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31 results for “parasite exposure”
Data for: Prior exposure of a fungal parasite to cyanobacterial extracts does not impair infection of its Daphnia host
<p>This dataset supports the findings of the study 'Prior exposure of a fungal parasite to cyanobacterial extracts does not impair infection of its <em>Daphnia</em> host', published in Hydrobiologia (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04889-7)</p>
Dataset for: Cattle aggregations at shared resources create potential parasite exposure hotspots for wildlife
<p>Globally rising livestock populations and declining wildlife numbers are likely to dramatically change disease risk for wildlife and livestock, especially at resources where they congregate. However, limited understanding of interspecific transmission dynamics at these hotspots hinders disease prediction or mitigation. In this study, we combined gastrointestinal nematode density and host foraging activity measurements from our prior work in this system with three estimates of parasite-sharing capacity to investigate how interspecific exposures alter the relative riskiness of an important resource – water – among cattle and five dominant herbivore species in an East African tropical savanna. </p> <p>We found that due to their high parasite output, water dependence, and parasite-sharing capacity, cattle greatly increased potential parasite exposures at water sources for wild ruminants. When untreated for parasites, cattle accounted for over two-thirds of total potential exposures around water for wild ruminants, driving 2–23-fold increases in relative exposure levels at water sources. Simulated changes in wildlife and cattle ratios showed that water sources become increasingly important hotspots of interspecific transmission for wild ruminants when the relative abundance of cattle parasites increases. These results emphasize that livestock have significant potential to alter the level and distribution of parasite exposures across the landscape for wild ruminants.</p>
Figure 1 in Exposure of the snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum to herbicide boosts output and survival of parasite infective stages
Figure 1. Mean (±SE) number of cercariae emerging per day from individual snails, P. antipodarum, exposed to either control water, low, medium or high concentrations of the herbicide glyphosate. Data are shown separately for the trematodes C. parvum (N = 6 snails for each treatment), Apatemon sp. (N = 3), and an undescribed renicolid species from two localities (Tomahawk Lagoon, N = 12; Lake Waihola, N = 9). In each case, different letters on the bars indicate mean values that are significantly different (Tukey–Kramer tests, P <0.05).
Fig. 4 in Filtration and respiration responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to trematode parasite infections (Renicola roscovita) and transient heat exposure
Fig. 4. Filtration rate in relation to infection intensity (metacercariae mussel– 1) for small (A) and large (B) mussels. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) predictions (lines) and 95 % CIs (shaded area) are conditioned on the average time points. Each point represents filtration measurement per minute and each stratum shows temporal filtration of one mussel.
Fig. 3 in Filtration and respiration responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to trematode parasite infections (Renicola roscovita) and transient heat exposure
Fig. 3. Linear mixed models of filtration and respiration rates of small (A, C) and large (B, D) M. edulis, either uninfected (light blue) or infected (light pink) with Renicola roscovita under a constant temperature of 17 ◦C. The bottom red line in the subplot B indicates the interval of significant difference between smoothers. The shaded area represents 95 % CIs. Each point represents the filtration or respiration rate measured minutely. The sample size for each group of small or large mussels was 9–18 and 9–16 for infected and uninfected, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Filtration and respiration responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to trematode parasite infections (Renicola roscovita) and transient heat exposure
Fig. 2. Post-warming scaled mussel filtration (A) and respiration (B) in relation to infection intensity. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) predictions (lines) and 95 % CIs (shaded area) are conditioned on the average post-warming time points. Individual points represent filtration or respiration measured every 5 min and each stratum represents measurements of one mussel.
Fig. 1. Mussel filtration and respiration responses during Experiment 1 in Filtration and respiration responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to trematode parasite infections (Renicola roscovita) and transient heat exposure
Fig. 1. Mussel filtration and respiration responses during Experiment 1. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) of responses of small size mussels uninfected and infected with Renicola roscovita during exposure to a constant mild temperature (for 5 h) followed by a 24-h thermal fluctuation. Each point represents filtration or respiration measurement per 5 min (shaded areas represent 95 % CIs). Sample size for each group was 8 and 11 for infected and uninfected, respectively. The negative values recorded during the metabolic depression phase are due to extra random variation in the measurement, variability between individuals and the white noise of oximeter device.
Dataset for: Cattle aggregations at shared resources create potential parasite exposure hotspots for wildlife
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Prior exposure to long day photoperiods alters immune responses and increases susceptibility to parasitic infection in stickleback
<p>Seasonal disease and parasitic infection are common across organisms, including humans, and there is increasing evidence for intrinsic seasonal variation in immune systems. Changes are orchestrated through organisms' physiological clocks using cues such as day length. Ample research in diverse taxa has demonstrated multiple immune responses are modulated by photoperiod, but to date, there have been few experimental demonstrations that photoperiod cues alter susceptibility to infection. We investigated the interactions among photoperiod history, immunity, and susceptibility in laboratory-bred three-spined stickleback, a long-day breeding fish, and its external, directly-reproducing, monogenean parasite <i>Gyrodactylus gasterostei</i>. We demonstrate that previous exposure to long day photoperiods (PLD) increases susceptibility to infection relative to previous exposure to short days (PSD), and modifies the response to infection for the mucin gene <i>muc2</i> and Treg cytokine <i>foxp3a</i> in skin tissues in an intermediate 12L:12D photoperiod experimental trial. Expression of skin <i>muc2</i> is reduced in PLD fish, and negatively associated with parasite abundance. We also observe inflammatory gene expression variation associated with natural inter-population variation in resistance, but find that photoperiod modulation of susceptibility is consistent across host populations. Thus, photoperiod-modulation of the response to infection is important for host susceptibility, highlighting new mechanisms affecting seasonality of host-parasite interactions.</p>
Identity and density of parasite exposures alter the outcome of co-infections: Implications for management
<p>1) Although research has focused on density-dependent responses of hosts to single-parasite infections, hosts are exposed to numerous parasites simultaneously under natural conditions and if these exposures lead to infections, they can threaten host populations and ecosystem stability. Moreover, spatiotemporal variation in abundance of co-occurring parasites might influence host infection intensity. If interactions are consistent between different co-infecting parasites, then these patterns could give managers another tool to control disease spread and even predict problematic disease emergences.</p> <p>2) We investigated how parasite density and identity alter within-host co-infection dynamics. To test this, we simultaneously exposed Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) as a model amphibian species to all pairwise combinations of three problematic parasites that commonly co-infect amphibians: the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the nematode Aplectana hamatospicula, and Ranavirus. Hosts were exposed to one parasite at a fixed dose and another parasite at a range of five doses.</p> <p>3) Higher doses of Bd decreased Ranaviral and A. hamatospicula loads, but Bd load was not influenced by the dose of either parasite. Ranaviral load was negatively associated with A. hamatospicula dose, but A. hamatospicula load was not affected by Ranaviral dose. We found that all the pairwise co-infections were dependent on parasite density and that pairwise interactions were highly asymmetric – strong in one direction and weak in the other – consistent with interactions dominating food webs.</p> <p>4) Synthesis and applications: We also revealed that the exposure dose of A. hamatospicula was positively associated with host tolerance to Bd infection and negatively associated with Ranaviral load in hosts. Ranavirus and Bd cause mass die-offs in amphibians, but A. hamatospicula does not. Therefore, in systems where these parasites coexist, maintaining or increasing densities of A. hamatospicula could reduce the negative effects of Bd and Ranavirus infections. Additionally, if these asymmetric and density dependent patterns from community ecology are applicable to other amphibian co-infections or co-infections in other systems, this should allow conservation organizations and resource managers to predict outbreaks and manage host declines associated with deadly parasites by modifying the abundance of co-infecting parasites that might be easier to manage.</p>
Divergent water requirements partition exposure risk to parasites in wild equids
<p><span>For grazing herbivores, dung density in feeding areas is an important determinant of exposure risk to faecal-orally transmitted parasites. When host species share the same parasite species, a non-random distribution of their cumulative dung density and/or non-random ranging and feeding behaviour may skew exposure risk and the relative selection pressure parasites impose on each host. The arid-adapted Grevy's zebra (<em>Equus grevyi</em>) can range more widely than the water-dependent plains zebra (<em>Equus quagga</em>), with which it shares the same species of gastrointestinal nematodes. We studied how the spatial distribution of zebra dung relates to ranging and feeding behaviour to assess parasite exposure risk in Grevy's and plains zebras at a site inhabited by both zebra species. We found that zebra dung density declined with distance from water, Grevy's zebra home ranges (excluding those of territorial males) were farther from water than those of plains zebras, and plains zebra grazing areas had higher dung density than random points while Grevy's zebra grazing areas did not, suggesting a greater exposure risk in plains zebras associated with their water dependence. Faecal egg counts increased with home range proximity to water for both species, but the response was stronger in plains zebras, indicating that this host species may be particularly vulnerable to the elevated exposure risk close to water. We further ran experiments on microclimatic effects on dung infectivity and showed that fewer nematode eggs embryonated in dung in the sun than in the shade. However, only 5% of the zebra dung on the landscape was in shade, indicating that the microclimatic effects of shade on the density of infective larvae is not a major influence on exposure risk dynamics. Ranging constraints based on water requirements appear to be key mediators of nematode parasite exposure in free-ranging equids.</span></p>
Infectivity of the parasite Metschnikowia bicuspidata is decreased by time spent as a transmission spore, but exposure to phycotoxins in the water column has no effect
<p>Transmission from one host to another is a crucial component of parasite fitness. For some aquatic parasites, transmission occurs via a free-living stage that spends time in the water, awaiting an encounter with a new host. These parasite transmission stages can be impacted by biotic and abiotic factors that influence the parasite's ability to successfully infect or grow in a new host.</p> <p>Here we tested whether time spent in the water column and/or exposure to common cyanobacterial toxins impacted parasite transmission stages. More specifically, we tested whether the infectivity, within-host growth, and virulence of the fungal parasite <em>Metschnikowia bicuspidata </em>changed as a result of time spent in the water or from exposure to cyanotoxins in the water column. We exposed parasite transmission spores to different levels of one of two ecologically important cyanotoxins, microcystin-LR and anatoxin-a, and factorially manipulated the amount of time spores were incubated in water. We removed the toxins and used those same spores to infect one genotype of the common lake zooplankton <em>Daphnia dentifera</em>.</p> <p>We found that cyanotoxins did not impact parasite fitness (infection prevalence and spore yield per infected host) or virulence (host lifetime reproduction and survivorship) at the tested concentrations (10μg/L & 30μg/L). However, we found that spending longer as a transmission spore decreased a spore's chances for successful infection: spores that were only incubated for 24 hours infected approximately 75% of exposed hosts, whereas spores incubated for 10 days infected less than 50% of exposed hosts.</p> <p>We also found a negative relationship between the final spore yield from infected hosts and the proportion of hosts that became infected. In treatments where spores spent longer in the water column prior to encountering a host, infection prevalence was lower (indicating lower per spore infectivity), but each infected host yielded more spores at the end of infection. We hypothesize that this pattern may result from intraspecific parasite competition within the host.</p> <p>Overall, these results suggest that transmission spores of this parasite are not strongly influenced by cyanotoxins in the water column, but that other aspects of spending time in the water strongly influence parasite fitness.</p>
Infectivity of the parasite Metschnikowia bicuspidata is decreased by time spent as a transmission spore, but exposure to phycotoxins in the water column has no effect
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Prior exposure to long day photoperiods alters immune responses and increases susceptibility to parasitic infection in stickleback
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Identity and density of parasite exposures alter the outcome of co-infections: Implications for management
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Data from: Geographic variation in diet, prey resources and exposure to parasites and saxitoxin in Steller sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska
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Divergent water requirements partition exposure risk to parasites in wild equids
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Parasite exposure and host susceptibility jointly drive the emergence of epidemics
Parasite transmission is thought to depend on both parasite exposure and host susceptibility to infection; however, the relative contribution of these two factors to epidemics remains unclear. We used interactions between an aquatic host and its fungal parasite to evaluate how parasite exposure and host susceptibility interact to drive epidemics. In six lakes, we tracked the following factors from pre-epidemic to epidemic emergence: 1) parasite exposure (measured observationally as fungal spores attacking wild-caught hosts), 2) host susceptibility (measured experimentally as the number of fungal spores required to produce terminal infection), 3) host susceptibility traits (barrier resistance and internal clearance, both quantified with experimental assays), and 4) parasite prevalence (measured observationally from wild-caught hosts). Tracking these factors over six months and in almost 7,000 wild-caught hosts provided key information on the drivers of epidemics. We found that epidemics depended critically on the interaction of exposure and susceptibility; epidemics only emerged when a host population's level of exposure exceeded its individuals' capacity for recovery. Additionally, we found that host internal clearance traits (the hemocyte response) were critical in regulating epidemics. Our study provides an empirical demonstration of how parasite exposure and host susceptibility interact to inhibit or drive disease in natural systems and demonstrates that epidemics can be delayed by asynchronicity in the two processes. Finally, our results highlight how individual host traits can scale up to influence broad epidemiological patterns.
Transmission of a bumblebee parasite is robust despite exposure to extreme temperatures
<p>Data for Transmission of a bumblebee parasite is robust despite exposure to extreme temperatures</p>
Immunoregulation by Controlled Parasite Exposure in Multiple Sclerosis.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00630383. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 13.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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