crystallographic evolution of palaeognath (Aves) eggshells
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Data from: Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in palaeognathous birds
A core question in evolutionary biology is whether convergent phenotypic evolution is driven by convergent molecular changes in proteins or regulatory regions. We combined phylogenomic, developmental, and epigenomic analysis of 11 new genomes of paleognathous birds, including an extinct moa, to show that convergent evolution of regulatory regions, more so than protein-coding genes, is prevalent among developmental pathways associated with independent losses of flight. A Bayesian analysis of 284,001 conserved noncoding elements, 60,665 of which are corroborated as enhancers by open chromatin states during development, identified 2355 independent accelerations along lineages of flightless paleognaths, with functional consequences for driving gene expression in the developing forelimb. Our results suggest that the genomic landscape associated with morphological convergence in ratites has a substantial shared regulatory component.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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